TRNG I HC LT

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

Cc khi nim
D liu (data): Dng thng tin th, cha nh dng. D

liu c chn lc ty theo mc ch x l, c th cn phi

chun ha my tnh c th x l c.

Thng tin (information): D liu c ngha i vi

ngi s dng chng. ngha ny ty thuc vo ngi

tip nhn v s dng thng tin.

Cc khi nim (tt)

Qu trnh x l thng tin: Xt v mt tc ng i

vi thng tin, x l thng tin c th bao gm nm qu

trnh sau.
Qu trnh thu nhn (ghi nh thng tin): Qu trnh ny

i vi con ngi l ghi v nh cc thng bo vo trong

u hoc cc vt ghi nh trung gian.
Qu trnh truy xut (tm kim thng tin): Mt t l ln
trong lao ng tr c ca con ngi l tm kim v thu thp
thng tin.
Qu trnh bin i (x l thng tin): Cc hot ng bin
i thng tin dn n vic thay i (tng, gim) thng tin.
Bin i m khng lm thay i thng tin gi l qu trnh
chuyn i (m ha).

Cc khi nim (tt)

Qu trnh truyn: Qu trnh di chuyn, dn thng tin i t

ni ny, i tng s dng ny n ni khc, i tng

s dng khc.
Qu trnh gii thch: Hot ng mang tnh tr tu v sng
to bao gm phn tch, so snh, suy din, lun gii, nh
gi vai tr v ngha thng tin.
Tm li: X l thng tin bao gm cc hot ng ghi, nh,
tm kim, bin i, truyn v gii thch thng tin.

Cc khi nim (tt)

Tin hc (informatics): Ngnh khoa hc x l thng tin

mt cch t ng bng my tnh in t.

My tnh (computer): Thit b cho php lu tr d liu,
x l d liu theo chng trnh c nh trc. My
tnh nhn d liu thng qua cc thit b nhp, x l nhng
d liu ny v lu tr nu cn, sau a ra kt qu
thng qua cc thit b xut.

Cc khi nim (tt)

c im x l ca my tnh:
X l d liu vi tc nhanh, chnh xc.
X l d liu a dng (ch, s, m thanh, hnh nh),
ng dng cho nhiu lnh vc khc nhau (t nhin, x hi,
gio dc, gii tr,).

c im lu tr ca my tnh:
C kh nng lu tr mt khi lng d liu rt ln.
Thit b lu tr d liu c kch thc nh, gn nhng dung
lng ln.
Truy xut d liu nhanh v thun tin.

Cc khi nim (tt)

M hnh lm vic ca my tnh.
Ngi s dng iu khin my tnh thng qua cc
chng trnh.
Chng trnh l mt dy lnh lin tip c chun b
trc. Cc lnh ny s c tun t thc hin khi c
yu cu.
Ty thuc vo lnh vc ng dng, con ngi c th
xy dng nhiu loi chng trnh khc nhau.

Cc khi nim (tt)

Ngi s dng

Ngi s dng

Cc nt iu khin, cn gt...

Cc chng trnh ng dng

Cc linh kin, thit b

Cc linh kin, thit b

M hnh lm vic
My khc

M hnh lm vic
My tnh

Cc khi nim (tt)

Phn loi my tnh.
My tnh loi ln (Mainframe) - Siu my tnh

(Supercomputer) - My tnh trung (Minicomputer).

Trm lm vic (Workstation) - My tnh c nhn

(Personal computer - PC).

My tnh xch tay (Portable computer) - My vi tnh

dng cp (Laptop computer).

My tnh chuyn dng (Special-purpose computer).

Cc khi nim (tt)

S hot ng ca my tnh: My tnh c hot ng
bi s kt hp ca hai thnh phn ch yu l phn cng
(hardware) v phn mm (software).
Phn cng: Cc linh kin thit b (in t + c kh)

cu to thnh my tnh. V d nh mn hnh, bn

phm, b x l, a...
Phn mm: Cc chng trnh chy c trn my
tnh. Chng c xy dng iu khin s hot
ng ca my tnh nhm phc v cho mt yu cu
no trong thc t.

