3.Bai giang - Vat ly Thong Tin Quang - Hảo PDF

TRNG I HC KHOA HC
KHOA VT L & CNG NGH
BI GING
VT L
THNG TIN QUANG
(Lu hnh ni b)
Ging vin: NGUYN VN HO
THI NGUYN, NM 2013
Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang
Nguyn Vn Ho
MC LC
CHNG 1: GII THIU V THNG TIN QUANG SI .....................................5
1.1 Lch s pht trin....................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Lch s pht trin ca thng tin quang trn th gii .......................................5
1.1.2 Mt s nt v thng tin quang si Vit Nam ...............................................7
1.2 H thng thng tin quang si .................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin quang ................................................7
1.2.2 Cc u vit ca h thng thng tin quang si.................................................9
1.2.3 Nhng nhc im ca thng tin si quang .................................................10
CHNG 2: SI QUANG ..........................................................................................11
2.1 S truyn dn nh sng trong si quang ............................................................... 11
2.1.1 S nht quang ..............................................................................................11
2.1.2 Khu s: ..................................................................................................13
2.2 Phn loi si quang................................................................................................ 13
2.2.1 Si quang a mode: .....................................................................................13
2.2.1.1 Si quang a mode chit sut bc: ............................................................ 13
2.2.1.2 Si quang a mode chit sut bin i u: ............................................ 15
2.2.2 Si quang n mode: ....................................................................................17
2.4 Cc tnh cht ca si quang:................................................................................... 18
2.4.1 C s ca sng nh sng:..............................................................................18
2.4.1.1 Cc khi nim c bn: ................................................................................ 18
2.4.1.2. Phn cc ca nh sng ............................................................................... 20
2.4.1.3 Mode dn sng: ........................................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Cc mode dn sng trong si quang chit sut bc ......................................25
2.4.2.1 Thng s V .................................................................................................. 25
2.4.2.2 S phn b cng sut gia li v v ......................................................... 27
2.4.2.3 ng knh trng mode (MFD) ............................................................. 28
2.4.3 Cc tnh cht ca si quang ..........................................................................29
2.4.3.1. S suy hao trong si quang ....................................................................... 29
Chng 3. TN SC TRONG SI QUANG ............................................................36
3.1 Tn sc ca si quang ............................................................................................ 36
3.2. Tn sc vt liu : .................................................................................................... 36
3.3) Tn sc dn sng: .................................................................................................. 38
Nguyn Vn Ho
3.4. Tn sc tng ........................................................................................................... 41

3.5. Tn sc mode: ........................................................................................................ 43
3.6. Tn sc phi tuyn .................................................................................................... 44
3.7 S m rng xung do tn sc: ................................................................................... 46
3.8. Ch to si quang ................................................................................................... 48
Bi tp chng 3: .......................................................................................................... 50
CHNG 4: MY PHT QUANG ...........................................................................52
4.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 52
4.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca LED v laser bn dn: ................................................... 52
4.2.1 S pht ra nh sng ca cht bn dn ...........................................................52
4.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca LED v laser bn dn: .........................................57
4.3 Cu to v tnh cht ca LED, laser bn dn:........................................................ 60
4.3.1 Diode pht quang (LED) ..............................................................................61
4.3.1.1 Cc loi LED: .............................................................................................. 61
4.3.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca LED: .............................................................................. 63
4.3.2 Laser diode ....................................................................................................65
4.3.2.1 Cc loi laser c bn ................................................................................... 66
4.3.2.2 Cc c trng ca laser diode:................................................................... 67
4.3.2.3 Cc mode laser ............................................................................................ 68
4.3.2.4 Laser diode n tn: .................................................................................. 71
4.3.2.4 S ph thuc vo nhit ca laser ......................................................... 73
4.4 tin cy ca ngun pht quang ........................................................................... 73
4.3.1 tin cy ca laser:......................................................................................73
4.3.3.2 tin cy ca LED: ................................................................................... 74
4.5 S bin iu cho ngun pht quang: ....................................................................... 74
4.6 S ghp ni laser v LED vi si quang: .............................................................. 76
CHNG 5: MY THU QUANG .............................................................................78
5.1 Gii thiu: ............................................................................................................... 78
5.2 u thu quang ......................................................................................................... 79
5.2.1 Photodiode p-n v p-i-n: ...............................................................................79
5.2.1.1 Photodiode p-n: ........................................................................................... 79
5.2.1.2 Photodiode p-i-n ......................................................................................... 82
5.2.2 Photodiode thc l APD ............................................................................... 82
5.2.3 Tc p ng ca photodiode:...................................................................84
Nguyn Vn Ho
5.3 Thit k my thu: ..................................................................................................... 85

