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Water Tank Design in WSM
Water Tank Design in WSM
K S Nanjunda Rao
Research Team
1. K S Jagadish
2. B V Venkatarama Reddy
Publications
1. Materials & Structures
(Rilem)
3. G Sarangapani
2. Masonry International
4. S Raghunath
3. Jl of Materials in Civil
5. K S Gumaste
6. S M Manjunath
7. K S Nanjunda Rao
Engg. (ASCE)
4. Jl of Structural Engg.
5. National & International
conferences
Masonry
Good in compression
& weak in tension,
Brittle, Bi-modulus
9 Composition
9 Distribution of
the component
materials
Random, Isotropic
Orderly, Orthotropic
9 Behaviour
English bond
Stretcher bond
Flemish bond
Quetta bond
Header bond
Rat-trap bond
Prestressed masonry
In-plane loading
Out-of-plane loading
Mortar
Mud mortar
Lime sand mortar
Cement, lime, sand mortar
Cement sand mortar
Composite mortars( cement,lime,soil,sand and additives)
Reinforcement
Metallic
Non-metallic
Country brick
Table moulded brick
Wire-cut brick
Compressive strength
& modulus of elasticity of
bricks
Properties of Bricks
(Table moulded bricks of Southern Peninsular India)
No. of
samples
Dry
density
(kN/m3)
Water
absorption
(%)
IRA
kg/m2/min
.
Bangalore (TMB1)
06
18.40
10.1
1.52
12
5.7
Bangalore (TMB2)
06
18.40
11.7
2.22
08
5.6
Bangalore (TMB3)
06
19.50
11.1
1.17
15
3.5
Bangalore (TMB4)
06
19.00
12.2
1.73
07
5.5
Bangalore (TMB5)
06
18.30
11.7
2.05
15
8.3
Harihar
(TMH6)
02
17.50
12.5
2.10
15
Thrissur
(TMK7)
02
18.70
15.4
1.90
20
Vijaywada (TMA8)
04
17.40
11.8
3.37
03
3.3
Vizag
04
16.90
10.1
3.35
03
6.8
Maharashtra (TMM10)
04
13.30
26.0
9.33
03
2.5
Maharashtra (TMM11)
04
16.10
22.0
6.97
05
5.2
Location
(TMA9)
Soaking Compressive
strength
duration
(MPa)
(minutes)
No. of
samples
Dry
density
(kN/m3)
Water
absorption
(%)
IRA
kg/m2/min
Soaking
duration
(minutes)
Compressive
strength
(MPa)
Ahmedabad(TMG12)
02
16.00
13.6
1.75
20
Jaipur
(TMR13)
03
16.30
12.5
5.66
03
9.4
Patna
(TMP14)
02
16.00
12.0
2.58
30
Jammu
(TMJ15)
06
18.60
16.0
3.03
04
14.4
06
17.30
17.3
1.39
45
23.0
Bangalore (WCB2)
06
18.80
14.4
1.52
45
15.7
Cannanore (WCK3)
06
18.40
17.0
1.25
60
18.5
Mortars
Mortar is a homogeneous mixture of cementitious material/s, inert material/s and water that is
produced at site for joining the masonry units. Mortar influences the strength, durability and
resistance to rain penetration of masonry.
Some of the desirable properties of mortar for masonry construction
1.
2.
3.
It should gain enough strength and harden in a reasonable time so that further courses
of masonry can be laid without excessive racking movements of courses below.
The fresh mortar should have sufficient workability so that the mason can easily fill the
joints.
It should have ability to retain water preventing its escape into masonry units.
Depending on the type of cementitious material used mortars can be broadly classified as;
1. Lime mortar
2. Cement mortar
3. Composite mortar
4. Lime- pozzolana mortar
5. Soil-cement mortar
The word pozzolana generally means a mixture of amorphous silica and alumina, which can
combine with calcium hydroxide at ambient temperatures in presence of moisture.
