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dqn ii!uYnnnuiandn3udBn~taiLai i i l u u ~ a n u ~ a ~ t d i a u ~ n o ~~aiiiniiu
lnB?

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? ii~unuuianu~sanu~~wnan~~u~ia~i~~u~~aa~

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? ~~qlnnuuianutal&fu~'lon
Ifi~Bu~ianrilluum:dnulu1 ba~iluqonu? ~all2nbudwada~?aLaioeiiala
? Ainiu
1 2 e

mniuadu~iimuda,-~nwd~Ca~o~aawn~nutdudwu~uiu~i~~uo

mi!

unn e

undl

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r&r%n3ia~fluum~~i~~n~i$~nu

minsla ~nqwjj

10

hrsnnsla~alaihwi

IU

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16

ot

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25

n i a n ~ a a ~ ~ ~ ~ u a ~ ~ u n ~ owu ^ 3 r n 7 i s a
I

niariltlafia~n"flaz&uamf?i.?
Br

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i

mn s

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nrrlfi~~qw
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u
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nunztn~qni~w
9Gn3au

w~ua~nialfi~i~nqm~wqGn~au,
4

unn

niani'~uoliun"u
b a d

~n~wmnanaiuniamn'uno
ni.rn(ioamuliu
niatusa u
n~a~~o~t~adiui~an~$#diui~

d3U

~ I W J !'J ~$8
~

dfiiufiuu

nld ~ ? ' i Y l t n (Theologicall ~ ! d ~ f i d i % ( y(Metaphysical)

l

LLB:nId

(Positivistic) O L ~ $ ~ ~ ~ i ~ n d ~ i ~ ~ R . d j " u d ~ % b ~ a ~ u n LLBZ

ia~~~:b~iRfi

~dlnRubiui~~n~oaaauaiGdid
7 h ~ i l u b < n ~ u o ~ w as: i~n~ui i l r u a ~ ~ u f i l d d unaiu
q
ri

bdo1uL<ndIK'fl?fiu~3:~~1bb9t?~Oi81161Wf
dnai81~flUa$9dfiU~9Ob$i~~1w"
adiik~$ounnu
da a:
~~a:uirnm~nia~u"i~iln~uin
an:unnuunnum~ofjdiagi (Metaphysical) d?uIuGuRe,6iu

n a i u i i n k m i l u ~ l u n i ~ ^ a ~ n ~ ~ i ~ n f u dnisrinana
i n $ u ~ n w "6un5iwinaiuc5~cinRuyA
Ah: 3

aiunnduw na ~ f i ~ 4 a i i ~ i ~ n f ~ n a deiiu
~ ~ ~3 iEumnuduifiJiu
):fin
luda~~du?iiu?ai

do

h d 'J

fi6n~~ilddn1un~6~dun"u~~~u0innfin~i~~
d ~a ~u ni nz nr ~a a
d n ?uni o
~ ii ~ n ~

mumw d a ~ ~ n f i i u ~ i l u d a ~ u n ~ ? a ~ i S ~ ~ a n % aBid!aiicnu
a ? ~ u ~ ~ ~narfiduii
n~~~nu~~~~a

naas:d~1~nid~duaiiu$~n8~d~dau1iinniuda~6u1~nu~~ui
d a ~ u ~ w ~ d ~ ~ n u a ~ i i ~ ~
n i ~ R ' n w i m u ~ d u a ~ : w i i ~ ~ a ~ w u i ~na~n'!kR~Baua~ia11~aidi1b~un1a
~n~~%~unui

R"nwidauua~il5uaa3
u l u u y w d b d u ~ i ~ ~ 4 q( I~~ ~meu, w~ ~ b d d u u d?n?nui)
fi
Fia~i

dr;"RulilR'n~ynnnlud~~ud~~ia~
d ~ ~ ~ o ? a 1 3 a i n a 1 ~ ~tininui$dnui~Sa
~nud~n~
fiirfinuioin$~nu797ui rbn:9n?wuiu~uRu

~z#insuirinunaiub%il~hd-~sbiu
~ n s n i n i i l f i l d ~ f i a a n i wdui~ndisds~oiiuau
ni~
A, t

sinJijnbina'unuaah~7 I K L E ~ Q ~ ~ s d n i m s ~ r ~ d o ~ u i u b ~ n i n n u u I i I 2 i l u u i d n + ~

wf o~dni::~~~u'iaimcuwni
. u I J ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ K ~ ! ~ ~ N I nL i ~f i ~n "i ~u~~r ~
~ f~l aI i~ L ~ ~ ~ I ~
fnlnrJd-ru~d~diwni~
7 riou

10

I
I

PC 263

il:1dfi1n1naaiind1a1a un:m~aanua~n3~~1dbdula
kdu ~ ~ I ~ R I U I . ~ ~ I ~ P Z L ~ I I P
4
luiad.unlfifiuMl + a r a u ? n ~ i f i ~ u o a a i u d f ian::
i a ~r i ~ u k ~ n ~ ~ u l b i l o u l ~ ) . t n ~ o : :
imrwwwu~m~iflrmq~d$uiludqs,

1.6

ds:~nn.uq~mrR"n~~
~ i u d n G ~ ~~6~a1 ~ i u 1 ~ n ~ ~ ~ s d 3 : : ~ n n u a s m ~ d2n d-r::~nnrn&ad
a1aana~u
1)

~ t ? u $ ~(Correlation)
d

2) T113W6ljlRi39 (Experiment)

1.6.1

a~laiuw"Pd6

~~~s:~~m~dn~i~~~~e~siuGud~uns~daikissnisn~~uiifi~
ZnaiuLdua%asniiuinpa"auLfios~as:usondi?sl;i~~wda4i~da~113~%11s
euy GiiiinPeiinsl

~ ' s s r n ~ d n w i ~ ~ a s n a i u f i a i i a ~ u m sa~u1i ~~~aw

~n
" ~i ~G~ ~ n a i u < u ~ u b " - d ~ n ~ ~ q ' b w ~ f i ~ d

usns1nlu;duanaah

naiubuGuf aisasnuilusd au vluiunaiui~ads

~iiuosdi?~d~&~%dadu~u~:9;i-i1ps"6n~a~~dsd~ianas
LT!U n a l u ~ ~ ~ h ~ ~ . ~ - d l d ~ ~

~nuaaB~m:m~g~Pisi?s
FjkduuiniaTusBu i a ~ u s ~ w ~ a ~ a f i s : i d a a a s b ~asidani~
u6u

f i n a i u ~ u r i u b ~ m s ~ u ~ ~ u u eoazfi~iutloania
uy~ni
PiauInJnaiutYuGuf liisroon

ui~u~l]ausz!d~ilqdau~a~ueuy3&Aa
Ldariu x
niutia x f i ~ f l u i u
I

14

h~

nana~ez!dailu~m.i~R'?u

PC 263

d d b 8

n1~dnai~~uu~n~uriuiidsrbrriuin1un~~w'~~1nwi6o~nisdi~~ii~n~iu
Cufiutusr6aud3diinibb6a1uBssu~iiL0uhad.rdnin~ur)u1al16
~ d uLWR oiq nnu-

1)

fll3dn9l!unulu

(Field study) 2)

nnssdu$a~dfjunir(Laboratory
survey)

n i r ~ ~ n ~ a a l u[Field
~ u i uexperiment)

experiment) LLR: 4)

3)

m3

rnr(iir?an~uhn81~
(Sampling

klhl~~:~aunia'bdd
I

1.7.1 n l l d n ~ l % ~ d(Field
a ~ l Study)
~

d n w i ' r # d $ ~ ~ n i r ~ n w i ~ : ~ G i ~ d ~ ~ ~ n a ~ ~ ~ r m u a i7uvaos~ruuwe
ya i n
G ~i m
? ~illlr
uuiunbbuunu~.mi;J u~:riujlu?uqd~iunuu89Mua1uiaJ 1 h ~ u m u ~ u iAu n r i u d

el

mrwngilriin ~ ~ ~ : d r i u d r i i i i n n~ ~
rffm~~~d~~"nwi~:'b~~(u"i'bn~na~~~u~a~~dr~~
~ m u i i l : ~ w u i n u ! d b b m : ~ a ~ ~ ~ a ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ q&u
n m ~mr
~~i~ui~~~~~

#nwiluauiu~J~5utdu~<~bnmwqGn~rmo9nug~
7 ~~aBn~i~[iufiufuaa&ab~dr~di~oa
mr6nwids:~nnd~~b~unir~nwidr:~nnnnfur~uf
ld!<iilun~rn?uquci?adrud
aei191m

1.7.2 ~ l l ~ ~ ; l t t 8 9 [Field
~ ~ ~ ~Experiment)
1 0 1

oratory Experiment)
d

de.4

a a n i ~ u~y n w i o d l i l ~

ntii'~~~an6'au
~ i e s m w a s s u m G~ ~ h n a u

r c ' ~ ~ n n ~ w n d ~ i i n c i n n i s ~ ~ ~ u u ~ ~ ~~flunisdnwinaiu<uKuiua~h.d~
nrd~aan~auiu
BAS::

~ n : : 6 a ~ ~ d ~ ~ 1 i u a i u ~ ~ u a ~ a ~~i~i u~a~ef i il~~1a3L L d ~ ~ R ~ z L d d u u ~ d o z r i a ~ f i L w ~ ~ n

1.7.4

n ~ ~ b i n ~ n ~ a ~ ~(Sampling
b o ( i l Survey)
~

a ~ ~ u ~ a a d ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ : : d i ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ u 1~.458o ~ f i u ~ a ~ ~
I

Cad

r i ~ u n h a d ~ n n ~ C i ' i j d a d d ~ d ~ d 1d ~l ~cl~~l a~iua~ 5 a a u i n n niudnG~~A?QR"nwi

uswi
itso::l35oandni~fiuuifiu 1wni~~~dwnnaiufin~Yiunai~~~6a"ua~da::~inaiau1~~

~ ~ m r n n r m ~ n i ~ ~ o l ~ n u iLaiiTma:vli/run{modda
~~~uafimd
tginadLqi
6asniadnsJ.i ~ ~ ~ a i ! d a i u i a n l ~ d a : ~ i n a w & ~ ~ ~ m u3i kdni i s~JU.p~a! ~6 a ~ G n i a 8 7 a a ~ ~ i n
n j u h o 8 i . s ddtfluoi?unuuadda:a7nafid~um ~ d n ~ n n ~ ~ i ~ i a d m a ~ f i ~duad
~nianmaa
Ad A u
ni~aaun~u!dFidda:ainafid~u~
L.nid!i~~uha4IEiann~ufiaod19nmn ~ d u k ~ u n u ~ a c
A d $:
d a t a i n - l a i ~7 n~.r~lannrjuki7odi~nnuuna:M"i!&~muiB tdu n m f i n n h o d i t h u s j u
imodidhu

(Simple random sampling)

