MICROBIAL ENZYMES

AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
2ND EDITION

Other titles in the Elsevier Applied Biotechnology Series:

M. Y. Chisti. Airlift Bioreactors
T. J. R. Harris (ed.). Protein Production by Biotechnology
E. J. Vandamme (ed.). Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and
Growth Factors

MICROBIAL ENZYMES
AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
2ND EDITION
Edited by

WILLIAM M. FOGARTY & CATHERINE T. KELLY

Department of Industrial Microbiology,
University College, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE

LONDON AND NEW YORK

ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD

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ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING CO . INC
655 Avenue of the Americas. New York. NY 10010 USA
First edition 1983
WITH 76 TABLES AND 80 ILLUSTRATIONS

1990 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1990

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Microbial enzymes and biotechnology.-2nd ed.
1. Industrial microbiology. Use of enzymes
I. Fogarty. William M.
II. Kelly. Catherine T.
660.62
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6830-7
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0765-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0765-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Microbial enzymes and biotechnology/edited by William M. Fogarty &
Catherine T. Kelly.-2nd ed.
p.
cm.
1. Microbial enzymes-Biotechnology.
2. Microbial enzymes-Industrial applications.
I. Fogarty. William M.
II. Kelly.
Catherine T.
TP248.65.E59M53
1990
660' .634-dc20
90-3015
CIP

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recording. or otherwise. without the prior written permission of the publisher.

PREFACE

Biotechnology is now one of the major growth areas in science and engineering
and within this broad discipline enzyme technology is one of the areas
earmarked for special and significant developments.
This publication is the second edition of Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology which was originally published in 1983. In this edition the editors have
attempted to bring together accounts (by the relevant experts) of the current
status of the major areas of enzyme technology and specifically those areas of
actual and/or potential commercial importance. Although the use of microbial
enzymes may not have expanded at quite the rate expected a decade ago, there
is nevertheless intense activity and considerable interest in the whole area of
enzyme technology.
Microbial enzymes have been used in industry for many centuries although it
is only comparatively recently that detailed knowledge relating to their nature,
properties and function has become more evident. Developments in the 1960s
gave a major thrust to the use of microbial enzymes in industry. The
commercial success of alkaline proteases and amyloglucosidases formed a
bed-rock for subsequent research and development in the area.
This book is a collection of chapters covering the most important areas in
enzyme technology. It is intended primarily as an update of recent developments and should provide an insight into advances in specific areas. One
notable feature of the current edition, which should greatly widen its
usefulness, is that the number of contributing authors has been increased and
broadened in comparison with the first edition. The range of topics covered
includes a number of emerging or expanding areas, such as enzymes in organic
synthesis (S. M. Roberts), enzymes in antibiotics, steroid and other conversions (J. O'Sullivan), microbial lipases (S. E. Godtfredsen), cellulases
(fungal-M. P. Coughlan; bacterial-F. Stutzenberger), glucose transforming
enzymes (A. and W. Crueger), alkalophilic enzymes (K. Horikoshi), and
microbiosensors and immunosensors (I. Karube, A. Seki and K. Sode).
v

vi

Preface

One omission from this edition is that of microbial hemicellulases/xylanases-an area of considerable interest. Unfortunately, the
contributor in question was unable, in the end, to provide a manuscript.
The editors are greatly indebted to the contributors who have given so
generously of their time and expertise.

w. M.

FOGARTY

C. T.

KELLY

CONTENTS

Preface.

List of Contributors

IX

1. Cellulose Degradation by Fungi

MICHAEL P. COUGHLAN

2. Bacterial Cellulases

37

3. Recent Advances in Microbial Amylases

71

FRED STIJTZENBERGER
WILLIAM M. FOGARTY & CATHERINE T. KELLY

4. Microbial Pectolytic Enzymes

133

5. Glucose Transforming Enzymes

177

6. Microbial Proteinases and Biotechnology

227

7. Microbial Lipases

255

8. Enzymes of Alkalophiles

275

JOHN R. WHITAKER

ANNELIESE CRUEGER & WULF CRUEGER

HELLE OUTIRUP & C. O. L. BOYCE

SVEN ERIK GODTFREDSEN

KOKI HORIKOSHI

9. Enzymatic and Microbial Transformation of Antibiotics and

295
Steroids
JOSEPH O'SULLIVAN

10. Regulation and Exploitation of Enzyme Biosynthesis.

ARNOLD L. DEMAIN

. 331

11. Immobilized Biocatalyst Technology

. 369

LAWSON

W.

POWELL

vii

Contents

viii

12. Enzymes in Organic Synthesis.

S.

M.

395

ROBERTS

13. Microbiosensors and Immunosensors

ISAo KARUBE, ATSUSHI SEKI

Index

&

425

KOJI SODE

453

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

C. o. L. BOYCE
Novo-Nordisk A/S, Novo Aile, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
M. P. COUGHLAN
Department of Biochemistry, University College, Galway, Republic of Ireland

A. CRUEGER
Verfahrensentwicklung Biochemie, Bayer AG, Postfach, 5600 Wuppertal 1,
FRG

w.

CRUEGER

WV Umweltschutz, Bayer AG, 5090 Leverkusen, Bayerwerk, FRG

A. L. DEMAIN
Fermentation Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
W. M. FOGARTY
Department of Industrial Microbiology, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4,
Republic of Ireland

s. E.

GODTFREDSEN

Novo-Nordisk A/S, Novo Aile, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark

K. HORIKOSHI
Department of Bio-engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
Present address: Department of Applied Microbiology, The Institute of Physical
and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-01, Japan
I. KARUBE
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo,
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan
ix

List of Contributors

C. T. KELLY
Department of Industrial Microbiology, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4,
Republic of Ireland

J. O'SULLIVAN
The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000,
USA
H.OlTITRUP
Novo-Nordisk A/S, Novo Aile, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark

L. W. POWELL
Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Clarendon Road, Worthing, West Sussex BN14
8QH, UK

S. M. ROBERTS
Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4
4QD, UK
A. SEKI
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo,
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan
K. SODE
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo,
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan

F. STUTZENBERGER
Department of Microbiology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
29634-1909, USA

J. R. WHITAKER
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis,
California 95616, USA