5.4 Nhiu u thu .......................................................................................................... 87
5.4.1.Nhiu u thu: ...............................................................................................87
5.4.1.1 Nhiu n ....................................................................................................... 87
5.4.1.2 Nhiu n d trong APD.............................................................................. 88
5.4.1.3 Nhiu nhit ................................................................................................... 89
5.4.2 T l tn hiu trn nhiu v tc li bit:.....................................................89
5.4.3.Gin hnh mt...........................................................................................91
CHNG 6 : H THNG THNG TIN QUANG SI ..........................................94
6.1 Thit k h thng thng tin quang si ..................................................................... 94
6.1.1 M ha tn hiu .............................................................................................94
6.1.2 La chn ngun sng: ...................................................................................95
6.1.3 Qu cng sut ...............................................................................................95
6.1.4 Di ng ca h thng: .................................................................................98
6.1.5 Phn tch v thi gian: ................................................................................100
6.1.6 nh hng ca tn sc:...............................................................................101
6.2 Khuych i quang ................................................................................................ 102
6.2.1 Trm lp ......................................................................................................102
6.2.3 Khuch i quang .......................................................................................103
6.2.3.1 Khuch i si quang pha Erbium ( EDFA).......................................... 105
6.2.3.2 Khuch i laser bn dn: ....................................................................... 109
6.3 Khi nim v mt s cng ngh truyn dn v mng thng tin quang ................. 110
6.3.1 H thng thng tin quang kt hp ..............................................................110
6.3.2 Ghp knh theo bc sng .........................................................................114
6.3.3 H thng thng tin quang Soliton ...............................................................117
6.3.4 Cc mng thng tin quang ..........................................................................120
6.3.4.1 Cc cu hnh mng:................................................................................... 120
6.3.4.2 Cc loi mng thng tin quang: ............................................................... 122
Nguyn Vn Ho
CHNG 1: GII THIU V THNG TIN QUANG SI

1.1 Lch s pht trin
1.1.1 Lch s pht trin ca thng tin quang trn th gii
T xa xa con ngi bit t la, dng gng phn x nh sng bo hiu,
l cc dng thng tin quang u tin. Sau cc loi n c ch to dng
thng tin gia cc tu bin, gia tu bin vi b Tt c cc dng nh sng ny c
s dng cho thng tin dung lng thp hay tc truyn tin chm.
Nm 1880 Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra h thng thng tin quang
Photophone: dng nh sng mt tri phn x t gng c bin iu theo ging ni
truyn i cuc gi, nh sng bin iu chiu vo t bo quang in Selen (Se) to ra
dng in u thu thu tn hiu (sau khi ng pht pht minh ra in thoi vo nm
1876).
Vic pht minh ra laser (laser rn u tin do C.H.Townes, N.G.Basov v
A.M.Prokhorov ch to vo nm 1960) dn ti thng tin quang dung lng cao pht
trin. Thng tin bng tia laser xuyn qua khng trung xut hin nhng chu nh hng
ca thi tit, my pht v thu phi nhn thy nhau, tia laser gy nguy him cho mt
ngi, nn vic s dng b hn ch.
Laser bn dn xut hin vo nm 1962 (ban u l cc laser n chuyn tip,
pht ch xung v sau l cc laser bn dn d chuyn tip pht ch lin tc)
cng vi si quang gi thnh h ln u tin c ch to vo nm 1970 lm cho
thng tin quang si tr thnh hin thc. nh sng c ghp t laser bn dn vo si
quang v truyn trong si quang theo nguyn l phn x ton phn nn khc phc c
cc nhc im trn ca thng tin bng tia laser (nm 1850 John Tyndall tm thy
nh sng c th truyn theo dng nc cun cong do s phn x ton phn ).
Trong nhng nm 1970 laser bn dn d chuyn tip GaAlAs/GaAs pht vng
sng hng ngoi gn 0,8 m c ch to v s dng cho thng tin quang si. Nm
1980 cc h thng thng tin quang si th h u tin xut hin trn th trng (tc
hot ng 45 Mb/s v khong cch truyn dn 10 km) [1,2,3,4].
Th h th hai ca cc h thng thng tin quang si tr thnh kh dng nhng
nm u ca thp k 80 vi vng sng hot ng 1,3m (s dng laser bn dn
InGaAsP/InP), tc truyn dn b gii hn < 100 Mb/s do tn sc trong si quang a
mode. Vi vic s dng si quang n mode, tc hot ng ca cc h thng thng
tin quang 1,3m tng ln ng k, ti 1,7 Gb/s, v khong cch gia cc trm lp ~ 50
km c trn th trng vo nm 1987.
Nguyn Vn Ho
Th h th ba ca cc h thng thng tin quang si hot ng vng sng

