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Train The Trainer - Manual2 PDF
Train The Trainer - Manual2 PDF
Electrical Safety
For General Industry
Table of Contents
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Questions of Comments?
Contact:
The Workplace Safety Awareness Council
8350 McCoy Road
Fort Meade, Florida 33841
(863) 537-4053
www.wpsac.org
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Current
Effect
0.5 - 3 mA
Tingling sensations
3 10 mA
10 40 mA
30 75 mA
100 200 mA
200 500 mA
1.5 A
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Fast Fact: A 15 amp circuit breaker was designed to protect equipment not
people!
Fast Fact: It doesnt take much for human skin to burn in fact an exposure of
203 F for just one-tenth of a second (6 cycles) is enough to cause a third degree
burn!
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Flash Protection Boundary (outer boundary): The flash boundary is the farthest
established boundary from the energy source. If an arc flash occurred, this
boundary is where an employee would be exposed to a curable second degree
burn (1.2 calories/cm2)
Limited Approach: An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part
where a shock hazard exists.
Restricted Approach: An approach limit at a distance from an exposed live part
which there is an increased risk of shock.
Prohibited Approach (inner boundary): A distance from an exposed part which is
considered the same as making contact with the live part.
This distance is not common between equipment. Some equipment will have a
greater flash protection boundary while other equipment will have a lesser
boundary.
How to Determine the Approach Boundaries
Since different equipment will have different approach boundaries, calculations
must be made on each piece of equipment. There exists a number of ways to
establish these boundaries and the method you select depends on personal
preference, resources available and quality desired.
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Additionally, the use of alerting techniques are effective ways to warn employees
(especially non-qualified) of the dangers present.
Alerting techniques might include safety signs, safety symbols, or accident
prevention tags. Often times, the use of such signs alone is not adequate as an
employee (especially a non-qualified employee) may accidentally come in direct
contact with an energized circuit. In these instances a barricade shall be used in
conjunction with safety signs.
A barricade is an effective way to prevent or limit employee access to work areas
exposing employees to uninsulated energized conductors or circuit parts.
Conductive barricades may not be used where they might cause an electrical
contact hazard.
If signs and barricades do not provide sufficient warning and protection from
electrical hazards, an attendant shall be stationed to warn and protect
employees.
What if we Cant Deenergize the Equipment
OSHA requires that live electrical parts be deenergized before the employee
works on or near them, unless the employer can demonstrate that deenergizing
introduces additional or increased hazards or is infeasible due to equipment
design or operational limitations. [see 1910.333(a)(1)]
Fast Fact: Live parts that operate at less than 50 volts to ground need not be
deenergized if there will be no increased exposure to electrical burns or to
explosion due to electric arcs.
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Fast Fact: Once lockout / tagout has been applied to the circuit, a qualified
person must verify that the equipment cannot be restarted.
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Fast Fact: The most effective and fool-proof way to eliminate the risk of electrical
shock or arc flash is to simply deenergize the equipment.
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The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from
other parts of electric equipment.
Type of training. The training required by this section shall be of the classroom or
on-the-job type. The degree of training provided shall be determined by the risk
to the employee.
Fast Fact: Its the employers responsibility to determine the training required
and to ensure that the employee is adequately training for the tasks undertaken.
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FAST FACT: ANSI has revised its Z89.1 standard a few times since 1986 and its
most current standard is ANSI Z89.1-2003. OSHA however, still references the
1986 standard. As a practical matter if you comply with any of the ANSI Z89.1
standards from 1986 onward, you are compliant with OSHA.
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ANSI Z89.1-1986 separates protective helmets into two different types and three
different classes.
Type 1 helmets incorporate a full brim (brim fully encircles the dome of the hat)
Type 2 helmets have no encircling brim, but may include a short bill on the front
Regarding electrical performance, ANSI Z89.1-1986 recognizes three classes:
Class A Helmets reduce the force of impact of falling objects and also reduce
the danger of contact with exposed low-voltage electrical conductors. Helmet
shells are proof-tested at 2,200 volts of electrical charge.
Class B Helmets reduce the force of impact of falling objects and also reduce
the danger of contact with exposed high-voltage electrical conductors. Helmet
shells are proof-tested at 20,000 volts.
Class C Helmets reduce the force of impact of falling objects, but offer no
electrical protection.
Every protective helmet that conforms to the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986
must be appropriately marked to verify its compliance. The following information
must be marked inside the hat:
Manufacturer's name
The ANSI Z89.1-1986" designation
Class designation (A, B or C)
ANSI Z89.1-1997
In 1997 ANSI revised its head protection standard. The 1997 version of ANSI
Z89.1 contains a few notable changes.