~ d udidiosnia

~ d ui B n i a 3 u ~ n nLfianLaimu~7u2uddin~nn
2

Uded U

f i ~ s n ~ i n a n n20
u i l u i ~ i n ~ i u a u ~ p a 6 spaanpinu
~um
nuasbwnn
( ~ ? a d l d ~ ~ u ~ ~ o o n(Stratify
~ i ~ ~ random
# p a sanipling) ~ i l ~ n i - l L % n n h u ~ ~ n i 9 d a t ~ i n a a ~ n
20 RU

l . *

~flutu7 L ~ oUl i u a ~ daiq

~ LWR ~ O ~ ~ Lnia~6anfi~dZib~u~i?adidwiu#ob
UI
fi~Qfi~fln
Iviu~lili~~Uudi?ad~~u~ainv(ndauuacda:a~na~i~
7

i u dnui~r:i;~4u~dn~tiiunrii~au~~a~au~~~~~~l~16
7inm.rlCfilnismw~nJljn"tnu
g n ~ ~ ~h~iju~~miu~gm:uzi,m
iu,
52s 5% ndixdnqnddnu83i~n i ~ m u q n f u u y a l

n u ~ u ~ d ~ 6 ~ w s i z ~ n 6 u n i u unn
~ d nnnd
u w q p i n ~ v(Suedfeldl
l~
nrjiah nnnAQn
$minu~iis?uiu
7 il:nfi.srnwnnnu ~ ? I U C ~ U ~ ~ L O U P S J I O U~nz(I11~10zPind
~L~~~,~U
A e
nrjlu~mw6unnnnhlm ~ z P i o a J i u r i ? W ~ ~ z ~ ~ n n : ~ n n f u ~ a i u ~ 4 ~ u ~ n ~ i ~ d d i ~ J a u

!8&#n ~

~ ~ ~ ~ L J U U Q D ~ ~ ~ ~ S I R ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
ondtvi dsingii $ ~ $ s u ~ ~ t i u f i n ~ i ~ n ' o r j b ~ ' ~ b n ~ u ~ ~ d a u % j i n ~ t ~ n ~ ~ a a i ~ d ~ n ~ n s c
nu8iilRu~nuuinnii$~aouo~3~"1um1cat~"eta
d~~nun~im~~jnuld
ff:
8

Werner, 18781

V d

inqw~vl~-~un~w~dndiafia~ii~~untniaifl's~hariuriufunau~w~
idu nqwz
Tll*LLRflid&.l~m3~an%J
(Social - exchange theory). ~qw$ll3iRf
ULLTJ(Reinforcement
n~~
theory) 3 " a u f i ~gmaid4ouifie
nu (Social - comparison theory) ifl1.461~
qz
unndi?fiaud~zn~wd~adn'bdd
4

nqudni~llnnidnuuni9~w9n~nAia~i
rnai~ii~un~u~zi~uw1aiiuad~"iI~naiu

flnarna~naynn~ldfia~nvluiu
Kaadi~idulumaiduinu~a8uuie n. ilzflnai~dnuln

idu4ailziiulCi n ~ ~ u ~ a n i a n n n ~ d u u n ~ i u ~ ~ a i i ~ ~ m ~ i n a i ~ ~ i ~ u n ~ u i A ~ d r z l
I

~~zuirdu6~er

dd

R'aunqwjjqnfiiuk nqujni~l$uui$uuni9~~9n11
nqwp~uimunle~n~~5wui
f i n u i n ivlnftui-anf (Festinger, 1954) nqwldniiadi ~~wimCnqzli~l~uifl'eraKurnu
in,a 'bnuh0i7~dildid?uuifiu~ln"u$$u
'bn~Lamiz1unaddiai'bdduirna~iu"bunia6n~u
nnugGn hi n ~ q ~ I $ $ d ~ ~ f l u u ~ n r ~ ~ ~ al dI ifi isKz ifludnad2uh
a ~ a ~ i ~ a idu fimn8dnurl~ul;l.u'$iqn
ldqub~ijnalvld
7 idu n ~ i d n m a ~ i iDuk
~ u i uywdiaiCn
~zmi~duid3uuifiuuK~l6aiai
uh~~~~nu~ifluiidati~u~nfiana~u~~uianiint.n"n~z

oinniawnnn~luda~hun~wno:w~iu~~Baii
naiu61~?1~
hrnduaviilfl~fintvnia:

innqdanqa irnqniwuigdnu i n uBa~nnf(Schachter, 1959) ~ J A ~ ~ ~ ~ J L U U I U ~ ~ ~ ~ I U

I W i naiuinnii~a~liwnionia~~ua~o~fuw"uBn"p1uo~u~w~
uda~moidndi(dodrnul6
~ n i a : n a i u ~ m n i i ~ a a q ~ o : i n a ~ u ~ a ~ n i a ~ d u a ~ u ~~uumzd~naiu=innfi~aa
"u~n"u~Buq~

ditu m a i u n u i n L ~ u a ~ ~ d ~ u ~ " u ~ f i u ~ d u o : d i I d ~ a u

~uiI~fiiniswnmn~LuI+~n~nwi
2 n4rr n~udMdcL~un4uC;Luiidr~t\~L~cl
nmam&iuinnkanqd (high - anxiety) daun?u$na~\flun(rr~Luiflinum~finnnia:
miu5nniiJamii (low - anxiety)
1

r t f i n i 3 5 ~ u d u7 dR~u~~uii~nnuIrnfinaiuianfitan;tL Y I ~Gnjnrd~i'rmuwnij
u i n n i i t n n u 3 n c (weiner UR:: Stieper, 19591 d ~ ~ l i ~ m n l o h d 3 i n&~ ~n iitab 3 3 ~ ~ " d l i
Ldu LLciu2iu~M?uinnh~nnu~u
7 (Hofl LLAz Raven, 1973)
,

n&iunP~nirnaril:~duKabbda~biiariasa~~d~iiana"~aaiu%"n1n%1anuwofiu
niiafln ynnn
2

nu8naiun~iunP~flurinu
~aa"aQs8~oiuniw~du~iinaao1n"u
n?oniabdu~ifina%ui

u i r i n u u ~ - r $ ~ i ~ I ~ i y n n n f i ~ ~ B n a i u7i $nuhdu~ ni Ih f u ~~dnnrna'rSunniu

7 L~EIJ

nuaifia~hriwi~4n!dnuatb~uawidn'ubai(Rokeach, 19681 adidb fimiu

WIVDJ~T~~MI

indidfik~tdudunua"uflu<n~ w a i : ~ i l u d n ~ u n t n i a ~ u ~ ~ ~ n ian:!ai
u n !i&~^nnQ
ani

ndijlsfiqiu n u d i l o z ~ s i i t n i.n!duin
n

i5lrildhrzqni;ltiiu a b u ~ i i w i r f i
I

iuididlnJIunisbniila7 L Jb n~~ i w i ~ ~ p i e b n i w w i s $ ~ n uf i6~0i s"

i ii
na'irul
"

LLW~LYI

" q ~ "n i i m rnr?nasunuCiialnnuCi?u m a : ~ i a n u n . u n u d n ~ s r"ii

~ nhwq
m i~~1~eiil~~fiilfi~silidu6ino~4~inaiu~~n"bd~n'u6arn~u1n~u

95:

'

usihuti 1"bdainm~6n!iana:min"'ulnadiaii~~f~niilmdLrnaynqun"uiu1

m ilrli~fiisiiddou~auiaau~ui~~
Il-1!un~iun6iun~~n"u~~~i"bd~na1uf~t~anun"u
? i a i n o i d'n?n'rnoiR'JnulA

aulqlulu~imudua:~n6unqw$~wdo!do~uiumsd~niimiuciu~uddn~u
6itris~ln
nnn?iun~iiun~dn5twid~iunaiui~n
diGuu r i ~ u n Rnqw$und !s~nniildnii n q v i
6

~ (Heidem
1 ~ ~Balance
~ ~ Theory)
0 ~

d o r

Ir

1 6 4 1

~ n a u y A g i u u n ~ 6 ~ n q ~ ~ n u uuy
n wfir.nil:aeuna~uaonnPo~n"uuinni~
~nai
naiuWannnEind n i s ~ s ~ n ~ n ~ d ~ u i u n ? i u d ~ i 4 o ~ n anqiufgn
i u d n f i nn?iui&n LLB:
B

d d l

n-aiui41l-a masu~~n(n?iu~anwnnn~umoqnnna~z~~~r~n~nuilna~uanmnktn"u

rAnlfirknn?~un.rzdi~lun~w$
!ainoi!lauql~ilu;dn?iu~uwitbrilc~;nnn
2

nu

u a A n 1 n21u3n ( v ~ n ~ ~ r nnynnnfill)
rnf
auyAii n i m u h q ~ n aiinb u anuynnnannundt
d m q oisriluTmj ~inynqn~Jnn?iu~nfl!&

?n~~~uinrsdainnii%ia
lntn~s~umi~n~iuf~~w
n.u.
" u u~:
d u an.~ Oms
Gn~isszuuodi~"balunaiu~nuos
n.

l a ~ n e fdn?~ui~n.i~n?iuriufluic&ntu~adil::~nk~~u~sanu~~une~~d~~uufin
~u~dna~uriu~ubdau~nfinicuan
ii~:~u~dn?iufuw"ubd"bdau~nfivn~au

36

PC 263

nowmsddnunni

no1ums&dr;nur?nfi

Balanced States

Unbalanced States

2.7.2

.j,u~n~~nh~n~i~8~;1ni5v~~tai!w"a~q~d
lups"a.~ia6ndi~ji
numr:rouwoqnl~flu!&%iifi~
n nu iin~iuurnndi~iiwuin
7

G4
.

"d,,

Old

nisdnuMuJ u l u i i ' d d ~ n n u v d d ~riiio ~ v i ~ f t n n ? i u ~ n n n ~nqqmu ~i ~~ ~

n u~ u a f i ~
nnu(in J

d (Complementary theory)

4 d n 7 - 1 ~ ~ ~ 0WBIIZ
~ 1 u~yf i o n ~ f i ~ n a i u

8'ul;iuf iiu~dil:ri11~na1ub~n1s~a~bs1!6~~nisaau~ua
qniiu 7 iiffa1.ul9: " L ~ uludd
"
131 "uinW16

$~Ifi~RnrnsgnIonirci?ndidtdu n u d a a u ~ ~ ~ ~ u l n ~ n ~ a ~ ~ u n s a ~ m

~nil:qn~dqn!drjnudaaunau~udn~a~nu~u
n 9 n ~ M ~ i d d a u a a u i l u u i at t r n 3
~ a i u d ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~~ilu;iu
~ ~ u a i u a i a ~

2.7.8

igJii~~Grnnae~iu/~d~~wai
" ~ u u f f l ~ d ~ O u n f w~Bi "n d i a d ~ ~ ~ ~ l i l u n a i u a 3 ~rjvlg~vlio
a~~~0o~~?u

~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ d i l ~ ~ G l n ~ G f i n l ~ o~ zd~ ~ uui u
i d ~~ v~ l l~ u~ ua a~z da i~u nw u i u i u m n ~ ~ d ~
m u ~ a ~ I f i ~ u d ~ i f i R ~ uI nu lan~a ~wdi zu~ w n ~ a t ~ i u a ~A~dLwmzinaiuLBaii
~aua

naiuaaunuLiluAtd~dnu~uu
~ a z i i n s z i i n i i ~ ~ u d d d i dRiI uU I ~ C ~ ? ~~ a a u~ua+aanEl
aaz aoilRrRaf