1,55m vi tc 2,5 Gb/s c trn th trng vo nm 1990 c suy hao tn hiu trn
si quang nh nht, khong cch gia cc trm lp l 60 70 km (h ny c kh nng
hot ng 10Gb/s). Cc h thng thng tin quang kt hp c nghin cu trong thp
k 80 nhng b chm li bi s ra i ca khuch i quang si vo nm 1989.
Th h th t ca cc h thng thng tin quang si lin quan n vic s dng
khuch i quang tng khong cch trm lp v s dng k thut ghp knh theo
bc sng (WDM) tng tc bit. Cc khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium (Er)
lm tng khong cch truyn ti 60 100 km (cc khuch i quang si c ni trn
cc khong cch u nhau 60 100 km trn tuyn truyn dn). Cc khuych i ny
bt u c trn th trng vo nm 1990. Nm 1996 h thng thng tin cp quang quc
t di bin u tin (Transpacific cable TPC 5) c lp t v sau rt nhiu
h thng cp si quang di bin c lp t. Nm 1997 ng cp quang vng
quanh th gii di bin di 27300 km (FLAG) c a vo hot ng kt ni
nhiu nc chu u , chu vi tc 5 Gb/s v vi ni ti 10 Gb/s.
K thut WDM c pht trin nhm tng dung lng h thng. H thng
Transpacific Cable TPC-6 hot ng 100 Gb/s c a vo hot ng nm 2000.
Th nghim truyn dn k lc khi t tc 1,1 Tb/s c thc hin bng cch ghp
55 knh, tc mi knh l 20 Gb/s (hiu ng tn sc gii hn di truyn dn l
150 km).
Th h th nm ca thng tin quang si lin quan n vic tm gii php gii
quyt vn tn sc: tm cc cng ngh b tr tn sc trong si quang, truyn dn
soliton,.Gii php tt nht l soliton quang: xung quang hp gi nguyn dng ca n
khi truyn trong si quang bng s b tr s tn sc nh hiu ng phi tuyn khi cng
sut quang lan truyn trong si ln. Nm 1994 ngi ta truyn th nghim soliton
tc 10 Gb/s trn khong cch 35000 km v 15 Gb/s trn khong cch 24000 km.
Nm 1996 th nghim truyn soliton trn khong cch 9400 km vi tc 70 Gb/s
bng cch ghp 7 knh 10 Gb/s.
Ngy nay, cc mng thng tin hon ton quang (c truyn dn v x l tn hiu
l quang) ang c nghin cu mnh m nhm tng hn na tc thng tin. Dung
lng truyn cng c tng hn nh k thut ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao
(DWDM). Quang tch hp cng ang c nghin cu rng ri nhm tng tc thng
tin, gim kch thc thit b. Mt khc, vic a quang si n tng gia nh (fiber-tothe home) phc v cho truyn thng a dch v ang l mc tiu ca nhiu nc
trn th gii. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai, thng tin khng dy s l i th cnh tranh
ca cc h thng thng tin quang si.
Nguyn Vn Ho
1.1.2 Mt s nt v thng tin quang si Vit Nam

Nm 1987 h thng thng tin quang si c lp t ln u tin Vit Nam
vi di 7 km (t Bu in B H ti Trung tm Vin thng Lin tnh C2 Lng
Trung) s dng si a mode vi tc truyn dn 34 Mb/s bc sng 830 mm .
Trong nhng nm 90 chng ta tin hnh lp t tuyn cp quang xng sng
(backbone) Bc-Nam chn di t gm 8 si quang v sau l tuyn cp treo (12
si quang) theo ng dy in 500 kV. C hai tuyn cp c ni mch vng (Ring).
Ban u Tng Cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng s dng ch yu tuyn cp chn (s
dng 2 si quang v 2 si d phng) vi tc truyn dn 2,5 Gb/s. Gn y tc
truyn dn Bc - Nam tng ln 20 Gb/s nh vic ghp knh theo bc sng WDM (8
bc sng). Thng tin c kt ni vi h thng thng tin quc t thng qua cng cp
quang ngm di bin Nng. cc thnh ph, cc tnh (th x) cp quang trong
mng SDH/SONET i ti cc cm dn c, ch cn li mt vi a phng min ni
l cn s dng sng vi ba cho thng tin. Cc mng LAN trong c nc hu ht dng
cp quang (ni gia my tnh ch vi cc Hub, hoc cc Hub vi cc my tnh ngi
s dng khong cch xa ). Chng ta c hai c s sn xut cp si quang (VINA
GSC v Focal), mt lin doanh ch to thit b u cui cho cc h thng thng tin
quang si (Fujitsu) cng nh c cc c s sn xut cc linh kin th ng (dy nhy
quang, suy hao quang,) trong cc h thng thng tin quang. Cc h thng truyn hnh
cp CATV ang pht trin cc thnh ph, th x ch yu s dng cp quang v cp
quang cng c s dng rng ri cho cc ng dng phi tiu chun nh trong cc h
thng iu khin v quan st t xa bng camera dng trong giao thng, an ninh, quc
phng, cng nghip,C th ni Vit Nam nm trong s cc nc c tc pht trin
v thng tin quang vo loi nhanh nht trn th gii.
1.2 H thng thng tin quang si

1.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin quang
H thng thng tin quang si cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin khc bao
gm bn thnh phn c bn l my pht quang, my thu quang, mi trng truyn v
tn hiu thng tin (tn hiu li vo, tn hiu li ra) nh trn hnh 1.1.