ANSI Z89.1-1997 no longer uses Type 1 and Type 2 to describe the brim
characteristics of a protective helmet. The new Type designation is as follows:
Type I helmets offer protection from blows to the top of the head
Type II helmets offer protection from blows to both the top and sides of the head
Z89.1-1997 also changed the class designations for protective helmets.
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Manufacturer's name
The ANSI Z89.1-1997" designation
Class designation (G, E or C)
Date of manufacture
Also instructions related to maintenance of the helmet, sizing and service life
guidelines must also accompany the protective helmet.
ANSI Z89.1-2003
The most current ANSI standard is Z89.1-2003 and most new protective helmets
will reference this current standard. In this revision ANSI made an effort to align
with other national standards. The Type and Class designations are the same as
the 1997 standard.
PPE for the Eyes & Face
Employees shall wear protective equipment for the eyes or face wherever there
is danger of injury to the eyes or face from electric arcs or flashes or from flying
objects resulting from electrical explosion. [see 1910.335(a)(1)(v)]
When working on energized parts, the possibility of arc flash exists and the
employee must be protected. Dangers could include heat, flying hazards and
molten metal, therefore the PPE must be durable, non-conductive, heat resistant
and provide deflection qualities.
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As with much of the arc flash PPE, the heat resistance is measured in
calorie/cm2. Remember an unprotected worker exposed to a 1.2 cal/cm2 energy
burst would result in second degree burns.
PPE for the Body (FR Clothing)
As we learned earlier, employees working in areas where there are potential
electrical hazards must be provided with, and must use, electrical protective
equipment that is appropriate for the specific parts of the body to be protected
and for the work to be performed [see 1910.335(a)(1)(i)]. This would include
flame resistant (FR) clothing.
During an arc flash event the temperatures can reach an excess of 35,000
degrees. Even at temperatures much lower, typical daily wear clothing would do
little to protect the worker from being seriously injured. In fact, at such high
temperatures, the clothing will ignite and continue to burn on the body well after
the arc flash has dissipated. This is where serious injury and death often occur.
To counteract the extreme heat from an arc flash, FR clothing is required.
FR clothing can take the form of pants, shirts, coveralls, jackets, parkas and full
flash suits. Obviously, fit, comfort and flexibility are important but the greatest
indicator of adequate FR clothing for a given task is based on the arc thermal
performance value (ATPV).
The ATPV is incident energy on a material that results in sufficient heat transfer
through the fabric or material to cause the onset of a second degree burn.
Manufacturers of FR clothing will provide an ATPV rating on their clothing and
you must match the ATPV with the potential exposures in the workplace.
Inspection & Maintenance of FR Clothing
When inspecting and maintaining FR clothing, you must always follow the
manufactures recommendations; however here are a few basic guidelines:
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contaminated with grease, flammable liquids etc shall be removed and sent to be
laundered.
FAST FACT: Clothing made from acetate, nylon, polyester, rayon (alone or in
blends) is prohibited when employees are working around energized electrical
parts, unless the employer can demonstrate that the fabric has been treated to
withstand the conditions that may be encountered or that the clothing is worn in
such a manner as to eliminate the hazard involved.
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Tag Color
Beige
00
2,500 / 10,000
500 / 750
Red
5,000 / 20,000
1,000 / 1,500
White
10,000 / 40,000
7,500 / 11,250
Yellow
20,000 / 50,000
17,000 / 25,500
Green
30,000 / 60,000
26,500 / 39,750
Orange
40,000 / 70,000
36,000 / 54,000
Glove Tag
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FAST FACT: Remember, its not the color of the glove thats important its the
color of the tag!
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FAST FACT: Do not use leather protectors alone for protection against electric
shock. Serious injury or death could result. Always use proper rubber insulating
gloves.
Insulating equipment must also be stored in a way that does not damage the
material. The following items can cause damage:
Temperature extremes
UV damage (from sunlight)
Excessive humidity
Ozone (UV rays, arcing)
Foreign materials (oils, petroleum products, hand lotion, baby powder)
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Proper storage extends the service life of gloves. Folds and creases strain
natural rubber and cause it to cut from ozone prematurely. Storing rubber gloves
in the right size bag and never forcing more than one pair into each bag will help
equipment last longer.
Glove Air Tests
Before each days use OSHA requires air testing on insulated gloves and ASTM
F 496 provides details on how to perform the test. To conduct the test, fill the
glove with air and hold against your cheek to feel for and hear releasing air.
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The employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training and the ability
to use PPE properly, before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of
PPE [see 1910.132(f)(2)].
The employer must verify that each affected employee has received and
understood the required training and certify in writing, the date(s) of training,
name of the employee trained, and the subject trained [see 1910.132(f)(4)].
Re-training the Employee
If an employer has reason to believe that an employee who has already been
trained does not have the understanding and skill required, the employer must
retrain the employee.
