.

1: Big Bang .

.

Big Bang .
, ,
.
.

, ,
.
1929 Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)
, . ,
Hubble 1,
,
.

( ), o Hubble
( ) :
z=- /
1

, ,
. ,
( Fraunhoffer)
, ,
, Doppler, - .

 Doppler2 u
:
z = / u / c
u, ,
d .
2.

2: Hubble .
: Wikipedia.

Hubble
:
u=Ho.d

.
Ho Hubble
, , ,
.3
Hubble ,
, .

4.

Christian Andreas Doppler (1803-1853) 1842

: ber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne (
) ,
. :
(
).
3
H ,
, :
Ht0 H0 = (68 1, ) km/sec/Mpc =1/(14,4 0,2) Gyr 1/tH
4

. .

 ( ),
.
5
.
Hubble

, 3.

3: . .
. : Wikipedia

, , , ,
6 .

, .
,
Hubble.
.

.
.

5

100 Mpc

,
..
6
! , .

 (
).
,
,
(), (),
().

.7
k.
(k = 0) (k =1) (k =-1)
.
:
k = 0 ,

(180),
k = 0 , =1 : ++ =
k = +1 ,

(180),
k = +1 , >1 : ++ >
k = -1

(180),
k = -1 , <1 : ++ <

4: . ,
. . : Wikipedia.

.8
(k = 0)
=1.
7

() .
8

c . c (3H2.c2/8GN),
Hubble,
(6 mH..c2/m3).

(k=+1) >1
(k = -1), <1.

, , .
:
.
( ),
68% ( DE=0,68) ,


9 .
.
, 28% ( DM=0,28)
,


10.

.11

4%
,
,
, .

BDM0,04
.
( )
, .
0,5% ( LM0,005)
!!!12

,
: 13
=DE + DM + BDM + LM = 0,68+0,28+0,04+0,005=1,005 1
9

,
8 ,
( )
10

( ,
).
,
.
11
, , ,

.
,
(),
.
12
100
100
2x1030 kg 13 .
13x10-3 mH/m3
LM0,005.
13
: DE: Dark Energy, DM: Dark Matter, BDM: Baryonic Dark Matter, LM: Light
Matter.



.
,
Hubble.
1
:

. (inflation era)
.
,
.
( )
104 -105 .
(, ,
.) ()
,
.14
8
( ).
.15

1 .
8
16
6 ,
.
1 8
.
! 13,8
. ,
(
8 ).


.

.
14

COBE,
1989 1992
, ,
380.000 ,
,
. .
15

, ( 400
) , .
16


.
,
,
.
, Big
Bang . COBE
WMAP ,
( ,
380.000 )
17
2,74 .
.18

5:

, ,
. ,
.
,

.
17

(T > 0 ), .

() , .


5. J(f) ,
. :
J(f) = / tSf = W / m2 Hz
J(f) - ( J=J(f,T))
(spectral intensity),
,
.
18
2,74 eln
3.000
,
, ,
.

 , .
,
, ,
, , ., .
;
,
, ,
, .


. 19

6: 1,
.

; ;
;
, ;

; ;
;
;

. .
19

( )
10 -43 .
.
,
()
.
,
() .


, ,
.
.