12 mm
mortar
joint
460
mm
230
mm
Front view
105
mm
Side view
12 mm
thick
mortar
joints
460
mm
230
mm
Front view
230
mm
Side view
Eb Em
d
m = b
t
Eb Em
brick strength
Strength and elastic properties of masonry prisms and wallettes under compression
(Wet strength of brick =6.25MPa, CM 1:6)
Prism types (no. of prisms
tested = 4)
Einitial tangent
(MPa)
Esecant at 25
% ult (MPa)
ult
(MPa)
Strain at
ult
Masonry
efficiency
417.17
406.15
2.67
0.01088
0.43
467.42
456.5
2.74
0.01123
0.44
1652.56
1486.36
1.308
0.00157
0.21
502.67
451.58
2.05
0.008
0.33
1788.75
1615.40
1.62
0.002
0.26
Strength and elastic properties of masonry prisms and wallettes under tension
(Wet strength of brick =6.25MPa, CM 1:6)
Prism types (no. of prisms
tested = 4)
Einitial tangent
(MPa)
Esecant at 25 %
ult (MPa)
ult (MPa)
Masonry
efficiency
758.88
713.79
0.0414
0.32
2496.32
2285.71
0.166
1.29
Ec
Et Et
E flex.Vib
Eeq
Ec
Normal-tobed-joints
Stack
bonded
prisms
417.17
758.88
1.82
550.27
467.42
758.88
1.62
597.22
586.83
1652.6
2496.3
1.51
1944.9
brick thick
wallettes
Parallel-tobed-joints
Eeq =
2010.06
4 Et
E
t
1 +
E
c
Accelerometer
EI
mL4
n = Cn
n = 2f
Wallette
Data acquisition system
PC
A/D
converter
1/2-brick thick wallette, stresses normal-to-bed-joints
0.06
response at top
Schematic diagram of
flexural vibration test set-up
Displacement (mm)
0.04
response at
mid-height
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (s)
0.8
Type D
Concrete base
8.25
3.05
2.90
2.46
Type of
brick
Compressive
strength (MPa)
Secant modulus
@ 25% Ult.Stress(MPa)
B1
10.67
509
B2
4.29
467
B3
3.17
485
Shear bond
strength (MPa)
Nil
0.054
Type A
0.138
Type B
0.265
Type D
0.131
Mortar
strength
(MPa)
Mode of failure
M1:1/2:0:4
12.21
10
0.22-0.52
0.414
10.0
Brick-mortar interface
M1:0:1:6
5.93
08
0.16-0.27
0.210
7.4
Brick-mortar interface
M1:0:2:5
7.60
06
0.10-0.22
0.149
6.9
Brick-mortar interface
M1:0:0:6
7.30
06
0.02-0.19
0.100
6.7
Brick-mortar interface
bonding
f = 0.317 ( f b )
0.86
f = 0.225( f b )
0.85
( fm )
0.134
( fm )
0.146
f = 1.242( f b )
0.531
f = 0.334( f b )
0.778
( fm )
0.208
( fm )
Separation of the
two leaves of the
wall
Splitting, crushing of
bricks and
Diagonal shear failure
of wall
Hourglass type
failure of bricks
Back
Face
of
the
wall
Type* and
strength of
brick
Mortar
Proportion
C:So:Sa#
Wall No.1
TMB1 (5.7MPa)
1:0:6
(6.2MPa)
Wall No. 2
TMB1 (5.7MPa)
1:0:6
(6.4MPa)
Wall No. 3
WCB1 (23MPa)
1:1:6
(6.2MPa)
Wall strength
(MPa)
Wallette
strength
(MPa)
Wall strength
1.08
1.18
0.91
1.32
1.35
0.98
6.64
8.0
0.83
Wallette
strength
*TMB- Table moulded brick, WCB- Wire-cut brick. #C:cement, So:soil, Sa:sand.
Values in parenthesis indicate average compressive strength.
Designation
Slenderness
ratio
Basic
compressive
stress (MPa)
Stress reduction
factor
Area reduction
factor
Permissible
compressive
stress
(MPa)
Safety
Factor
19.8
0.57
0.54
0.81
0.25
4.32
Wall 2
9.0
0.57
0.92
1.0
0.52
2.54
Wall 3
18.0
1.39
0.67
0.83
0.77
8.62
Collapse analysis of
unreinforced masonry vault
Dimensions of vault
Length= 3m;
Span=1.5m
Rise=0.52m;
R=0.796m
Semi-central angle=70 degree
Thickness=0.075m
Cement:soil:sand mortar (1:10:8)
FEM
(N/m2)
14651
13734
From the above it is clear that collapse of masonry buildings is the primary cause for
loss of life during an earthquake
Separation of
corner column
from the
neighbouring
masonry
(SAMAKHYALI)
Following typical types of damage can be identified from the earthquake survey
Cracks between walls and floor
Cracks at corners and at wall intersections
Out-of plane collapse of perimetral walls
Cracks in spandrel beams
Diagonal cracks in structural walls
Partial disintegration or collapse of walls
Partial or complete collapse of building
Figure below shows the deformation and typical damages suffered by a simple
masonry building subjected earthquake ground motion.