Tn hiu
li vo
My pht
quang
Nguyn Vn Ho
Tn hiu
li ra
My thu
quang
Knh truyn
Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang
Mt h thng thng tin quang si in hnh (hnh 1.2) bao gm cc phn t nh

my pht quang gm module laser diode bn dn (LD) hay diode pht quang (LED)
lm nhim v bin i in quang (E/O). nh sng pht ra ca LD hay LED c
bin iu trc tip qua dng bm bi tn hiu li vo hay thng qua bin iu ngoi
(nh trn hnh v). Tn hiu quang c truyn i trn si quang, cc si quang c th
kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc u ni (cnnector) v adaptor quang hoc mi hn
tng chiu di truyn dn.
Tn hiu li vo
Ngun sng
Tuyn si quang
Mi hn
Trm lp
B bin iu
Connectors
My thu
WDM
Laser bm
Tn hiu
li ra
Khuch i
quang si
Hnh 1.2: S khi h thng thng tin quang si in hnh
tng khong cch truyn b gii hn bi s suy hao trong si quang ngi ta
c th s dng cc b lp (repeater) hoc cc b khuch i quang si. B lp c nhim
v thu tn hiu quang, bin i quang - in (O/E), sa li dng xung in, khuch i
tn hiu v bin i in - quang (E/O) tr li. Nhng h thng thng tin quang hin i
ch yu s dng cc b khuch i quang si pha Erbium (EDFA) thay cho cc b lp,
cc EDFA khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang v c nhiu u vit so vi cc b lp.
Nguyn Vn Ho
Tn hiu quang u pha bn kia ca h thng c thu bi my thu quang. My thu

quang bao gm photodiode loi p-i-n hay APD, cc mch khuch i v sa dng tn
hiu lm nhim v bin i quang - in (O/E) v phc hi tn hiu ban u.
1.2.2 Cc u vit ca h thng thng tin quang si
H thng thng tin quang si c bng thng rng. Bng thng ca mi trng
truyn dn ph thuc trc tip vo tn s sng mang. Cc sng mang quang c tn s
rt cao ( 1014 Hz) nn si quang cho php bng thng ti vi ngn GHz, v vy dung
lng truyn thng ln (tc truyn cao).
Si quang c trng lng nh v kch thc b, nhiu knh d liu c th
truyn trn mt si quang trong khi cn nhiu si dy ng hoc cp ng.
Truyn thng quang si khng b nh hng bi nhiu sng in t (EMI) hoc
nhiu tn s v tuyn (RFI): si quang khng dn in nn n khng gy ra hoc thu
nhn nhiu sng in t nn c th dng ni c in trng mnh, dng cp si
quang iu khin t xa ni c phng x mnh, khng b cc nhiu nn (tia chp, tia
la in) nh hng bo mt d liu truyn i cao. Khi truyn tn hiu trn si
quang cng khng gy nhiu in t trng nh trng hp truyn tn hiu bng dng
in trn cp ng.
Khng c xuyn m gia cc knh truyn: hai dy dn in gn nhau gy xuyn
m cuc gi do s chng ph in t trng trong khi cc trng quang ngoi si
quang l khng ng k nn khng c xuyn m.
Khng c s nh la khi truyn tn hiu quang nn si quang ph hp cho vic
truyn tn hiu nhng ni d chy n. cch in ca si quang cao nn dng trong
cc mi trng cao p m khng b in git.
Si quang d tng thch vi cc ngun thu, pht rn: kch thc ngun thu,
pht quang, connector, si quang tng thch vi cc linh kin, mch in t vi nh
hin nay.
Gi thnh cp si quang thp hn so vi cp ng mt s tc truyn s
liu cao, c bit khi s dng cho truyn thng a phng tin.
Khng cn giy php pht sng cho cc h thng thng tin quang trong khi viba
cn giy php pht sng.
Si quang t b nh hng iu kin mi trng (nhit cao, m), v
khng xy ho theo thi gian.
Nguyn Vn Ho
1.2.3 Nhng nhc im ca thng tin si quang