Examples of times
1910.132(f)(3)(i)-(iii)]:
when
re-training
is
needed
might
include
[see
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This written certification must be performed for each piece of equipment worked
on and be broken down into various tasks that will be performed (i.e. voltage
testing, install circuit breaker).
Guidance From NFPA 70E
Developing a written PPE certification or Job Hazard Analysis can be a difficult
task; however NFPA 70E provides some very good guidance.
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2* Indicates that a double layer switching hood and hearing protection is required
in addition to other category 2 PPE requirements.
Step 2: Select Protective Clothing and Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)
Matrix based on NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(10).
Personal Protective Clothing
FR Clothing:
Long-sleeved Shirt
Pants
Coverall
-1
4
X
X
(Note 5)
(Note 7)
X
(Note 9)
(Note 5)
AN
AN
AN
AN
-1
(note 8)
These tables are used for demonstration purposes only.
Always refer to NFPA 70E for actual requirements
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Step 3: Develop and affix an Arc Flash warning label to the equipment based on
the arc flash analysis (using tables, formula or software)
This final step requires the employer to use field markings to warn qualified
persons of potential electric arc flash hazards on equipment likely to require
maintenance while energized.
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aircraft hangars,
gasoline dispensing and service stations,
bulk storage plants for gasoline or other volatile flammable liquids,
paint-finishing process plants,
health care facilities,
agricultural or other facilities where excessive combustible dusts may be
present,
marinas,
boat yards,
petroleum and chemical processing plants
textile mills
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Hazardous locations are classified in three ways by the National Electrical Code:
TYPE
CONDITION
NATURE
Class I Locations
The first type of hazardous location is called a Class I Location. This
classification is created by the presence of flammable gases or vapors in the air
in sufficient quantities to be explosive or ignitable.
When these materials are found in the atmosphere, a potential for explosion
exists if an electrical or other source of ignition is present.
Some typical Class I locations are:
Class II Locations
The second type of hazardous location is called a Class II Location. This
classification is created by the presence of combustible dust in the air in sufficient
quantities to be explosive or ignitable.
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Grain elevators;
Flour and feed mills;
Plants that manufacture, use or store magnesium or aluminum powders;
Producers of plastics, medicines and fireworks;
Producers of starch or candies;
Spice-grinding plants, sugar plants and cocoa plants; and
Coal preparation plants and other carbon handling or processing areas.
For Example: Good examples of Class I, Division 1 locations would be the areas
near open dome loading facilities or adjacent to relief valves in a petroleum
refinery, because the hazardous material would be present during normal plant
operations.
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Group A = acetylene
Group B = hydrogen and other materials with similar characteristics
Group C = ether and similar materials
Group D = materials such as substances butane, gasoline, natural gas
and propane
Fast Fact: These materials are grouped according to the ignition temperature of
the substance, its explosion pressure, and other flammable characteristics.
Fast Fact: These groups are classified according to the ignition temperature and
the conductivity of the hazardous substance. Conductivity is an important
consideration in Class II locations, especially with metal dusts.
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For Example: How would we classify a storage area where LP gas is contained
in closed tanks?
LP gas is a Class I substance (gas or vapor). It's Division 2 because it would only
be in the atmosphere if an accidental rupture or leakage occurred, and it is Group
D material.
Groups
Class I
A: Acetylene
B: Hydrogen, etc.
C: Ester, etc.
Class II
Dusts
D: Hydrocarbons. fuels
E: Metal dusts
(conductive and
explosive)
F: Carbon dusts
(some are conductive,
all are explosive)
Class III
Fibers & Flyings
Divisions
1
Normally
explosive and
hazardous
2
Not normally
present in an
explosive
concentration
but may
accidentally
exist.
Ignitable
Dust not
quantities of
normally
dust are or may suspended in
be in
an ignitable
suspension, or concentration
conductive dust (but may
may be present accidentally
exist). Dust
layers are
present.
Handled or
used in
manufacturing
Stored or
handled in
storage
(exclusive of
manufacturing)
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An Alternate to Divisions
Historically, Divisions have been used to differentiate between conditions within a
Classification, however the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E incorporates an alternative
way to designate Divisions.
The Zone Classification system is based on various European standards that
were developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC
formalized this zone system, which is now used to classify the majority of the
world's hazardous location systems.
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Used but confined in closed systems or containers but could escape due
to accident; or
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Sources of Ignition
Previously, weve established the fact that electrical equipment can become a
source of ignition in a hazardous location. Typically there are three root causes of
ignition:
Fast Fact: The National Electrical Code requires special marking of heat
producing equipment with temperatures above 100oC (212oF).
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Flame Paths
In the event of an explosion within the enclosure, the equipment must provide a
way for the burning gases to escape from the enclosure as they expand. This
escape route is provided through what is commonly called a flame path.