Cross wall
B1
(a)
Shear wall
B2
(b)
Figure 1: Buildings without roof (a) without bands (b) with RC lintel and roof bands
B3
Figure 2: Building with RC roof and lintel band
Parameter
Size of cross-wall (height x length)
Property
3.0m x 6.0m; one cross-wall with a door and a
window opening, other cross-wall with two window
openings
3.0m x 3.0m; no openings in shear-walls
Masonry
Reinforced concrete
Boundary conditions
Base clamped
600.0 MPa
1800.0 MPa
800.0 MPa
0.2
0.137 MPa
0.36 MPa
0.06 MPa
Masonry: 2000.0 kg/m3
Dynamic analysis
Element adopted
Masonry:
4 noded orthotropic shell element, each node
having 6 d-o-f
RC lintel and roof band:
2 noded 3d beam element, each node having 6 do-f
RC roof:
4 noded orthotropic shell element, each node
having 6 d-o-f
Earthquake
Details
EQ-1
Kangra earthquake, Himachal Pradesh, India; date: 26th April 1986; 3.05 IST;
total duration: 20.08s; PGA: 0.248g at 3.04s; median frequency: 5.86Hz
EQ-2
EQ-3
Mode
no.
Building with
roof
B-1
B-2
B-3
6.43
8.17
14.87
6.88
9.05
17.11
14.01
18.61
18.95
15.92
20.12
20.03
Buildin
g type*
EQ-1
EQ-2
EQ-3
EQ-1
EQ-2
EQ-3
EQ-1
EQ-2
EQ-3
B-1
0.42
0.368
0.302
0.113
0.12
0.092
0.09
0.09
0.078
B-2
0.14
0.163
0.158
0.156
0.192
0.18
0.095
0.132
0.121
B-3
0.032
0.062
0.055
0.12
0.242
0.186
0.14
0.208
0.172
Regions of maximum flexural stress for buildings without roof (a) x (b) y
Regions of maximum flexural stress for buildings with roof (a) x (b) y
(a) Un-reinforced
(b) core-reinforced
(c)Containment
reinforcement
1400
1200
moment (Nm)
1000
800
RB-11
600
RB-12
RB-13
400
RB-14
1st crack
200
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Specimen details
Curvature ductility
(/m)
1-brick thick
2 x 6mm MS
22.5
12.61
12.0
1-brick thick
2 x 3.16mm GI
12.21
11.23
13.07
-brick thick
2 x 3.4mm GI
16.4
17.09
23.24
11.42
-brick thick
2 x 3.7mm GI
24.60
17.34
12.88
10.69
ACCELERATION (m/Sec )
ACCELERATION (m/Sec )
5
2
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
TIME (Sec)
TIME (Sec)
ACCELERATION (m/Sec )
ACCELERATION (m/Sec )
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
2
TIME (Sec)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
2
TIME (Sec)
(873 cm/sec2)
BIS model
peak frequency in Hz
Containment reinforcement
model peak frequency in Hz
40.039
64.82
30.273
52.002
19.531
36.621
11.475
27.466
8.545
20.264
7.08
12.573
10.01
7.568
6.104
10
5.127
11
5.127
12
2.93
13
3.052
14
2.808
CONTACT DURATION
With mass
Angle of
release of
pendulum
Without mass
Pendulum side
Rebound side
Contact
duration in
milli-seconds
Contact
duration in
milli-seconds
Avg.
Pendulum side
Contact
duration
in milliseconds
Avg.
173
Rebound side
Contact
duration
in milliseconds
Avg.
10
45
10
44
10
42
133
41
116
20
25
87
32
99
20
23
20
24
88
30
21
77
30
21
30
21
43.6
7
24.0
21.0
144
85
80
80
44
150.0
132
41
38
86.67
30
119
30.67
83
30
79.0
Avg.
122.33
86.67
78
Model
BeforeTest
Containment
reinforcement
After Test
Un-reinforced
135.0 Nm
Collapse
Model with
horizontal
bands
Model with
horizontal
bands and
Containment
reinforcement
671.0 Nm
Partial collapse
1967.0 Nm
Not collapsed,
but with a
number of
cracks
THANK YOU