Thng tin si quang khng th p ng cc yu cu bng thng khc nhau, cp
quang lun c bng thng ln nn i vi cc tuyn truyn thng tc thp cc h
thng thng tin cp si quang c gi thnh cao.
Thiu cc tiu chun thng nht cho cc h thng thng tin cp si quang (cc
nh sn xut khc nhau c cc sn phm khc nhau, v d cc loi connector khc nhau
khng tng thch vi nhau, v thng tin quang pht trin qu nhanh).
Si quang c th b lo ho do phng x: si quang s dng trong cc mi
trng phng x d b i mu nhanh do cc khuyt tt gy bi phng x. ng thi
vic hn ni si quang kh khn, i hi thit b chuyn dng t tin.
10
Nguyn Vn Ho
CHNG 2: SI QUANG
2.1 S truyn dn nh sng trong si quang
2.1.1 S nht quang
nh sng c truyn trong si quang da trn nguyn l phn x ni ton phn
b mt tip gip gia hai mi trng in mi c ch s khc x hay chit sut n khc
nhau [1]:
c
v
(2.1)
vi c l tc nh sng trong chn khng (3.108 m/s), v l tc nh sng trong mi

trng.
Tia truyn qua
n2
( n2< n1)
t
mt tip gip
n1
Tia ti
Tia phn x
Hnh 2.1: S phn x ton phn
c mt tip gip ny, si quang c dng hnh tr, gia l li (core) v xung
quanh l lp v (cladding) c chit sut khc nhau. Gi s ta c sng quang phng
chiu ti b mt tip gip gia hai mi trng in mi vi gc ti i th nh sng s b
khc x v tia sng truyn qua s c gc so vi ng vung gc vi mt phng tip
gip l t (gc khc x) (hnh 2.1), theo nh lut Snell ta c:
sin i n2
(2.2)
sin t n1
S phn x ton phn xy ra khi t= 900 ngha l :
i c sin 1 (
n2
)
n1
(2.3)
vi c l gc ti hn ca tia ti. Khi i c th nng lng ca sng nh sng s phn

x hon ton vo mi trng 1 v s phn x ton phn ny cho php nh sng truyn
11
Nguyn Vn Ho
trong si quang khng b mt mt do chui ra ngoi, ta c s nht quang hay si quang

l mt ng dn sng.
i vi si quang chit sut bc (step-index fiber) c cu trc nh trn hnh 2.2
chit sut nh hn n2 c xc nh l:
n2 n1 (1 )
(2.4)
Li
V
n
n1
n2
r
Hnh 2.2: Cu to ca si quang chit sut bc.
vi:
n12 n22 n1 n2
n1
2n12
(2.5)
l chnh lch chit sut tng i (hay chit sut t i).

Thng thng = 0,1% 2% cho li c chit sut n1 = 1,47 l si quang lm t
thu tinh silica (SiO2) v c pha tp bi cc xyt GeO2, B2O3, P2O3 thay i chit
sut. Ngoi lp v c bao thm lp o (jacket) bo v bng plastic ( 260 270
m). Thng s ca mt s si quang tiu chun cho trong bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1: Thng s ca mt s si quang tiu chun:
Loi
8/125
n mode
50/125
a mode
62,6/125
a mode
100/140
a mode
ng knh ng
li, m
v, m
knh
ng dng
125
Khong cch
0,1% 0,2% di, tc s
liu cao
50
125
1% 2%
Khong cch
ngn, tc s
liu trung bnh
62,.5
125
1% 2%
LAN
100
140
1% 2%
LAN, khong
cch ngn
12
Nguyn Vn Ho
2.1.2 Khu s:
nh sng i t ngoi khng kh vo mt ct si quang cng b khc x (hnh
2.3). m bo tia sng khc x ny i ti mt tip gip gia lp li v lp v vi
gc ti ln hn gc ti ti hn c s phn x ton phn th nh sng i t ngoi
khng kh c chit sut no n mt ct ca si quang cn c gc ti nh hn mt gc
o no c xc nh bi khu s (Numerical Aperture) ca si quang NA:
NA n0 sin 0
(2.6)
n0
t
i
n1
n2
Hnh 2.3: Gc nhn o xc nh iu kin cho
nh sng li vo si quang chit xut bc
T nh lut Snell, khi 0 hay i ic vi sin ic

NA n0 sin 0 n1 cos ic n1 1 sin 2 ic n1 1
n2
ta c:
n1
n22
n12 n22 n1 2
n12
(2.7)
vi 0 gi l gc nhn (acceptance angle) ti a. Khi tia sng ti c gc 0 s

c phn x ni ton phn trong si quang v ta ni tia sng c dn sng hay dn
hng. NA c xc nh i vi tng loi si quang, i vi si a mode. NA=0,2
0,5 (0 =10o 30o), vi si n mode NA = 0,13 0,16 (0 =7,5o 9,2o).
2.2 Phn loi si quang
2.2.1 Si quang a mode:
Si quang a mode l si quang c th cho lan truyn nhiu hn mt mode nh
sng trong si. S mode nh sng trong si a mode c th ti trn 1000, con s ny
ph thuc vo nhiu tham s ca si quang v c th gim xung trong qu trnh
truyn nh sng. Si quang a mode dng trong cc trng hp truyn dn khong
cch ngn v tc thp.
2.2.1.1 Si quang a mode chit sut bc:
Si quang a mode chit sut bc nh m t trn, n c th c 3 loi, gm: li
thu tinh + v thu tinh, li thu tinh + v plastic (PCS) v li plastic + v plastic.
Loi th nht c suy hao nh nht v s m rng xung do tng tc gia cc mode
13
Nguyn Vn Ho
(intermodal) nh nht, ng knh li thng l 50 m hoc 62,5 m v v l 125 m