Cc khi nim (tt)

Phn loi phn mm: gm 2 loi chnh
Phn mm h thng (system software): Cc
chng trnh c chc nng t chc v iu hnh s
hot ng kt hp ca cc thnh phn khc nhau
trong my tnh. V d: h iu hnh, chng trnh
dch,...
Phn mm ng dng (application software): Cc
chng trnh c vit ra phc v cc yu cu a
dng ca ngi s dng. V d nh Word, Excel,
Paint, AutoCad, ...

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Thit b nhp

B iu khin

Thit b xut

B x l logic/s hc
B x l trung tm (CPU)

B nh chnh

Thit b lu tr
th cp

M hnh cc thnh phn chc nng ca My tnh

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Cc khi chc nng: V mt chc nng, cc b phn ca
my tnh c th c chia thnh ba khi:

Khi nhp xut.

Khi nh.

Thit b nhp

B nh chnh

B iu khin

Khi x l.

B x l logic/s hc
B x l trung tm (CPU)

Thit b xut

Thit b lu
tr th cp

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Khi nhp xut: Bao gm cc thit b nhp, thit b xut.
Cc thit b nhp: Dng chuyn d liu t bn

ngoi (ngi s dng, b nh ph, hay my tnh

khc..) vo bn trong my tnh (b nh chnh).
Vd: keyboard, mouse, scanner, camera, micro,..

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Cc thit b xut: Dng chuyn d liu t bn

trong my tnh ra bn ngoi.

Vd: mn hnh, my in, loa

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Khi nh: Gi nhim v lu gi chng trnh v d liu.

Quan tm n hai c trng dung lng v phng php

truy xut.
Dung lng: Kh nng lu tr ca b nh, c
tnh theo byte (mi byte lu c mt k t).
Cc n v 1 KB = 1024 byte, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB
= 1024 MB, 1 TB = 1024 GB.
Phng php truy xut: Phng php c/ghi d
liu i vi b nh. Bao gm:

Truy xut tun t: Mun c/ghi phn t th n phi duyt qua

(n-1) phn t trc .
Truy xut ngu nhin: C th c/ghi trc tip phn t th n
m khng cn phi duyt qua (n-1) phn t trc .

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Phn loi b nh: b nh chnh, b nh ph
B nh chnh (b nh trong RAM):
Lu cc chng trnh ang c thc hin, v cc d liu
cn thit tng ng vi cc chng trnh .
Dung lng xc nh bi s lng mch b nh. Dung lng
c th thay i bng cch gn thm hay b bt cc mch b
nh.
Phng php truy xut b nh chnh l truy xut ngu nhin.
n v truy xut c s l byte.

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
T chc b nh chnh: Gm c RAM v ROM.
RAM (Random Access Memory): Vng nh lu chng trnh
v d liu ca ngi s dng, cho php c v ghi, ni dung
b mt khi mt in.

ROM (Read Only Memory): Vng nh lu chng trnh v d

liu ca hng sn xut my,ch cho php c, ni dung vn
lu li khi mt in.

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Cc chng trnh trong ROM iu khin cc thit b
gip cho chng trnh trong RAM thc hin c.
Khi ni n dung lng b nh chnh (256 MB, 512
MB, 1G, 2G) thng l ni n dung lng ca
RAM.

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
B nh ph (b nh ngoi b nh th cp): Kho

lu tr cc chng trnh v d liu ca ngi s

dng.

a cng: C dung lng a dng t vi chc MB n vi

nghn GB. Loi a thng dng trong my tnh ngy nay
khong t 40GB n vi trm GB.

a mm: Loi thng dng 1.44MB (ng knh 3.5),

c/ghi a mm cn c thit b a mm. Tuy nhin hin
nay a mm dn c thay th bng a Flash USB.