(Dion, Berscheil LIRE Walster, 1972)

PI-

l&$inimn~ealmid~AnnlTimi
cru

difn ~ ~ m ~ d ~ ~ n v l ~ i f l i b a a u n i u i ~ ~ u n ~ n w i ~ w f a u ~ u ~ d i ~ ~ a c n ' u n n ~ ~ n ' ~

i i ~ a d i ~ l ~ c i n R ' n w~imf ld~a i n g j i~AniiGim1~aul6Tun1alGafiu~~wzgnua~i1ldl&$dlo
iinaiufin dau~knld~auozgnua~ii~Aniyn5naiwldi~~azda"uflaldl6
~~nzlwLtadd
u f i ~ d ~ i7l nh u t i u ~ a rRsauwuii~~naasriiTno:~Oud~u~uo~n~dau
1 ~ilniYautiurnc
uinnii~AnnlTimildaauLdallituicJlu18nuadflvl$ cJflvlGim~~CniIaniwdimiuui~au

~dubmaniavliciu ynn~vllTiniiiinni~iu4~1u
naignrJurnwdiih~zgnua~a'iddaztinfrnw
9:

(Cash, Begley M c C o m LLR:

Weise, 1975)

~~~n~iiu~wB~ai~nozi~ua~~ud

~u~dauu~wfi&au~ud~lTimiriau~~duln

unnoind ~ l n ~ ~ ~ n i a n a s 1 d a 4 ~ d i u f ~ l m 7 u ~ r j u A ' ydo

I ~ amiuarjuilr
" l c n l ~ dgn
~

liniiuiiiiiiu:~i;~r~~a~iiiilfl
i i n a i u d ~ t i i l n ~ t n i % w n i s ~ i u n euidi ~I uqm
~ ~nijur~w~in
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i a W ~ a u l d r r e i a ~ i u nLBB
" pil~liqnunduCiiu~~4a!&rd~uur~3nuns
~~iu~~u~io
ti

~ ~ s n ~aoil:gn~nfiucniu~w*i~luo~ranr~~Eu
r~u
d~~~andii~Giniua~~~@~6uot~~ua
h

d u l n n i i M r i l ~ 7 u ~ (Bar
~ ~ ~- iTal
u

Saxe, 1976)

LIB:

~ M w * i m i ~ 2 ~ / ~ ~ o ~ u ~ : 6 u b ~ ~(Shanteau
a n " u ~ f bra:
l b ~ Nagy,
1
1979)

fiiljirsifudn J i m ~ v l ~ a a 8 1 ~ r Ar su i-m
~ i l i l t & ~ a n r a i n ~ L~L?~u~ W ~ I C % ~ ; P L $ ~ ) . I R ? I U ~ ~ ~ I R
uB2 n2iusmnn(i~LiluCo~addi6~lun~ar~nnvoaa~
u i n n i i n - a i u ~ 2 a ~~i roi unf
I

wan w n 8 i i i i " ~ i u n nilainS' Q

J ~ O U ~ ~ ~ I J I I ~ ~ ? ~ I S ~ W M ~ inrraluds:
G A ~ U

nn

u a t y n n a riu fi'irsiriu-i,1 u i u n.ilain a ~ s i i l d n i u o t ui ~i u n.r0ununirnritl rilu

6 2 ~ i l J 6 2~ $
~ a~&~ dudrilu6u dm159:

n$ariic!s?inu

tiluj~~~%~!dii~di

ngvjnadi~J$auntSu illnw a ? Q w u i i r ~ ~ i i ~ n u7k !drsiil:

--~

sounudsaln~mluaiuisnfimuLreifi'ikso~inr~unn!n~ii~il:!driludfiuu~n rsirjnaau

nuaa,ndiia:hunw~aJ!~l~iJ uinndinuilaindliiiazls~nrauunsaurinr, i ~ a a i UuU LLa: ' d ~ a u 6(Aronson, Willerman LLPZ Floyd, 19661

IJL(~~~WUUR$L~U~~"E~"IIIU

nrjurr~i~in'ini~saiwnup9u~
n'ilSJsonnums$uniud~in~lS~~
Iunsriiusnaiurrrju
iia:!z!ifinw-.~nrau

~ i i i i l - r i l u n i s k afu J u r r i n w n ueilunzgdaac a i u ~ r j u u ~ n ; l

~ ~ ~ l ~ h ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ~ o!&IU n l 7R L" ~LRf ~l W

~L
6 LLfbllLOl~f
P~ B" < , L

L ~ t l L l h(Festinger,

wuiinuda~~oa~n~uMi~o$uL~naiiuiu
ID~IRRO~RUU

Schachter LLRZ ~ s c k ,19561

oziuinniinus~~udian"u~ios~"iunuat~~a~u
~4sabudGn6nu1dstfl~o~1n6iiu~fa
~ocr?8nus8nKuiinot~naiu~~u~~0uKuuinn~i~n~nwi~~oo~fs'iaiiu
msdniaounu
I I

do$niimiuoia a t o f uiulkiii L~uLwsirm i uLnnriuci'aiuuiurii irnsi~urJinmuGi

d

R1~~1R~uintwa~ntnqiuaou1uiadLsIL~ui7
7 ain 7 !;iiat~irurnsi I w u n Lnsna
A A
ci~maAn~odaoiia7 i m ~ ~ u l p l ~ m l o d ~ f l ~ miinotdn~iu$~nu
~~~tf~~~~~~~o~a~
~uiuw~afimsiiu
niounnadu 7
I

7. f i ~ 1 i I ~ i ~ s ~ a o u ~ n n ~ ~ uufinsrkanu
~6i~fu9n
doinmssin~s$ndn"u6oa~oniiuJou7 (ioainndznt<uriub

uonaind msynqu62uLiou
dni~an7 Wgnatai

f i aifiduu~AtranuE],nnaiu~uui~nu~n

i
2.8 ~ ( Jj Y
miu~auwoK~

u o n o ~ n l ~ ~ ~ i I ~ n ' a a i ~ ~ ~ d o ~ o $ i l ~ n ufiinqwZSia
~ s i a a u w3 o f i w ~ ~ ~

C/l%ntuiufiaR-~~~?nisa~~wafiu
,
2.8.1 nqYjllln~&ll&nq~in1alai91lla4
(Reinforcement Theory)

nriwznis~~iuLa;ld
Z ~ n ~ n i n m s ~ ~ u u ~ ~ ~ i u i n ~ u ilnunqviji
uwq~nssu
n?iudoii iciniqoKuQn aatrnslnysa$u~~udii ~ ~ Z o ~ s i a t ~ ~ n ~ u i u ~ a n a i r ~ a ~ u i

2.8.2
I

nquddaac launqudni~~iantdnuunimR.
(Social-exchange

Theory)

n q w ~ n i ~ u a n ~ ~ d u u n i iin61unqwdni~~aiuu3a
~~~nu(i
~~iilr+!d$d

URr I A A ~ (Thaibaut
I
LLRr Kelley, 19591 ~~~uon~w~m3~~n~ddaunid$dnud~d!&iT1dia
do!dbnii ni3d~~iarnu~u1n~du
ni5n~diuu~!auw~!6~iulunia~uEu~nwA~~uu~iau
(Cornperison level) vo J ~ L S~ I S I I U I O I ~ ~ T ~ R V ~ Ian:
T ~naiuriu~uflnrid
I ~ O ~ ~
liiiiwnfllnnnhmnvn'~d4au~!uud~n~~o~k~~u~~1~~~~f~nwo1il
wzrisudL3iilrnnndls
ldimaiuCuvTudriuQ'Lm ~~ifiulnil:grn~~innnn:rdfa~~~fieuiiunf
innnisafictf'ufiud
iuiniinsadInu ~ i a ~ hiodic~du
ln
ni~dn1o:nundnfu uiu n . ~ i suia u.tu ni
ilziin13Rquannu - ~ ~ W~I dJ ~ u ~ ~ $ a u i i n a i ~ $ u w " u d i l r o o n u ~ ~ u ~UR:~ ! ~ / ~ Q u ~ ~ a ~ ~

nqqnmrr iienqudnnutarramn (Equity ~ h . 0 ~ ,1

nquj d d i u n q w i j d ~ sa~d l d ~ n n i i d uInulin-aiu~4niiiunia~naiu
Curiwf:uurtufiunnnniltdlidddd~~~6~~udi~fu~abodbb~a
~aifidriiii~fiwadilrt~n
2.8.3

fiynna j$uw'uf i nh u ndi-ahu 7 i i d ~ d ~ s i ~ ~ i s i n n - a i u

n ~nuo ~r i"nul tf ~ ~
u ilu~tfi
jCurriwfun~~si~fl~Ei-au
nii-ainfifiii~dn-aail::ddiu~d~diu~nl6~d%u/t[lu~d~uuilin
niadm-aiuriuwirfn*u naiufiwirimunqw~dn-aa~8uldl~
duodn-aiu~
uqafifluX~2
diu ~indiund~chuln~~niidn1al~~d4uu~Qutd9~utiinB~fluna1u$uw"uf
fiilrlin~

~u1~1uun*~~n5imdbd0i09"~iinm-a1~~~~~~~dn"~a~n-a1ud~w"~b"6
7

2.9

~a~ol%"niiazn~%iiOiwu
14u41 nduidmd d~n~a'inuir~~nulWuiRuiilL$o~n-aiuintL~:ii~Cu6um~i

I-'*

nithudBu lI ~ ~ ~ r i s w m u n ~ ~ R s m o ~ m a i u f n i i ~ i r hil::biu-adn~~u~i~rn+
u~5"o~~au~a
I

dd P

rin~~ilud.rr~hnnlPwuf~9o-aa.rnrnl
nu~an~3iafn
7 ini7

+?nwitQs'iw IRIFI~

UIWRU

~a~WCuiULsuma

~ ~ 3 1 t b ~ ~ b b ~ 0 d ~ 1 9 ~ i ~ ~ d d ~ : ~ 1 0 ~ n u ~ ~ i ~ l 1 ~
*
f 2

B o ~ u n ~ n - a i u ~ n ~ ~ ~ n n n n ~ ~ 1 d 1 6 d n i a ~ n r n u i r r ~ i u n~r -bana ra~w~f i~i ~i ul rau i a ~ r l u

dnlnilud-a

hod

2.10

nn~i~~ll~idn~n~una1~%"q
? B . R L ~ O ~UB:

?ORRIWI$ (Walster LLR: W a L e r , 19781 n d i a f i ~ n a i U i n i 1

i n d d (Cornpationate love)

fnd3:annlsuuwgindnaiu~uiufid naiuindynna

nuolnndijra@YauKu L

U ~

un~n5laa:fTu d i d ~ i u d i t ~ ~ w n ~ n n ~ ~ n d ~fluii6u~ubi'f
i u ~ d d ~ u ~itniudn1ana:~u
a~
1 ,

~~w:aouauotoditqtqm

4s

piniud 2 a ~ u ~ ~ f i u n i ~ d n i ~ i u d n a i u ~ u ~ u b " i i u ~ n n1atiu