. Loi th hai c ng knh li ~ 200 m v loi th ba ch dng truyn tc
thp, khong cch nh v suy hao ln, loi th ba c ng knh li ln 1mm
nn d ghp vi ngun pht sng LED. S truyn nh sng trong si quang chit sut
bc c trnh by trn hnh 2.4.
r
n2
3
n1
n
Hnh 2.4: Phn b chit sut v ng i ca
cc tia sng trong si quang chit sut bc
Trong trng hp si a mode c s mode lan truyn ln ta c th s dng l

thuyt tia sng m t cc mode. Cc tia sng c lan truyn theo cc ng khc
nhau v vy chng ti b thu khng ng thi (tia 3 lan truyn vi qung ng di
hn tia 1, 2 nn t n u kia ca si quang lu hn) nn gy ra s m rng xung. S
mo xung ny l tn sc mode (modal dispersion) nn si a mode chit sut bc ch
dng cho cc ng truyn ngn. Cc tia sng c ng i gn song song vi trc si
quang l cc mode bc thp, cc tia sng c ng i t song song vi trc si l cc
mode bc cao.
o
v
li
Hnh 2.5: Cc mode v trong si quang chit sut bc
Trong trng hp tia sng c a vo si quang vi gc 0 (gc

nhn), trong si quang mt phn nh sng s truyn qua lp v to nn cc mode v
(cladding mode), phn nh sng ny gp mt tip gip v-o s phn x tr li v tt
dn nhanh chng v lp o thng l vt liu gy mt mt quang (hnh 2.5). V vy, ta
ch thng quan st thy cc mode v gn ngun pht quang m thi, cc mode v
cng c th sinh ra cc ch c bit nh connector, mi hn,. Cc mode v c th
c hn ch trong mt s loi si quang khi lp v c bao bc bng lp c chit
14
Nguyn Vn Ho
sut bng hoc cao hn chit sut ca n. Hnh 2.6 cho thy cc loi si hn ch mode
v vi cc phn b chit sut khc nhau. Cc mode v thng gy mo tn hiu v c
th lin kt vi cc mode li bc cao, chng trao i nng lng cho nhau gy suy hao
b sung cho cng sut truyn trong li v vy cn gim thiu chng.
nr
Phn b thng
thng
a)
nr
Phn b ch W
b)
nr
r
nr
Phn b tam gic
Phn b phn
on
d)
c)
Hnh 2.6: Phn b chit sut trong si quang chit sut bc thng thng (a) v si
quang c mode v b dp tt (b, c, d).
2.2.1.2 Si quang a mode chit sut bin i u:

Si quang chit sut bin i u GRIN (graded-index fiber) l si c chit sut
li gim dn t tm ti mt tip gip li-v cn chit sut ca v l ng nht (hnh
2.7).
Trong si quang a mode chit sut bin i u cc tia sng c un cong
thnh cc ng dng sng do chit sut khng ng nht ca li. Phn b chit sut
trong si quang GRIN c m t nh sau:
n(r ) n1 1 2(r / a) g
n(r ) n1 1 2 n2
(r a)
(2.8a)
(r > a)
(2.8b)
vi n1, n2 l chit sut trc li v v si, a l bn knh si, l chit sut t i v g l
h s phn b.
15
Nguyn Vn Ho
v
li
n2
n2
2
1
n1
1 2
n1
n(r)
Hnh 2.7: Phn b chit sut v ng i ca cc tia
sng trong si quang chit sut bin i u
Cc tia sng gn v (2,3) phi i qung ng di hn nhng c tc cao

c
n
hn ( v , vi n gn v nh hn) nn cng n u kia si quang gn cng mt lc

vi cc tia gn trc si (tia 1) i qung ng ngn hn nhng tc chm hn. S b
tr ny gim c s m rng xung (hay gim s tn sc a mode). V vy loi si ny
c tc s liu cao hn si quang a mode chit sut bc.
r
n2
n1
n (r)
Hnh 2.8: M hnh chit sut bc gii thch s un tia sng trong si
GRIN.
C th s dng m hnh thay i chit sut nhy bc gia mt chui cc mt

phn cch gii thch s un cong ca cc tia sng trong si GRIN. Gi s ta chia
nh li si quang chit sut bin i u thnh cc lp mng song song vi mt phng
i qua trc si, mi lp s c chit sut c nh ni khc nhau mt cht t. Cc tia sng
i t tm si ra pha tip gip li-v s b un cong dn ti mt chui cc mt phn
cch gia cc lp chia ny vi cc gc khc x ln dn theo nh lut Snell do s
chnh lch chit sut gia hai lp mng n2, / n1, tng dn t li ra v. Ti mt mt phn
16
Nguyn Vn Ho
cch no , khi iu kin phn x ton phn t c, tia sng s i ngc tr li v

