Passband Signals: So Far, All Modulated Signals We Considered Are

Elements of a Digital Communications System
Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Passband and Baseband Signals
Baseband Equivalent System
Passband Signals
So far, all modulated signals we considered are baseband

signals.
Baseband signals have frequency spectra concentrated

near zero frequency.
However, for wireless communications passband signals

must be used.
Passband signals have frequency spectra concentrated

around a carrier frequency fc .
Baseband signals can be converted to passband signals

through up-conversion.
Passband signals can be converted to baseband signals

through down-conversion.
Paris
Wireless Communications Course
89

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Up-Conversion
A cos(2fc t )
sI (t )
sQ ( t )
sP (t )
The passband signal sP (t ) is

constructed from two (digitally
modulated) baseband signals, sI (t )
and sQ (t ).
Note that two signals can be

carried simultaneously!
This is a consequence of
cos(2fc t ) and sin(2fc t ) being
orthogonal.
A sin(2fc t )
Paris
90

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Baseband Equivalent Signals

The passband signal sP (t ) can be written as
sP (t ) = 2 AsI (t ) cos(2fc t ) + 2 AsQ (t ) sin(2fc t ).
If we dene s (t ) = sI (t ) j sQ (t ), then sP (t ) can also be

expressed as
sP (t ) = 2 A {s (t ) exp(j2fc t )}.
The signal s (t ):

is called the baseband equivalent or the complex envelope

of the passband signal sP (t ).
It contains the same information as sP (t ).
Note that s (t ) is complex-valued.
Paris
91

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Illustration: QPSK with fc = 2/T

2
Amplitude
Passband signal (top):

segments of sinusoids
with different phases.
0
1
2
0

1
5
Time/T
10
Phase/
Magnitude
1.5
1
Baseband signal
(bottom) is complex
valued; magnitude and
phase are plotted.
0.5
Phase changes occur

at multiples of T .
Magnitude is constant
(rectangular pulses).
0.5
0
0
5
Time/T
10
0.5
0
5
Time/T
Paris
10
92

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
MATLAB Code for QPSK Illustration

Listing : plot_LinearModQPSK.m
12
%% Parameters:
fsT
= 20;
L
= 10;
fc
= 2;
% carrier frequency
Alphabet = [1, j, -j, -1];% QPSK
Priors
= 0.25*[1 1 1 1];
Pulse
= ones(1,fsT);
% rectangular pulse
%% symbols and Signal using our functions
Symbols
= RandomSymbols(10, Alphabet, Priors);
Signal
= LinearModulation(Symbols,Pulse,fsT);
%% passband signal
tt = (0 : length(Signal)-1 )/fsT;
Signal_PB = sqrt(2)*real( Signal .* exp(-j*2*pi*fc*tt) );
Paris
93

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
MATLAB Code for QPSK Illustration

Listing : plot_LinearModQPSK.m
22
27
32
subplot(2,1,1)
plot( tt, Signal_PB )
grid
xlabel(Time/T)
ylabel(Amplitude)
subplot(2,2,3)
plot( tt, abs( Signal ) )
grid
xlabel(Time/T)
ylabel(Magnitude)
subplot(2,2,4)
plot( tt, angle( Signal )/pi )
grid
xlabel(Time/T)
ylabel(Phase/\pi)
Paris
94

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Frequency Domain Perspective

In the frequency domain:

2 SP (f + fc ) for f + fc > 0
S (f ) =
0
else.
Factor
2 ensures both signals have the same power.
SP (f )
S (f )
fc
fc
Paris
2A
fc
fc
f
95

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation

The baseband description of the transmitted signal is very

convenient:
it is more compact than the passband signal as it does not

include the carrier component,
while retaining all relevant information.
However, we are also concerned what happens to the

signal as it propagates to the receiver.
Question: Do baseband techniques extend to other parts

of a passband communications system?
Paris
96

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Passband System
2A cos(2fc t )
sI ( t )
NP ( t )
+
sQ ( t )
2 cos(2fc t )
sP (t )
hP (t )
RP ( t )
2A sin(2fc t )
Paris
LPF
RI (t )
LPF
RQ ( t )
2 sin(2fc t )
97

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation

N (t )
s (t )
h (t )
R (t )
The passband system can be interpreted as follows to yield

an equivalent system that employs only baseband signals:
baseband equivalent transmitted signal:

s (t ) = sI (t ) j sQ (t ).
baseband equivalent channel with complex valued impulse
response: h(t ).
baseband equivalent received signal:
R ( t ) = RI ( t ) j RQ ( t ) .
complex valued, additive Gaussian noise: N (t )
Paris
98

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Baseband Equivalent Channel

The baseband equivalent channel is dened by the entire

shaded box in the block diagram for the passband system
(excluding additive noise).
The relationship between the passband and baseband

equivalent channel is
hP (t ) = {h(t ) exp(j2fc t )}
in the time domain.
Example:
hP (t ) =
ak (t k ) = h(t ) = ak ej2f
c k
Paris
(t k ).
99

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Baseband Equivalent Channel

In the frequency domain

HP (f + fc ) for f + fc > 0
H (f ) =
0
else.
HP (f )
H (f )
fc
A
f
fc
Paris
fc
fc
100

Digital Modulation
Channel Model
Receiver
MATLAB Simulation
Linear Modulation
Summary
The baseband equivalent channel is much simpler than the

passband model.

The baseband equivalent signals are easier to represent

for simulation.

Up and down conversion are eliminated.

Expressions for signals do not contain carrier terms.
Since they are low-pass signals, they are easily sampled.
No information is lost when using baseband equivalent

signals, instead of passband signals.
Standard, linear system equations hold:
R (t ) = s (t ) h(t ) + n(t ) and R (f ) = S (f ) H (f ) + N (f ).
Conclusion: Use baseband equivalent signals and

systems.
Paris
101

Passband Signals: So Far, All Modulated Signals We Considered Are

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Passband Signals: So Far, All Modulated Signals We Considered Are

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Elements of a Digital Communications System

So far, all modulated signals we considered are baseband

Baseband signals have frequency spectra concentrated

However, for wireless communications passband signals

Passband signals have frequency spectra concentrated

Baseband signals can be converted to passband signals

Passband signals can be converted to baseband signals

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

The passband signal sP (t ) is

Note that two signals can be

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Baseband Equivalent Signals

The passband signal sP (t ) can be written as

sP (t ) = 2 AsI (t ) cos(2fc t ) + 2 AsQ (t ) sin(2fc t ).

If we dene s (t ) = sI (t ) j sQ (t ), then sP (t ) can also be

sP (t ) = 2 A {s (t ) exp(j2fc t )}.

is called the baseband equivalent or the complex envelope

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Illustration: QPSK with fc = 2/T

Passband signal (top):

Phase changes occur

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

MATLAB Code for QPSK Illustration

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

MATLAB Code for QPSK Illustration

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Frequency Domain Perspective

In the frequency domain:

2 ensures both signals have the same power.

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Baseband Equivalent System

The baseband description of the transmitted signal is very

it is more compact than the passband signal as it does not

However, we are also concerned what happens to the

Question: Do baseband techniques extend to other parts

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Baseband Equivalent System

The passband system can be interpreted as follows to yield

baseband equivalent transmitted signal:

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Baseband Equivalent Channel

The baseband equivalent channel is dened by the entire

The relationship between the passband and baseband

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

Baseband Equivalent Channel

In the frequency domain

Wireless Communications Course

Elements of a Digital Communications System

The baseband equivalent channel is much simpler than the

The baseband equivalent signals are easier to represent

Up and down conversion are eliminated.

Since they are low-pass signals, they are easily sampled.