~~~u~n~mzdi~
~ u i u d ~ o~ ~ idk u i n a i u ~ ui ~
i V~~u~bu"~ u 6 f l W m ~ ~ i 9 d(Surface)
~ a b f i uTr~uLiudiu
I

dqnunJmTviinaiua~niiu3z~iiJ4nn~
2 nu L T l m s ~ z f ~ n L f i u d u d ~ o b u ~ bniuq
baz~

i i ~ i u ~ r i i ~i uL i ~ i ~ ~ n o z h d i j n l J a J I d~~az~fiunaiuo~Jdm~f~nd~glunis~~n
niid
unouylrdmdaubaJ ~ d un i l d i i r T u a i f i ~ ' j n ~ 8 u ~ u d ~ n M uuoedr u
oiBwuo~~ui
.~ r i i i u~ 5 o n u ~ t h d ~ :i.nfi~~n~fluJ%nrr~srduud~$i~~u~riidu
c~

LUu$udniLf;unundaouidfiubbn:fiu (Mutual) L U U E W ~ L ~ I ~ C ~ L L ~ : ~
" a"
nnGndariuriwf fu ~ u ~ u u n i ~ n i a u a n r ~ ~ u u ~ a ~ n u o ~ A ~ ~LLn:dnuioifiLiu
siun:~ui
luiud

L~iiLaa~aLnnfLnun8u~wuimad
f i m c j n a a i c ~ 3~qg il:fAlnh~UunnG~
muadniicuin r n ~ u i a c ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ~ a n u u n~~~nd~mi ~u ~~ ~u i~ u~i~a fn ~ i r l w q ~ n r ~ u d r i
Iu~~dn:Bunaiu~u~"uflg
5 4 6 ~lufl 1979 L ~ 0 " a d I J l ~ liS1M~uEu~~auCi
f
(Levinger LLnr
Rands) viinisi?nailvld n a i ~ R ~ u i u n l ~ ~ a n u ~ ~ n i u l ~ ~ i ~ n ~ u u a ~ w q G n a s u 2 u u d a :
4 hanw

k u ~ ~ d a n s n d4 uatTiUAn

dnfinuin 1 4)

~ A U S R~

I)

az6u~3nriuraaunildZn8~
2) ~dnudfl3) ~ d n u

~ ~ ~ u h ~ ~ n u ~ ~ i ~ n a ~ u~aifid~dwqGnaau
nfi~~uufiuu~r~~

113: LnWElullY3 wddwld?u LVl G~?%.~%JI

(Interdependent
afinnuuiiulna

behavior) Vl UILIFI?IU$IL a l i d

~l(i~diltd?~LVl8Odd~ULL~,"fi~~I~~~

~~siadi~l3fiaiu
rnsfu$un~uyafiqnnudn2iuuanii~ilwuinluuru:Ci'niuod
LGualsnu~ucifi21uAd~La:aduuad~ui
qnn~dumonw~rdmsaei~msun~~nnisns~uu

ue tnifi!di Ldsdilindstaurn3d m ^ u u i j u y u i ~ f l ~ n a b ~ d e ku~sd

u ~ n a nimoozdu
n u d l i i ~ u ~ i l ~ u n l u r n u o ~~~s~ilinni.rfufuo~u~ufid~c~u
~dufi~~
?a.duni~~qIflce

n7dLAu?iiuSninwmmtqn%ndu7 Stw~ouunnii~iTuld62s

l1

i f
I

3.2

nq~ij~piinniw
mulw
iilniunt~fi~na~!dim6nCou
~~iil~wuiiuyui~nnuin~~iuuan~i~iiu~unis

nld~li'u?iiuqnnadu 7

" 21 8
6 4 or
GJU r ~uo~~inuyuuuweuuini~~~~:~a:nunia
6si19i~urh1fi.r.i

~da:nwdn13~n5unfidn? u ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ d s ? ~ ~ ~ n ~ n uiiu
b l i wr.ri~nnu%dnqu~
d!d~~do

@hlwmulu

(Implicit thbory of personality)

d1dLMdeu~u!d&2u nqu!yn%nmw

niululudnnunuiuiitna1ui~ouatu~~ddi~1fiQ4it~uu1iot?~
8nw m:n:hn?sliu?h

ij,wmzo:!s

~fiu

idu n - ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ r i o u f~fluh\l
i u h u~s~~nnuiln?iuL%iiLiuaiTu
hd~~~~

1riu bflu~~qlCwqiu~ynSnmwniu2uustn1at!d~riaunir~"?u
R15o.nii "rnuIuw ~ws1:~fluunt~sw1z&i~clfuu~uiiueia:nu~ilun?1~#odlu2d~1~y d n u o t u y wildit

iTnwdnlna~u~tn~tnifif?~riuAeo-rsuaa
inamf~~sifi!df i~dn?iu~8~htnrj1?a:~fluhnis

d i ~ d a d a u n i ~ u n i a ~ n ~ u w ~ ~ n shsnur iui t a~ ~d u~ham:CCuci1~1

~~u
~ d u'L-rl
*
~Slwi~rih
rjauhu 615n ~ ~ d i ~ $ h L f l u ~ i dp~iadtqmSnniw"u~ty"8u~i~u~t
rnof
nudgniiunii i a u l u u r?nlrilnign~7unllikui~ric$ia
~nhun"ui16nwlu: 2 d ~ z r n s d t r

ILIA~~~~I~JIA
u c i d s u h u ~ n i h w m - i 7 u ~ d u~ a i r n u L i u - r I d h~ i ~ 8~ du o ~ n f i d
n q w ~ y ~ ~ m i w w r n u I u ~ a i f i n u n n ~ q m1~dnn~ i~~: n~ ~ ti l u n ~ u ~ n~~ dn uim w
B

dl

'

%nwm:odit~dt r:ciilfifi<ninuwdnad~~'v19ib~bRua~o~n"uIdAau
~ d utTnwru:douluw
nnzlal d t ~ s"Enii"
i
riunas!dn'-aun"u1l aciili~1 ~~Kabtbdlmw'r/~6$nvm:a'au
LM~I<!~'

.m'vinqoijdLilunq w ~ q n ~ n n i w d a ~ 6 a d ~ n n s~aa~~~'~bwd :# ~ ' ~ bsltunalurdu

n~a

~~o~iniiuqnnn$uaaem?m
nrlw~vn~nmwmu~uunt~ii~~yn~~ds:i~nni~tn~~nrla~
Yn$nmwbuvf? 1!duot~~~Pm?nrnmst641
~ f l u u o t d a u hiirwi:qnns

Wdnisriqul

~ ~ S ~ M I C F I L ~ HpJ.~tn%t~~l)i7~stiik'bdw"~'b~~~a"t?1~~1d~~~ab~~1~1~~ou
GJ

rn~yn5m1wd1t1d ~ l j ~ r i ? ~ f1i ~
1~~~1i~5~~~maon~aa11un1a6e,~u~~ou~~~

~~~~tn~~~~~n~lu~~nd~:flula~4a"bdn"u$9~~~r;"~e,Aau

nilnnu~titka~af~aBuIu~iua~~A4ifin
~~s:rino:~~u~uIfiIrna~a"it~~didu

niunaiud18duinu"su ~iisai~1naanfituh~aio:l$riut8uAu~iuhdiniiunaiu
n(iiun9tnir vlinnaiuumndit~uius~vla'itynns
inq us:~vlqnia$ uya8nivlnnuc:\ai
~ r n t n ~ i t d ~ v l f i n u ~irci~nsdniiaii
u~nu
~~~na~~unniiIfi~ya~~~matnfit~~~suf
tuifiil:uan;wqlm*uaei~t~#uan"u~6daing
~nadhna"~t~n#ordnd~.a"a"nbnat~J~~~f
unii
Rep test (Role construct repertory test)

1 ~ l n ~ 8 t f i ~ ~ 9 : ~ u 7~ U
YEltyRFl~6i'L31f~17
l~dlt

dsingad idu ~dou,li?~fii,

ynnsdviiuanu, driiu\danu, i ~ ~ i i u ~
rDuBi
o cu pnna

o:liotniiaiitqnrgnam:Rynns

n u ~ u u n u i n i i u ~ n t ~ v Ll ~L sR~: ~L u~

nnuunndituoa~njnawd~nnsd
3 Lmnt

~ ~ ~ L S ~ ~ C U

L ~m
Us ~ o ~ s n - i i n i i i ~ sUt R
n:iL ~ D U V B J ~

d~flunuaslnfitrju d ~ a v l f i i ~ s i ~ i l u ~
n dqi u k~mnda:niu~~ulduia:~-ditunuiw
tvliihuvlaiunTt an:~Bon~mbrtnfit(doqnrijnwm:) dunnaniiaiitdsun9tii~fiu
Instafitunt~ui~ d u
liho:I~~u~Cuunu~ns~l~~ai~notI$diia'i
"asin" nPuiuni

)'

mun Lnsdo:~~d~oiiiasin" ~8u~nam:Irntniitust~a~ai

~ovluiuiit~~uiid~ai
L

ltro$LRuoiiicLot
3.3

~ r % t g ~ ~ ~ u .pt
mfi
uonoinnqa yn3nniwniuIuuntuya6~~ds:nu~~da
~aik~mriu$6unndfa~i

~iiuariuuyaluot~ai~atKau

dia~iuetu~u8niuian~~unasn~Du
s a869
8.3.1

r y d ld,, un~1ddmiul~~i.r1~1~"/1d1R"
o:dulfiit ii8uanr9uDRunt$uod

InnIuaiClii n w ~ a i ~ n n u ~ ~ n u i ~ r i n u n i w nuin~qunug
d ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ 'u~~~ma i t ~ o f i w l h ~ d

I U L L ~ M ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ L ~ ~ " I I ~ uyal&.flo'ldl&
~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ I W ~(istnounauquljJFiuriuu~u
IULL~JIU~I
lia"EIaaasu~n:ldii;sBaau
3.3.2

'

ry d d m ~ u ~ n " u l o e i i ~ ~ . r d ~ ~ 3 d ~ a / r i 5 ; 1 n i ar'uu"wsy~mu ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ 1
n~u~nnilna1u~~u~iuya6~~aaua1~d~ts~"t6u1omu~st"b~
nauquwqglnaau
pl

ustnuut aiuian~di~ouli~odK
chuvlri;liinaiu~dui1uyudu1nn1a'1J"t6u~omust
Tin
manauqumu ua:lid~uianl#~~qe~s&aul&

uuv~~~w~aiu~a~~~~su*~~u~au~oid~~dod/i~pdii~n"~
(ua~TnnluuJEiGnaiu~6u-d.i
uy wihu~i3uaiAuhG?nloEi aauJ-JBLM
Ba
cjtu ~u~dunaiurdu!dvlniksnuot(iu dau~nn4uiin?iu~duiiuywidCya1Ay1nr
3.3.3