pha trc si quang (hnh 2.8).
Trn y, ta ch mi xt cc tia sng i vo si quang qua im gia mt ct ca
si, by gi xt cc tia i vo si nhng im xa tm. Nhng tia ny khng b un
cong nhiu v chng i ct ngang qua li si ch mt on ngn (theo chiu vung gc
vi trc ca si). Nhng tia xa tm gn song song vi trc ca si s un cong t nhng
quay v trc si v lan truyn trong si quang. gn lp v n1 n2 nn gc nhn
0 nh nn nhiu tia s chui ra v nu chng khng song song vi trc si lm (hnh
2.9). Ngha l NA ca si GRIN ph

Tia chui ra khi v
2a
Li
si
Ngun sng khi 2

Hnh 2.9: Cc tia sng i vo si quang GRIN
cc v tr khc nhau so vi tm si
thuc vo 0 v thay i theo bn knh si r. i vi trng hp phn b chit sut

dng parabol (trng hp ring khi g = ):
n(r ) n1 1 (r a)2
(ra)
n2 n1 (1 )
(r > a)
(2.9a)
(2.9b)
T cc phng trnh (2.9a), (2.9b) ta c th tnh khu s ca si GRIN nh sau:
NA nr2 n22 n1 2
12
1 r a
(2.10)
T (2.10) ta c NA = 0 mt tip gip li-v v NA n1 2 trc ca si

quang.
2.2.2 Si quang n mode:
Si quang n mode l si ch cho lan truyn mt mode nh sng (mode trc
si quang) bng cch gim ng knh li xung vo khong 8 10 m (hnh 2.10).
Thng thng si quang n mode l si chit sut bc, c ng knh li nh, nn
vic ghp ni vi ngun sng kh hn nhng ch c mt mode lan truyn dn ti khng
c s tn sc mode. V vy, si quang loi ny dng truyn dn khong cch di
17
Nguyn Vn Ho
v tc cao (>2 Gb/s). Si n mode cng c th ch to dng chit sut bin i

lm vic ghp ni vi ngun pht quang d hn, hn ni d hn nhng khng ph
bin.
v
r
Tia
sng
li
n
Hnh 2.10: Si quang n

mode
2.4 Cc tnh cht ca si quang:

2.4.1 C s ca sng nh sng:
Vic xem xt s lan truyn nh sng di gc l thuyt tia sng (quang tia
hay quang hnh) ch ng khi nh sng i xuyn qua hoc vng qua vt th c kch
thc ln hn nhiu di bc sng. Trong trng hp si quang, c bit l si n
mode, kch thc si so snh c vi bc sng nn l thuyt quang hnh ch l gn
ng (quang hnh l trng hp ring ca quang hc sng). V vy, trong phn ny
chng ta xem xt s lan truyn nh sng gc l thuyt sng mt cch tm lc.
2.4.1.1 Cc khi nim c bn:
Trong mi trng quang chit sut n ( n 1 ) sng nh sng lan truyn vi tc
v
v c m t mt cch ton hc bng hm sng u(r , t ) tho mn phng trnh

n
sng [5]:
2u
1 2u
0
c 2 t 2
(2.11)
vi r - vc t khong cch, t - thi gian v 2 l ton t Laplas:

2
2
2
2 2 2
(2.12)
x y z
Sng nh sng c cng I (r , t ) (n v l W/cm2) l cng sut quang trn

2
mt n v din tch :
I (r , t ) 2 u 2 (r , t )
(2.12)
du < > c ngha s ly trung bnh theo mt khong thi gian ln hn nhiu thi gian
ca mt chu k quang (~ femto giy). Cng sut quang P(t) (n v l W) chiu ln
din tch A vung gc vi hng lan truyn nh sng:
P(t ) I (r , t )dA
A
18
(2.13)
Nguyn Vn Ho
Nng lng quang (n v l Joules, J) thu c trong mt khong thi gian:

t2
E P(t )dt
t1
(2.14)
Sng n sc l sng c m t bi hm sng vi s ph thuc iu ho vo

thi gian:
u(r , t ) a(r ) cos 2 t (r )
(2.15)
2 - tn s gc (radidans/s). a, ph
thuc vo r ; u( r ,t) tt c cc im c nh ph thuc iu ho vi tn s v t.
vi a(r ) - bin ; r - pha, v-tn s,
thun tin khi tnh ton ngi ta biu din hm sng thc u(r , t ) bng hm sng
phc:
U (r , t ) a(r ) exp j r exp j 2 t
(2.16)
Nh vy:
u r , t Re U r , t
1
U r , t U * r , t
2
(2.17)
Ging nh hm sng thc u(r , t ) hm sng phc U r , t tho mn phng trnh sng:
1 2U
U 2 2 0
c t
2
(2.18)
Hai hm sng ny u tho mn cc iu kin bin ging nhau. Phng trnh (2.15) c
th vit dng:
U r , t U r exp j 2t
(2.19)
U r ar exp j r
(2.20)
vi bin phc:
Thay U r , t vo phng trnh sng (2.14) ta c phng trnh vi phn (phng trnh
Helmholtz):
k 2 U r 0
(2.21)
l s sng, nh vy bin phc phi tho mn phng trnh