Fast Fact: Burning gases within an enclosure must be allowed to escape but
only after they have cooled and their flame has been extinguished. A correctly
designed flame path will satisfy this requirement.
One type of flame path is the ground surface flame path. In this example the
surfaces of the enclosure are ground, mated, and held to a tolerance of 15 tenthousandths of an inch. This permits gases to escape, but only after they've been
sufficiently cooled, so they won't ignite the volatile surrounding atmosphere.
Another kind of flame path is the threaded flame path. After an explosion, the gas
travels out the tightly threaded joint . . . but as it does, it cools off.
Exploded gases may also escape around the shafts of operators used in the
enclosure. But, here again, close tolerances are used to quench the burning gas.
Examples of a threaded flame path is shown below.
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Class II Requirements
In Class II locations the hazard is not explosive gas or vapors, its ignitable dust
and therefore the design criteria for equipment in a Class II location is unique.
Class II equipment is designed do that the explosive dust is kept away from
equipment housed within the enclosure so that no internal explosion can take
place. Although the dust may ignite, the concern for a heavy explosion (like with
gas or vapor) is eliminated and a lighter construction is feasible. Also, the need
for flame paths in eliminated in Class II equipment.
Fast Fact: Class I, Division 1 equipment is called explosion proof while Class II
equipment is called dust-ignition proof.
Fast Fact: The build-up of dust collecting on top of the device can cause it to run
"hot" and ignite the surrounding atmosphere. Class II equipment must be able to
accommodate for this dust blanket
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After pulling the wires through the conduit, fitting and enclosures, the electrician
would fill the fitting with a chemical compound that hardens and effectively seals
the passageway from dusts and gases.
In Class I locations each conduit run entering an enclosure for switches, circuit
breakers, fuses, relays, resistors, or other apparatus which may produce arcs,
sparks, or high temperatures, conduit seals shall be placed as close as
practicable and in no case more than 18 inches (457 mm) from such enclosures.
Fast Fact: Class I equipment must be explosion proof and the standard requires
that the enclosure resist four times the maximum pressure expected in the
hazardous location.
For instance if explosion testing shows a maximum pressure for a junction box of
250 pounds per square inch (psi), to get approval, the box must be able to
withstand 1,000 psi of hydrostatic pressure - FOUR TIMES the maximum
anticipated pressure of 250 psi.
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Fast Fact: Since the OSHA standard requiring GFCI use in the construction
industry has been passed between 650 and 1,100 lives have been saved
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pendants
wiring of fixtures
connection of portable lamps or appliances
portable and mobile signs
elevator cables
wiring of cranes and hoists
appliances to permit removal for maintenance and repair
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deformed pins
missing grounding pins
damage to outer jacket or insulation
loose plug head
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Additionally prior to using an extension cord, the employee must examine the
outer jacket to determine if the cord is adequate for the load.
Cord and plug connected equipment and flexible cord sets (extension cords)
which remain connected once they are put in place and are not exposed to
damage need not be visually inspected until they are relocated.
Overcurrent Protection Devices
Overcurrent protection such as circuit breakers are an effective way to reduce
the damage done by a fault in the electric circuit. For instance, in the event of a
fault, a circuit breaker would trip and within a fraction of a second isolate the
fault. If this overcurrent protection device were not present, damage to the
system could occur (such as fire) and damage to vital (and expensive)
equipment.
Fast Fact: Circuit breakers are designed to protect equipment not people.
Relying on a circuit breaker to trip as a means to protect an employee from
electrocution is a deadly mistake!
Remember - as important as a circuit breaker might be, they are not designed to
protect employees from electrical shock, but they are critical in reducing
secondary damage in the event of a fault. Because of their critical nature, OSHA
regulations establish that overcurrent protection devices shall be readily
accessible to building management personnel. In addition to being readily
accessible, overcurrent protection devices must be labeled as to their purpose
and clearly indicate whether they are in the on or off position. If a protection
device is installed vertically, the up position shall indicate On.
Often times, direct and quick access to overcurrent protection devices (i.e. circuit
breakers) is not possible due to stored materials in front of the protection device.
To combat this common problem, OSHA has determined that working space
adjacent to the protection device may not be used for storage and must remain
clear at all times. [see 1910.303(g)(1)(ii)]
OSHA provides a table which identifies the required working space in front
protection devices based on voltage levels and installation conditions. [see
1910.303(g)(1)(i)(A)]
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Fast Fact: Working space distances shall be measured from the live parts if they
are exposed or from the enclosure front or opening if they are enclosed.
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Fast Fact: When a circuit breaker is used as a switch (i.e. stadium lighting) the
circuit breaker must be labeled as SWD and identify what lighting it controls.
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