&C w

~Gu~arisT?
~ula~i~ilwirKauad&abad
G ~ r m nag ua~g"
3.3.4

~ ~ v d ~ d n r ~ i i a ~ i ~ p d n " a v 8 ~ ~ l "~a ~i ~u~~/ ~[ di ~i ~l w

i u~ i1 i~~a-t~i ~~~~ & v ~ . m d u

chuk~~nfinaiu~%a~~uyw~~~u~~n~u~ka~iiun~iu~~aua~nu

m~ua~naiunosiwsinniu
d 1 u ~ k ~ n a i u ~ G u i 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ d ~ 1 u i ~ n 6 1LLA:
uw~~o1nn~u~
luuaun1una1ub~m~uam~u~lin~1~u~~muna1u~6aua~hu~a~

ui~n8iJfh+.Xi ad~':n(u~r:dkva':a'addidfiu~an!d Riii6nwac-iauvi?n stereotype

ii ~

G~vdoufhqnnud ~ G n w m : i ~ u d r n ~ a : ~ ~ u n a i ~ ~ a 3 ~ ~ 4 oPi?odid~$u
! i i i ! & uiu n. fJ
64

a,

fiu~wndmdninlbiicgndunii~flunuldidfiGnwa':iauii ~nwanw"o~ua:~ilunuq"

7L

un:ii!d!hinwan~nd~?ununin8u
1 filh udgn~vlui
~mii~dunul&d~:o~inw~nw"o~un:~
n'il~qniisliu!d~du8uiT&udn uiu n.qv
uu:rii!~~Sniiuni~u~iu:~u~fi
vhlA.niu!dBiu~~iIwu~niGnwac-~auun~n(uld
L

uiu
~ n.mas:!a.ildny

~~n-aiu~~u~finus':W"ufia'i
rnGoafnw?nrjo~~-

LLa':

L O I J ~ I (Goldberg,
~ J ~ ~
Gottesdiener LLA':

Abrarnson, 1975) ~Lln!6M"1~138~l~7b~~~fl

linR"nwiqmw(~5j~
30 nu u ~ : b u 1 d d 2 i n ~ ~ 8 u l n ~ d u ~ ~lvi~ui~8nnnundncin~dniw
w~nu
iinulariis:~durinio$~dnin5~mfd ~ n ~ m ? n u i 6 ~ ~ ~ u l 5 ~ ~ 0 ~ i n ~ ~ m imi
ui~nwiii~waic-

6o~nn~iia~dni~CR^uInul.%Znwwiau
(stereatypel Z U L ~ E ) J R ^ ~ ~ A & Mwakiinaii
~O~~J
linR'nwl~L~dnn~u~H~ddH$imiaaudnu
- IJR-XJ
i i n i l u n ~ u d o $ ' t d e i r n b ddau
nudvfirn~qn~~n!%iidviin ~~~niiirnunaiu6nuo~GfiR'nwi
nudsio$Llafinfiamf~n
:ilunun$imi~~au
~dn1~ni~nnao~~nu~.idr~n~m'i~ui~!~~nu~iud~na1~~6~
6 n f i ~ m 4 5 u ~ Q ~ l u ~ d n i w q~nl n~ui n ~ i ~ ~ J i m ~ ~ u ~ J n ! a i ~ aliUnaiu
u!~~d~u~uw"~f
d

n n m d n i u i i n ~ n a i u n ~TJJLY~~~~ULRII
~ij~

a i ~ ~ c h i l ~ i u i i l i n f f u ~ai nu au iau ~ 0 u ~ ~ ~ ~ a
~ ui fi ui lnChi~ i l u~~anawu~%buiai~
(illusory

VaanaJ/il~4nuoahdR't9~uw"ud~u
daaiun?iubiluilf a ~ b h

correlation) )IUILI(I?IU~I

cli~ilutdudulria i ~ n ~ d ~ ' n n ~ ' t 9 ~ u r j u i ~ ~ i ~ i i i ~ d a a u 1 ~ 1 n na+aya

i ~ d u a2 a~~i a?a u~ a ' t 9 f

~ ~ n 8 h n w 1 l n ~ t ~ u t i 7l urill
jau
#a

n ~ a i ~ a ~ iyinfia
+ n 2 PL &oafin~is~~~ua+o~Cu

7 d~~finaiu$uwirbCu~wuii~~

8.4.2

~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ n ~ ~ q d s a n ~(Central
s d ~ f Trait)
lod~~dna~~

uonainmo:din~u~Aauu~si~i?u~u
bulg~nwtu:i?uunt't9rjnrut.dni
R 1 J f n ~ ~~h
usari

(solomon

ASC~)

kL l a~u a~u ~

inuon?iuRnii ~uunr:d~.iiil::aan?iu~~uLdu?~u~'t9da$miu

L ~ I J L ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ M ~ I U ~ S : ~ I S IL L~ U
~ ~
Q ~~~~L P
aI I~LIi ~La ~d~ u
~~iUiLi i ' t 9 ~ n n ? l u d i 6 ~ ~ d

~rinflsuiiuuidayailzd~~i~bb~t~~i't9Cnuindil::6n6u~nna
~oari~+un+a~aa~tndii

Iunjud~~fii~iou
Eu+ iirnfinlnnii-dii uirr n.~ilunu~E;ot#iohud(
80%
fin 75% mo~~ii
uis n.8oiaud.u"~
Iunqud 2 d ~ ~ ~ i i i l f i fiv
u v idrindnaibfls~10% d~zndi-d~duis
n.lidI9
r8orilow9ofioiauri~u
I

ds: LnnLksn Lflu iinunredaound1Juln

(Highly iikablel

dst.LnndRoJLdu ~ n w m : d a s u / l k n u d i u n m

(Moderately favorable to

moderately unfaovrablej

ds:~nndwiutdu 5ninunr:dldanuui n (Highly

unlikable)

lianii~ua~qtu~wturdaouoiisuin~d
rns dnrinl ~ilufiaaZ o i Id~riuuriliadoiaud
gu l?iaislo%Y a'1~5sb0udiu
ii?aiisqtu5nwtuzhou/~Jaou d i u n ~ 5i I~l r - i GeruGu lilba n3zaunarais
bfioflu ~ ~ o e r b n"ia3'1a
~si ~0u&u

li?eiisuncqtu~nwrnfi~d"~~ouuin
fili~aieraiindu dinuin t,dulm'Pi? binds
CIIJHQ~ uaa~iwIJQI n ~ n
b0u6u

~ k n n n i ~ ~ n u ~ o ~ ~ b d e r a f i u n ~ ~ r b ~ d ~ q t u ~ n w wuwbnof$u
wis~n~nniwuh
fi"l,&~sr0uss~n~n
tu4~a113~sd
a i u d d ~ hlunnduy a ~ n i o : a s n a i u ~ o k ; u i ~ ~ a ~ a o u ~mor
~ a ~difnia
~o~J~u
flsiatuind 2 iSRn

I) ma~sn?iu~i/u1ner1%niauan"lioymd1&a"ub%1&aerfiu
2)

ni~a~n?iu~%u~ner~i+oy~ui~idib~der~s~un

~&vaun:~t.uu~t.6a
uio u.orvb6ntuuut.w"usI3

rinuud2ldldl P:rtilll"n2iuf$nL~eafiuelnna(6ufl

uinniintjuno~~ s i ~ i e nwaii

nmudr:nwu~a#ullm (Primacy effect) fiau 61ae in~:ln?ns

1~ u ~ ~ n u h d dP: d ~ s i

Lnunai m f i n n ~ ~ ~ a ~ # n ~ m ~ u a n ~ n a $ ~ u r i~ i~ l~ ~L ~L #R oR ~J ~Z 1~ 1L ~A ~Wu~

J B M ~ W ~

uo~nirfuf2u~ar~nniidinil(~an1sds:~liuw
ai~nun

luBonpa"i~~sn$aci~~~l~lfi~diuun
~mwtAn~ieluBninl,rut~~mwu
(d) d~u8nnJi
nk~~d~lKq~niinutAno:~fi~&a
(n)

~:e~n5auhq%u ; ~ r i ~ ~ e ~ A o ~ A ~ ~ a ~ d n n ~ ~ u i ~ ~ u ~ ~ n i i l j ~ f i ~ n ~ n w

r ~ n 8 n w i d l u L ~ o ~ ~ l u d i ~ u d "LI"
a ~ pu
a+
t2i"$~11d

"nM (inn~Tln~weld~KuZi?)
d2ulu

n{uinoJ Cndninl,idiu~e~Cin~un"u~n
dnnCi "n" riauuiiilddnnh "d" (ilintAu

Ldndiuuh(wnnodl$~ntninl,i6~nadn~uanJL~nr t ~ u i u ~ n ~ n r n w u ~ ~ ~ A n a l e
I ~ L $ ~~Ji n l i ~ ~ s i e a t ~ ~ u n u a ~ B n w r
7 uwndsingii
:d~~
BnnG'i~~sn
(ldii~zfluriw
6211 d * n "n") srdwsciilnisri~u~u~nGnniw"un~~An"~~ieru~n
nii2Aa ntjuddeniti
usntdu "dW(~gn~we)
q:un~mw~tinaie~flunu~~n~we
i i ~ luuru:dn~udn~pa"i~lsn
~ d

~ i l u"nM fiil:us~iirFinaiu~ilunu~fi~]~a
iiifryni u ~ i $ n y a ~ ~ ~ o ~ n { u ~a9~ 6 0 : ~ ~ u ~ f
~fllnfiufiniud A d s u a ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ A u 8 ~ i i n a ~ u d s : dwacinrnsds:aDuws
~"~10n~~~~~n~u
Knwrurvh~duod~nnnuin
I;SCn~diq$n y n ~ i ~ f i - n n wudoonulosduum
u~n~
(nhu 1tiu(diuldldKnaiu~u~~n"~+oqaauuinGn)
msLi'u&uLiluuaniilfi(diuninnuie i,-%T~duCnqau2nmuu~
~~d~dnannui~~uau~iiuklrilninulil~ra::t~n~:s:~au

hndic~du~ l n n i ~ d n ~ ~ u ~ ~ u d b~~n:nif~nlu~niwnlilu~u
b~id~dd
n. 6auL~~1n
fimiu dnuivlfidnn$ubn
Llllmn

~ l n u~aildwuwiu n.bnn?c usin~iaduiu n.ji7lJ;~ngnls

UIU

L ~ I ~ ~ Z R ~ ~ W B ~ I n . ~ O u n u d i ~I uR U L ~ ) I ~ ~ ? I U $ S ~ R ~ J M ~ U ] L ~ ~ W L R ~ ~ ) J ~ ~ ~ U

Irildnaiu~i?nlun$~~~sn
uRndiini.r&kna:

(I ~ l n u l)u ~ n d i d d n ' i ~ L a i 5 u n a i u l d

wolon~s~~annslti

3.6 n l 3 l ~ l ~ q ~ ~ f i ~ l 6 ~ q ~ 8(Attribution1
9~~?n330~

huh 7 I~LLPJ

~ u n i 3 ~ d u a ~ n d ~ u ~ u im
f i luj~nd~u~ ~ n i l ~ ~ ~ ~ j i i u i n w ~ ~ n a a u

un.s{du ~ ~ i G n i l t u n a ~ ~ i n a ~ u ~ % ~~I i/ li i l~ua ~ ~uw~~a- di i~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ n a a u ~ e i ~ ~ d

rdu jiilundn" 7 u~un . i i t l G q n ~ u m f l uiu

i u.? riib.mic n.itr~unm;liiuuiu d.?
Gilu il.%gdlinnoinnu ~flu8ur i i a s u u o ~ ~ i r n u ~ ~ u a f i u w ~ ~ n a a uni<n
i~vund
~ E l u r n ~ R " n ~ i ; ~ m ~n lf $i u~ m
~ ?~w
an~w~Gnaau

!BL@D% (Heider, 1944, 19

dLfinsinnynna(6u

LLR:

nlnd~flu~n~udatniafii~unRi~vlymt

~ i t n q d t i i ~ n n d . a t i a ~$-aodirl~du
~eu
wis n . u i ~ i ~ i w ~ i s

~0udstS-1L d n n n ~ a i i ~ i n ~ ~daingii
i u i s wiu n.uomSiuisii rwaixsnGnuinGimx
dunnfitsr uifininisllits:: ~4sn!2ihwls n.ufldhlK6u ~ i ~ ~ y u i ~ i u u a t h ~ a t T n e r l 9
Aie5uieii

~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ R R O I "niodaaanbrrhdu
@M

L L F ~fiiuiu n.sau<unnuqT t wis n.