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)

a CD/DVD: CD c dung lng ti a khong 700MB,

DVD t 4.7 n 8GB.
a Flash USB: Rt thng dng hin nay. Dung lng a
dng t vi MB n vi chc GB.
Cc thit b lu tr khc: Bng t, minidisk, zipdisk, flash
memory (SD card, MMC card)

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Khi x l: Gm mt b phn gi l n v X l Trung

ng (CPU - Central Processing Unit), thc hin cc lnh

trong cc chng trnh cha trong b nh chnh. CPU iu
khin v phi hp s hot ng ca tt c cc b phn
trong MT.

Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

(tt)
Qu trnh hot ng ca CPU nh sau:
c mt lnh ca chng trnh t RAM.
Gii m lnh.
Ly nhng d liu cn thit.
Thc hin lnh.
c lnh k tip

Mi CPU c mt tp lnh ring. Cc chng trnh thc

hin c trn CPU ny thng khng thc hin c

trn CPU khc.

Cu hnh my vi tnh
Nhn t bn ngoi my tnh thng gm cc thnh phn sau:

Hp my chnh (Case - Main Unit - System Unit).

Mn hnh (Monitor).
Bn phm (Keyboard).
Chut (Mouse).
Loa (Speakers)
My in (Printer).
My qut (Scanner)

Chi tit c thm S tay phn cng 1.0. Lin h chp li t gio vin!!!

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

My bn (Desktop, Personal Computer)

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

My xch tay (laptop, notebook)

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

My tnh b ti (Pocket PC, Handheld PC)

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

a mm(FDD)
a CD/DVD.

Ngun nui
a cng (HDD)
Card m rng
Bo mch chnh
(Mainboard)

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

V d mt s cu hnh my tnh:

Cu hnh 1:
Intel P IV 2.26 G/512KB Cache
Mainboard GigaByte 8GE-RZ: Chipset Intel 845GE, S/p 3.06 Ghz,
VGA and Sound Onboard, 3 DDRAM
DDR 256MB bus 333
HDD Maxtor 40GB 7200 rpm
CDROM LG 52X
FDD Mitsumi 1.4MB
Mouse, Keyboard
Case ATX

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

Cu hnh 2:
HP-Compaq Deskpro DX2100 - Pentium4 3.0Ghz - XP Pro
CPU
PIV -3.0Ghz HT
Cache 1Mb
Main board
915GV Chipset
Ram
256Mb DDRAM
Graphic 32Mb on Board
HDD
80GB HDD
FDD
1.44MB
CDROM
52X CD
Sound On Board
Nic
10/100 PCI Mbps
Monitor 15"
Windows
XP Pro
Warranty
01 year

Cu hnh my vi tnh (tt)

Cu hnh 3:
- CPU Pentium4 630(3.0GHz), FSB 800 MHz, Cache 2MB
- Main Intel chipset 915P, FSB 533/ 800MHz, 4DDR400, 4SATA,
Sound & LAN onboard
- Card PCI_Express 128MB chip Geforce
- DDR 512MB (2 x 256MB), bus 400MHz
- HDD 80GB, 7200 rpm, SATA
- FDD 1.44 MB - DVD-ROM 16X
- Monitor Wiscom 17" Flat
- Case Wiscom for Pentium 4, 400W
- Keyboard, Mouse Wiscom PS/2 Optical

Cu hi hc thi
Gii thch cc khi nim: tin hc, d liu, thng tin.
nh ngha my tnh. Trnh by c im lu tr v x l ca my tnh.
Trnh by m hnh lm vic ca my tnh. So snh m hnh ny vi m
hnh lm vic cc loi my khc.
Gii thch cc thut ng: phn cng, phn mm, phn mm h thng,
phn mm ng dng.
V v gii thch m hnh cc thnh phn chc nng ca my tnh.
Gii thch chc nng cc khi thnh phn ca my tnh: khi nhp xut,
khi nh, khi x l.
Trnh by hai c trng quan trng ca b nh.
Trnh by t chc ca b nh chnh.
Cho bit b nh ph thng dng hin nay l g?
Trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v mt mu qung co bn my vi tnh.