3.6.3

~dwu!~fiu$a~mua~~dutiauln~
~ ~ ~ ~ W J R ? I U L A ~ ~ J R I L ~ rn~n!dIniwuIp~uiu~a~~dii
~ W I J W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ U

~R'u~a'aub~~nuds:wq%d~~Gaeii~!a
~ s i o : i ~ n ~ u m u n a ~ u ~ ~ a u aidu
t ~ alunn
i~at

nnla~u~l4icRiinLLW:~a~^om
(Nisben iLn: Borgida, 19751 Eu~~i!6n~i~~nnn~atiiuis
w q ~ n s s u m - r ~ a o ~ n ~ n i i ~ rL~n:nifim'uaniiLviidci~uuI!dLnseln3oaulri
~~n4u~~u

an~qmtwqlnssuuatuy ail dnaiudi6%uim~~::~iua~tfiu$f

nuyvikunsd

w o f riu irnu~naft
h l6~nwii;tq~Gnw~:m~huynBnmwlTo81~s:~Bun
ni~~inunqm~ninuru:b~diduaon~~u
3 d3:~nndo gnwm:dairuodi.suin iiunsitusr
6.

Wgouuin 1 u n i - r ~ J n 2 i u L ~ i u ~ d u ~ ~ u~~ ~- ni iam

E ui l ~ i ~ n u ~y a
~ fuf ~~n nu n+~~i j i
w

6 2 u i i i nio~u^?$mfiit.irdu%o~a
odhuh 7 ~ian~~nln~ii~ir~u~o~~oya~il:~6~

n ~ i u n G u n y u u i n n i i r n ~ ~ a u ~ n ~ a1b % ~ ~ ~ u

nd

& ~ l r s n (Primacy

effect)

il:ii~ada~ai~~n~s~~~a:lBj~~~l"~s~~~~uinnd~na~uds:flulil

l u d a a ~ g daoriitlstti ~ i n n a i u d a : f l u l i l n $ ~ ~ ~ a n ~ n h ~ ~ ~ a : i l i n n a i u d a : p l " ~ l ~ ~ l u n ~ ~

kuZ67 rdu ni~bu~nisw

EJTIR

ndw qGnsl-uuianliiafiaions:n'ildbu!ri~Aa~&~dwn"w

~ d umsqslmwibu ~ w s i : ~ ~ ~ d t ~ n l n l w ~ ~ L r a m d o u ~ ~ n n u qviilviniiinisi
mn~wi'bw
htnilumwiqm!d~mud5uiu

4.1 fll%flatl~Pllo~fll(Conformity)

rin~a5nui~3nud?u1n~un~dnrlun~ni~n~nsmiutiwii~dw
nirdqnnaudduu
4

nq4nrru k ~ ~ u w a u u o ~ u i a i n r n i u n n ~ ~(Group
uv~~n
pressure)
~u
ndi?tio doYnna
us

64

n6nuaiu n i t r : ~ d & 1 u w ~ ~ n 3
a .?i oun ? i u ~ d n t i n ? ~ ! uU~UfI G R ? I ~ ~ n ~ n n n ~ d n l n

ASIA

ni~nn1nrlnu~n~~urluin1u~4nrl~nrln1~n~a~a1u~i~d
M L L ~ m3nn~nrlunrl~n?a?nuinLuifiudn a n ~ 4(ASC~I) ~ u i v i i n 1 ~ n n a n r l ~ u ~ . % " nI1n~u1d~q3nnv~i i l ~ L ~ i l t
7

t:uinnsnrl~udorlunrlnia~~]~~irl~iuai
~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I Q I Rrl ~ R ~ R ~

nnansi?uriw "si~iaijn3danu"(dLilun~uynnadanRi16bfluulli?rln~ibudniRi~
s ~ r l ~ 6 u I r tin
ig 6

RU

rn~nnand6~4u4uhu
i ~ a ~ d l ~ i ~ ~7 nqn?iun?unrl~fim~rl"uuindirlfiu
a6rl
3

~ciuU R ~ Z sGuL~~f ~i ~ u f i u ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ 1 r l ~ C ~ m ~ ~ u i s ~~n~ui Cu /t ~i nG~~Cn nuu~ ~ r l o i i r l n

'~uniawnaos2 n$dbbs

minh sho?~!d!$di~!d

PI

~R"niinisnnnn~iiiiuioS~
uciiu

linunl~imlfifiinoud~uiuri2ili~ii

oanud

oin n ~ iuitfn
u

n i s n i n f i u ~ a u i i ~7 nnudnou
I

RJ 4 n u ~ i n ~ n n a n ~ n i u A i n n u o ~ n i u ~

~ u i o ~ r i i o t i i ~?l snnu~tldsu
8
7
d n u n ~ ~ u7i idLLnniia!doinnip
i~
? tl~nwuiuiu~nnli?in~~~uini~orun~Rnwnin!d

oinnisnn a n ~ u n ~ u nwnndsin~iimsn~nuniuun~e~nin~~.iiin~lls::uinr
l
32
B

i d n i d u d 1-43n i n i i u 1 - 4 u ~ o i n m s n n n o ~ fr i2~n45
~ u ~6inouuoJ~qiil::nluniu$duiio

1935

'bnll$7l?n?~~lE?J~~
48 SplLdnf Un:: baaf d (Murafer LLnE Sherif,

1935)

~ ~ ~ ~ d 6 ~ i n i s ~ ~ n ~ ~ i ~ u a n " u w ~ ~ n ~ n i~ ai n~dns ~i nn~undi sAutoudn ~ ~ i ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ n ~

kinetic effect

6zad

d~ingnismunnn~ i ; n n i ~ edlutl'n~~m
+i~
iLntint~dd~nbbn~$iliiJinJ~

an I 9n rnu~uCo~rinn~7~nj
~ s i o : : u n ~ ~ i u n h u K u i i i ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ u d m s i('nbqe
~ou!~a!~

y i ~ d n an::
i n o i d !dfi$Bnnnno~nnu~du~ilun~~~n8nuduo~~~~~lufia~dn

~ ~ ~ n o u ~ ~ u ~ m d d ~ o ba#de dr ai ~
n "f u ~ u n ~ u u n ~l oqnu
n n ti18 s n u unnd8imou
d ~ ~ d n u i T(ut i n ~ ~ ~ n u ~nu)
u f daunud
i~
9 l 8 m o u ~ i ~ o u d ~ n d i n ~ ' b n u d ~ n9n a f i d

nuE~~u~nnadni~mfau!~~dur6uafiu
~~u~L~dmfia~nia~i~'bun~udd~~iaiub~n~uf
v a ~ n o j u ha z ~ i l ~ n i a n ~ a u c n u i a ~ l uuadsingii
~ t ~ ~ l l a Iunqud1dinaiuLflubnnCu6
rdaf dud, ~uunrzdn
juunait~~:dniandaumiuqrfld32

r:inianfiaumu~dur

5.5

bd~fb8~6
(Allen bba:

Levine 1968, Mascwici, 1974)

I

n. n ~ i u $ ~ ~ u d ~ u ~ q p unaiu$naiudiuicyunrnrjufi$u6nl7rC
~~n~a.i
v l d d d v i i ~ ~ i n n i a n ~ u m i u n(uddnaiudiuilur/douI&a"unaia~~a"a~~lil
fiu
uar il:M

LdoW~~oul1S"b6$~Lfi01~~64~1~71
~ P I W < S (Sistrunk)
~

b L ~ ~ b b ~ ~ b F(Mc
l ? aDavid,

aiu, ~ w ~ v i i i ~
ja~ e t ~ ~ a d ~ ~ l u n n i ~
I

airrnoaajq~G@~~u

o%n8nwl

$~ne !d@~nu

, nsia

iasd

33.65

38.95

"1I1U

34.15

43.05

niaiLaqunJwrl~nTaudtii?ti?
wnd~in~iinoddniui~n~d6i1~1~vl~lnI~~~~w1
I

2,

foa

r i i 2 G y n n ~ ~ ~ n i u u w q G m a u LLidddLu1wu~linrnT~"nwinidunnodazLnnund
~i~<1~

y n n a d a n u 1 ~ ' ~ 3 m ~ d u a ~ n ~ i i u n a i a ~ ~ a ~ i1
a 1noal6uJ~n(uynnanon~3u
uaz~ui1
3

nqu tio

o i n m s ~ n w i ~ ~ a c y n f i n r n w u a ~ q n n ~ difi inaf ~
miian6u l w u i i d a u n S ~ u a ~
rmnnssudti%ulnn mltuiu (dafluorimnsiin~z~8unu~"suu
~ i u u f n uua:gl~liiAa
i i ~ n r zw
i i q i n s s u ~ u ~ n o n s s ~uar
i u nl ~~ i d n i r i ~ n ~ l d i ; r n ; r ~ ~ u n S d ~ B u a ~ u ~ ~ m f i ' b ~
*

~ n $ m f n n ~ c ~ t i n w i ~ ~ ~ n ~ n 6 1 1 w u a d ~ n n ~ j s ~ b b l ~ ~5~ biiniiluqnna
at~~d~6ad1dn1a~

difiunnnaiu~nsaaar n 7 1 u f i ~ ? r ~ ~ ~ f l ~ ml i~u~~~ nd ~; da aL n~ d ~ d a ~ d ~ ~ ~ d d d ~ i

~iuisn~fius:3d'ioia1d1dfiiinot'b.a"naiu6ia?iaadi~~u~~s~b0uni~aan
Pl W d

~ a ~ n o i n n i s ~ " n w i r 4 a ~ y n ~ n n i w u a ~ ~ d ~ i a ~ i a d a i oqiaii 1g ~i sc$j ~ ~ ~ u ~ a u ~ ~

RediinwniwdynnB R ~ ~ ~ U ~ I K J ~ O ~ ~mud
~UIUH

5.4.3.2 i:Ba@WUjnUO

~ddu7sliuiiri~
li~~dnynnadn~fiu'bnu~
"huydl'

UIB~~I~~O
~U~

~u1~~n7iufii?fi?

niifiu ?
44

11

cinni3R'naifinwuii yc~ uw~dnni~uan~n-nu~ia~ianeii~odiaulr

ndi?
An tYi(g%~d~~du~~guf
vltmnililb?u Audiv?nviim~cz~dn'i1%jdn@?naiu~ub~3d

d a l ~ u u i n hn h u h i u a i l i f ~ ~ n ~ l i ~ n ~ ~ 1 d ~ ~ u n a i u ~ 6 n n u i n ~ e i " d u z ~ ~ a z u w n d ~ f
ue~~nnal%uin:ui ~ ~ 1 1 ~ A n ~ ~ E i ' u n ~ i u ~ u ~ ~ ~ual%~siao~bnmwau,u
~uinaiu~d6au

~?~d~:rliijcii ~

u ~ u i u u ? ~ d ~ ~h u9 ~~ a
~ ~n 9~ 1~au~ nf ~
~ ~( ~
~ ~ jLd( ~i ~a d

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?u?c~~
C oz1mz~iin4u y n n a r z ~ ~ a n ~ n ~ i u f i i ~ ~ a ~ P ; j a9
' u u? "uu ~s~ n~a( n
Borden,
u
10751

l ~ i w u i u ~ u a n u ~ i m u d l n u ~ n n i ~ ~ d a o t l ~ ~ d n ~ ~ "cn;"m s w
R 'l nnaa ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~
'iinduul' daoudinnu~n6~uni~~1n
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(gni-mnan~
i

uat~a~~n3uIu~+a~ni~n6auniun"u)
~~u~~d$~nn~an~$~m~~iiun~::~~a~v(~~n
rJ~iuuaddu nil6CfiIKdGndnainQtfiit aiufiitldQuneapnndiun~::ualv(r$~uat
ynnaqiu . ~ ~ ~ ~ o d o : : d n w iwiui n i s u ~ d u n a u a ~ ~ n o::fiwainni3nt1nad~u~nt
~nnn~n~du
4

(iidv(q~$u)$uqatynnnniali ? wadnnaii iii"h"~fluaiuoz2iuadani.satha

ii?uni~~~uiiuaun.r:u~lvldbbat~tu~nni~%i~@~~dun@t
~rriii$pfita~a~azn%ts:~flst
ucildbug~nuqh u ~ i $ n n ~ ~ s i n n u ~ & ' ~ ~ ~ a b ~ ~ ~ ~ a t ' b ~ w ~ a u ~ n ~ u
, 4 .

brr?~~?-rnaiu(lia~ia~tbduuin~~%iid~~bflubw~aiu
~uuru::dfiitfluLw~nl&~

uiS? o:ldfiwernu ? ~1nnudad1mudaiaa~uiul~u~a9d-d.i

$ ~ n u ~ n u k i lrjns-nim
d
I

rn~a1unt~c0io~dnaiun"1aa"iaui~nii~wer9~~~
.a:nta:uauiuwqGn~.ruKiaa"ia

~uuru:d~ww~@tdauuin~flu~w~ddaubbanii
d n u l d ~ o u n ?yuunt
i
6tdu idocqn
nnao~~duii$~tmnni~rii~ilu~wnmiu
~tdioumzualvllild1obat5udq~nii~dabw~~~t
bsucjo
r4:3.3

ids M/iv~ijurrilnvnu I i n * r i t d ~ f i i M ~ i d a J l n w l d ~ a d ~ ~ a n d ~ a l f S " $ d u

a rnirino:st1na~u~b3tnii~uaunm~an~nib~ud~onLwu
ndiaBnliunucnnn fiiln.5 q
A

.=I

4'

s u

$iiuis n . & a t r i i ~ ~ i d a t ~ n aq.

u i uiu
u n.o:st~nauin ~ . ~ d ~ u ~ n t ~ r i i ! u a r n u n ~ a d
h d d ~ n f ; i uiu n.~Uu$s~Inauiu
u.
dd '

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#a % u u l $ b (Zirnbardo, 19701
w

d
L U l ~ 6 ~ l ~ 1 3 n ~ R ~ J ~ ~ ? ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ U ~

Zdd

3aui~uIuJi-a~
buIf%;~~uu~ninnufl,udiaun3:~~al~~lilum~~~l~a~du
l(nna~nd~i
otl;rririuisn@~asii mfi?8tiknauntjua~iiucjZm~~acoin%uui4lmlnrM~wan~ui~nn~

I d ? ~ n q u d n ~ n ~ ~ i n i b b a z n i a b bw~at nd~ a~ i n ~ i i a n" at t~h an " ~unnabni~d

a::at~n~Q~u~u~nanii~dat~ildd~tn~un~~~~~:~~~n~u
a u u i f b 1~ia+waoinm~~"nanodbni1
Iuaaiurn.rnid~1lni3aan t n u
ldir2n.r~iiln.nfluI+1.rynnaa:~$niild~ln3n'iknaucin8u?winliioi3dmsn3:n'1
v s t h ~ u di i ~ S ~ ~ i a n n a i u 5 n n )oarnaia$cina:aia
im
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~flu~n?!~~uin6iildilt.iiia"iu~a"antI~a~~u!Eiadia~u~~~tuin~u
!

~ouffnn$du6as61~m~4nn50iiiwieid~d
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li
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idu qai

d A
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6.1

nai~~~i~rb~~~n"a~n4
~ d e ~ n f i t n a i u ~ u i u u o t ~ "i~6anio:wui16~iiw"~1unG
~~unQ
~ i Attitude
o

da

(ii4iknaiudhtliueon~duinuisuh~i~iln.r~:~8u$i~uuvliovjnRt
uriuririnbinui
~tnu~ot~8l&flnaiuaduw"ot~u'bunaiu~uiauntw'~1unGd

n a l u ~ R 2 l ~ L $(Cognitively
l~~
Oriented)

~ ~ ~ ~ 2 1 ~ H ~ l u tfluflt332u~i3jn~
~ ~ ~ w " B I u ~ ~ ~ l

d ynn a ~ i n n u ~ n n uni ai i e n ua:ni~~nntoond~fiurn~ns:iieioii'tdit7 fittlun

a' a a

dtbi~dibuds
t y n ~ n G u ~ u t n nn?duoan?iutl
s
uioua~w"~~unG-di
4 s oddrznau

n?luma9 (Validity) " u o s L L P J u M ~ I D ~ ~ ' ~ ~ " ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ o ~

251 9)
I

n?iuma~(Validity) ~ u 1 u n ? l u d ~ n n u ~ i u 1 a n " ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ f l u ~ a a n u d o t a " a 1 u ~ ~ w " & n ~ n l

Tn ~ % u ~ i u a " a d ~ ~ ? 1 u n ~ 1 9 u 19 a~Lazl~~umadld~i(lnaiuaiaua~e~"iL~u&u
ua9~a
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I 1 4

hndiruotms'indbuiun~iuaa~~~iun'ma~~s3"uaiudnunzW"iuiu~n~nmwun~~nne
~iluKu
deiu Lam

(Open-ended Questions) L ~ viiufinndi~ladama~ueiia

U
D L U ~ Y E I J ~ ~?U I R

~ ~ a M ' i u ~ ~ u & a u ~ ~ n 'nubaalaiBiCa~iuauCn~~uu

b~iiu~~iaw
?

8.2.1 ~lB13116~faC~lu
(Thurstone Scale)

I d a onm3l~UB13mn~dln"umlUd3ln~

(Equal-Appearing Interval Scale)

uimsid~ubitnsmmvi~mu~sin~li~iInuniil~~nnni~iu~~fieuA~~~idZ

n ~ i U ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ u ~ d ~ ~ ~ i ~ u i ~ ~ ~ ~~ li L~u~ nI ~ ~
I~~
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ic
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mu
1928) ~ ~ T ? F d T 1 7 ~ " ~ 0 d ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ b

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11

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s adad
u m~a:~dazdodo:ij
n?iuliic~n'i
7 ilu '
Zutn3nuirisnudu ~nl#uin~id?uuas~aaf
a'bau~n~~u~fiun~iuii~nisri~nu
(Social Distance Scale)

d s ~ ~ u u i l y n d ? u ~ n ~ f l u n ~ n a i u0' d~a u1~ a

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d 8.4 I

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d

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I

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b ~ i l ~ ! d ~ ~ u l $ L ~ l L % u l ~ ~dCl.4
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outs

bicil:uoisJlul~unud~a~fii~&

niTnauuas~aaufi8%a~fi~n,?1~~t~~10n~~1~16a0~~dI@910d~~~~

6.2.3 ~ l ~ l 1 1 4 l l ~ 1 ~ 5 f i A d i d ~(Semantic
l a ~ 1 3 ~Differential
a
Scale)

d.suinaidauun.suef~ l n ~
uazu~nai~1au~a~G~6~ndu61~iludoz~atn1a

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dd~a~uuinad~~uuh
~d~dnnu~~uadu~az~~u^afniadIfl6iiu~da~~n~unu~ntla::~nnd6n.smadnw
uclz
~iuian7nfimunAua~$qnmulgnnunad

~ ~ n i a d ~ n a u o c ~ ~ u w n a i u ~ # n u a c * u a ~ u u ~ ~ n a7 ~da~lnn
du~caan~~u~a~
44 .
a

dad~ddlu7 dad bud~a~ad~#unad~~da~~1uo~bbwu6a~~in'uanwmznadn"u%iu

8aadid

du ~i~~~nia~w"munG~~0an"u~ia~au0wuw1u61udi
7 rnoiolfigniafid
1

bb

afiu~uafiinifinnQ~auan~a$i
l 6 n i i a ~ i ~ ~ n a i u r i i ~ ~ ~ an4a
s a i ~maa"a

b~?~bnd"
(Reinforcement) ~ u ~ n ~ ~ i l z f i ~ ~ d a m a ~ d ~ u u b b d a d w ~ ~ n a a u ~ w i u a ~ i d " ~ a d u
bui~daii~ a f ~ a w ~ a ~ r i ~ ~ uyaBynnuwnoiuI~ia1da"a
~aiimia~
~Jawamaum~uan

riiMi~lil
~~n:undnnn.r:nu

(Smith, 1973)

uonilindaEiaiMitil~Bu7 ds:neulu~~o~u~d~dui~oani~R'n~is~qrns~d$uu
flwunlBn6au flil~n'JndiaI6~mi
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{yjnddniiinl? y n ^ n n n i ~ n 6 ~ r n u q ~ i u i l z d a u ~ o % ' b ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ i l
r

"

~ J ~ ~ ~ l i i u u ~ w u n ~ m i u ~ ~ ~ i u n i i ~ y jIumnliu
n d i i m wi~rnuand~n;.ri~
r~doJ~u
(Mills

i1n:

Aronwn, 1966)

d dl

naiunfiiun~1Jfiui~n~~u~nfiabb~laHuJwaau1fl~nisbdduufiwu~1~

l i i ~ y j n ~ a s z ~ f i ~ s n v u n E i i u n f ~ n " u7 Zdou~l~fi~T~n~~lH~nsd.lb%o~OLrorzbdi;uu
u~~u~1~

fiw~run6u8J(fl~lfld~oufi
b#ua (Berscheid,

19661

UP:~D~~U~$U
(Rosnow

Robinson, 1967)

l r i n i i ? i i ~ ~ 4 n ~~ dAi iL

L ~ ~ M R I ~ ~ Q F ~ ~

. u i d n ~ ~ r i i ~ f l ~ ~ o d d b ~ u a n ' n u d w ~ ~ u ~ i d b d ~ u u ~ ~ u n ~ u i n n dudlu
ir~ndd~auomua~d

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d d b b ~ ~ n ' i d ! d i l i i 7nf
3
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n
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(McGuire)

JJddAiini~tiu~5~da~n13~dduu~"~1un%

l5u~nu7u!A~'nwiwuilluui~& Ilnna~6~dduunkunG!d~uw^fi~~~ua~JJW,n
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i 3 1 : ~ n n a 1 t lnhm.rGil:
iiiu

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idiuLdiuwfimunhiiu
?aiu

dau7mf 5fiua:~dau

(Carldini et al, 19761

cc a

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,, 3 A

nnao t d o t$~unG~urlntnnnntPaumnodlua
mwuo tnis ~ ~ n i i u~uoynnaannui
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I

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j

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i g at z ~ L i~ d~u u~~ "ne r~u n~i A ~
irf~
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uonoind ~diJd1tiniiauiLLfi1uasu6uiui1n a i u ~ u ~ n a r i n ~ ~ u ~ a t . i i n ~ ~ q n n a i j
I

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(nCns

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a ~s~r I~3a~ ~m~I uI ad auJ n a i u ~ i d m J

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i ~ n n u i 8m rrazmsu

ndu addnuifin inlonit u d ~ ~ 9 u nAdsuu~~ i i ndms&nssdriifon33uiauEua~sn~ani

46

~ n i ~ n ? i u ~ ~ u n ~ u d s d i ~~~~~~ p
i ~d~us~~~~$nui ~ ~ l n w 1 ~ ~ f i a d 1 ~ n u d 1 ~ f i ~ ~ u n ~ i u 5 u

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7.4.1 n 6 ~ 4 4 4 1(Task-oriented)
~
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UI!
oriented)

7.4.2

njuniu~u6anis(Exclusive) ~ t n ~ n ~ u n ~
(Inclusive)
u u ~ n ~ ~ ~

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d

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u
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u. njlmmuwonvhld n ~ u d ~ ~ l a ~ n i a l l i ~ n n n ~ n n u ~ ~ in~j iu l u ~ u i ~ a n
~~~uluna~u~nunnirnvi~daun"uvnau~
w ~ ~ n nynnnALciiaun
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nudu 1~diuiiauR~nssul6niianTi~uaia
7.4.3

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(1"-group)

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(out-group)
da

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vldavoa~i?ni~iianaiuf#n~fiu~Fjiuoan~u
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unanrjuaaluYLn'ni~udan~uniuii
n i u n m h dqnnufiwlnsiu~nri~nnhwd~nil?
$
bnldlKdzduirw ~ui~nvnan~uaa~ufi~::~aaaa~~ubawizn~u
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u~ad~u

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u. n(u?-auon ~ o ~ n n n 1
d iYdldnrjuadlu
u
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adfiuadi~ns:%ns:mu
7.4.4

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(Reference) ~ ~ ~ ) S ~ I ~ U I (Membership)
IU~~~W~YI

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~flusui%nfi?urninnu~~n
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nnurriidru-~k~jfiandiivn(uiu
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d

7.6

Tnmahqrr~n+

(Group Structure)

h m ~ f i ~ u o ~ vnl?uu~ u n a i u f i ~ n a i u ~ u ~ u ~ o d i ~ ~ n ~ ~ n i a s u o c ~ u 1 % n ~ u 6 1 u u ~ ~
A

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J~~BJ
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u
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ndu

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wnwftnraufi~u?~
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a n t l h 6 ~ ~ o u a t n u i % n ~ u n ~uffmu!d~i?o
u~udn
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~ n ~ $ ~ l n ~ ~ ~ f i m ~ t n $ u ~ ~ n :~duouino~ln8
~ ~ ~ ~ ' l dvl5nouinonn
~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ a i u l ~ 6

166

PC 263

3 i i lo
~t
w

task)

L L n : n l ~ ~ l n w f i ~ n o t ~ i u a ~ a ~ ~ u ~ 4 a ~ u u i n u a ~ n ~ u ~ ~ a(Mental
:~nw~m~i~~m1o
0,d n,

A -

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fi~g~~i
5-10 nu $ ~ l i ? ~ n ? ~

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(abstract) n(uuuin2nnj
o:ii16~niin~uuuin~Bn

d ~ u n ~ i u ~ u w " u i r a ~ m onzm.iu$ficum$u
~da~ia
a a i (Shaw, ,954) wuji

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lmJRiiJrn~darn.iaQn9u7 aw~izluIm~nfi~~~uuasnnu~u
~ln~n~iui=ind~ufiu~t.$
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msrzndi2!6<1 Ins-snfi~nisdam.iua~n4u
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I

7.8.5

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n2iu~iludnaiciu~4an21uairjnAua~n~u
ilzdwsnriiJ&Fiawrl~n3au an::

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I

7.7 " ~ > J B W S < N W Y U ~ ~ U I M (Group

"~
interaction)

~ r i i d ~ d i n d i ? d i u u i ~ ~ u ~ i u ~ ~ n ~ m ~ ~ ~7auaa~~~nd( au ~: rni pi f uiud

ud
n i u n ~ i u ~ u ~ u d ~ ~ j i i l ~ ~ u a ~ n ~ u a ~ d niiua:nhav,ajauiBn
i a d : n : ~ u ~ u f rnaiufii'.lufi

nnan~ufdunurnn?iubdua~aJfi~ ~ ~ ~ : I ~ I ~ I J + I I na"w
- J L(~ vIn~aPm~i cJlua
W ~ n i u

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f i y ~ l Problem sol"ing)

~ d a r y n d r ~ ~ a J r n a s ~ ~ f l Y ~rin~~umnnKuuinulsKudf~~~
iua~n~~du

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~urinu
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?
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?

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f f? I J R U V U D ~
(Brainstorming)

'

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2 5 flulLLa"a 'bGlfl El~Runfu(Osborn, 1957)

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nir fjti3arnuR u n d L i l u ~ ~ n l ~ d ~ ~ ~ u l ~ n
wlnuiuuunLLuanaiu8nLviunonui~a~~ind~n
~~u~~lLilu~~d$il~ddliddapaL'~un

174

PC 263

son~dho::airuldlsiladhu ~~tilindaui%n~nnuawunnaiu~n~Guuatmuoanldah
n(ufio:~~an~j~n~.id~n?inn'~nilin^a~nqa~sf~undaui~na~unu~
I a d

P d

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O : ~ ? U ~ $ R U I % ~ I L L R R J R ? I U R R L A Wniuaioot

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adi~hfimuh~Guunttj$s:nuauat
fiGnir3is adu Ga~~ununtam%nlril6a"~nqaf9~flsadibw"au~u
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6ai~~$~~~dd~na~~t513~imsb~~

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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~
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7.7.3

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~ u n i s a f i f l i u i t n tn~umao:!n arnn?iuFini~uuat n u i d n v o ~ n ~tu u

i-~dwaGnla.hauflsnnuL~Gu~iai~iili.r&dAisnnn'bd
ilinuonniu aa::i7nialBulil
ufiflg~imu~(iatd?uIvi~uatn(u
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w e

p 1 1

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8.2.1 n n U t ~ D h r 8 l U ~ " w ~ n 3 3 U d t d ~ 3 n " 1 ~ (Great
$ w ' l Man Theory of Leadership)

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(Charisma)

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~~
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dd n

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(Bales, 195s)

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1

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I

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w n n n n ~ 6 n 1 i 1 n 1 ~ r ? i ~ o 1 u u u ~ w m s $ G i s d i ~ du En u" o( ifr i l u A n ~ r h Z ~ i i r r n s

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ria1vibiint~un~a~1M~bduafi'iJ(3idd1au1o
rdw nqaauodqnban-i (Fred Fiedler, 1961,
nisR"nwuu?urna@ii

1967) ddTl:\fidl?"ndEI~d

8.3 W ~ ) Y
~ n - a i ~ d d ~ $ ~ n j w n(A~ aContingency
~ ~ d i Theory of Leadership)

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rba:bbu?
n?1u~nun~ru1'l$flua6nwqa~niardu(~i
uln\$bb?i qnrani

(Fred Fiedler, 19671

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(i,2,3)

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8.4 w ~ ] ~ ~ I ~ ~ u P I B J ~ ~ ~

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1 6 ~ ~qRn~.iud~G116bb~nd1$bps"uddna-1~~
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(Initiative structure)
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f

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5) LYIL~~U~~ULOJ
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iu
d

19531

-01

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d B d ~7~fitin
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n~ui~

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t
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n r j ~ ~ k m ~ d f i ~ ~ ~ u ~ n i l r ~ ~ n ~ d u t d ~ z ~ ~ ~ n q n of19nr3nww
naddnaiuGndiu~f
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I

206

PC 263

8.8

$iio.rhmr iiazrrrrrnirryut
Irish q 1duK-a (~iilrdio~a~lun(un9aa~6nia
d~a~~msdilrrrnndi~~uaan

!dlunmu2drruu uat n i ~ d a ~ ~ m~ ~s m
r rn d i ~ n i r a d i ~ 1 s d u $ u a ~ n " ~ l n a i u r ~ i l t r d u ~ i i u

a 3 3 u a i ~ u a ~ u ~ . a i l u n ~ 6 ~ 1 1 3 n ~ a " u a~~ d
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i~u
1971 1

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9,

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(Rational Economic

Concept)
-*

uinndu;iwdn?iu~da"~~adrw~aaa"
(Taylor, 191I 1 dn~ii2iii~uL~uu3
d0dlil

n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ d ~ i ~~1rjr3inu1nrdamiur~u2n2iurini;
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(Socia Concept)

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~"ua~u~.ai~1

uifl8oniabflu~yu~~~Em

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~ ~ ~ J R ~ J ~ ~ ~ J L V I - ~ I

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wirn~iu~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u i u ~ ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ u o ~ m o u n 7a Li ~~ B~W~R ~~ A~ Dn~ iI ~a ~ ~ o ~ ~

I

Cuaiinoinniarfiuyu~
nw t m~osnunu

8.9.3

naiutrstnuanUlrnaiua'iilon~%(Self-actualizing

Concept)

n ~ u d u o r u r w i i l a: w s ~ u ~ u ~ n n u ~ n n u a ~ ~ ~ i a n u o ~ a u ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ i
~ri~dil:a~u~ansiI.ti
~ ~ i d d o a i u ~ ~ n i n Z f i ~ : w u ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u d i n a ~a1-a
u~mufiuwirn~
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a n~ ~ L : ~ ~ ~ f i n ~ ~ u d n ~ u ~ a ~ ~ o u i i o : ~ a e i ' ~ f l ~ n

8.9.4 ~ 3 1 ~ 6 ~ ~ i ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ l r l ~ l r e b U(Concept
U ~ ~ ~ of
~ Complex
~ . J P i $ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 l
Worker)

h u i a 7 I d n ( u X i n a ~ u G a ~ + uuyaiv(nnuina~uumnsi~thIuAo~uo~
i~
naluio~nlaua:nalualu1an6deioldd#o

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u
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o ~nau md ir igi ~~i~um~ u i i l i n J i u
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