c
c
Helmholts. Cng quang ca sng n sc l bnh phng gi tr tuyt i ca bin
phc, n khng ph thuc vo thi gian:
vi
I r | U r | 2
(2.22)
Mt sng hay mt pha l cc b mt c pha nh nhau: r argU r = constant ,

thng l r 2m (m l s nguyn 1,2,3,...).
Sng phng l sng c bin phc:
U r A exp jk r A exp j k x x k y y k z z (2.23)
19
Nguyn Vn Ho
vi A l hng s phc, k l vc t sng, k x2 k y2 k z2 k 2 , gi tr ca l k l s sng

k. V rng pha r argU r argA k .r nn mt sng s tun theo:
k .r kx x k y y k z z 2 m arg A
(2.24)
Phng trnh ny m t cc mt phng song song vung gc vi vc t sng k , cc

2 c
mt phng ny tch bit nhau bi khong cch
, gi l bc sng. Trong
k
c
mi trng c chit sut n tc pha v nn 0 vi 0 l bc sng trong
n
khng kh, tng t ta cng c s sng trong mi trng k nk 0 vi k0 l s sng

trong khng kh. Nh vy khi sng phng lan truyn qua mi trng c cc chit sut
khc nhau tn s ca n khng thay i nhng tc , bc sng v s sng thay i.
Trong trng hp sng cu c m t bi hm sng (*) vi bin phc:
U r
A
exp jkr
r
(2.25)
mt sng l cc mt cu ng tm, sau khi sng lan truyn trn khong cch r di ta
cng c th xem n gn ng nh mt sng phng.
2.4.1.2. Phn cc ca nh sng
By gi chng ta xem xt s phn cc ca sng nh sng n sc phng. Phn
cc nh hng n s phn x nh sng bin gia hai mi trng, s hp th nh
sng trong mt s vt liu cng nh s tn x nh sng. i vi cc vt liu bt ng
hng chit sut ph thuc vo phn cc nh sng nn sng vi cc phn cc khc
nhau lan truyn vi cc tc khc nhau v c cc dch pha khc nhau. Gi s ta c s
lan truyn nh sng hay trng in t theo hng z vi cc vc t in trng v t
trng nm trong cc mt phng x-z v y-z tng ng vung gc vi nhau . S phn
cc ca nh sng c xc nh bng qu o do u mt ca vc t in trng
r, t v nn nu ta nhn trn mt phng vung gc vi hng lan truyn nh sng. V
d nh trn hnh 2.15 ta c sng phng phn cc elip truyn theo hng z.
y
x
Hnh 2.15: Sng nh sng phn cc elip (qu

o u mt vect in trng l elip)
20
Nguyn Vn Ho
Nu qu o u mt r, t l mt ng thng ta c phn cc thng, v ln

ng trn hay elip ta c phn cc trn hay elip (hnh 2.16a,b,c). nh sng khng phn
cc c qu o u mt r, t nh trn hnh 2.16d. Trng hp phn cc thng qu
o u mt vc t in trng v cc vc t in trng ti mt thi im t c
trnh by trn hnh 2.17b v 2.17a. Mode phn cc thng dc theo trc x ca vc t
in trng r, t gi l phn cc in trng ngang (TE) hay l phn cc trc giao.
Tng t ta c mode phn cc ca t trng theo trc y l phn cc t ngang (TM).
Phn cc song song nu in trng song song vi mt phng ti.
b)
a)
c)
d)
Hnh 2.16: Cc trng hp phn cc ca nh sng: a) phn cc

thng, b) phn cc trn, c) phn cc elip, d) khng phn cc
y
Mt phn cc
y
x
z
b)
a)
Hnh 2.17: nh sng phn cc thng: a) qu o u mt vc

t in trng, b) vc t in trng ti mt thi im t.
2.4.1.3 Mode dn sng:

Si quang l mt loi dn sng m cc mode nh sng c dn hng trong
. Trong l thuyt quang tia mode l cc tia sng i vo si quang cc gc khc
nhau v lan truyn trong si quang khi iu kin bin c p ng. Theo l thuyt
sng ta c mode l cc trng (in trng hay t trng) c cng s phn b theo
hng ngang v c cng mt loi phn cc ging nhau tt c cc khong cch dc
theo trc dn sng. Ni cch khc, mode l trng thi dao ng in t ng vi nghim
21
Nguyn Vn Ho
ca phng trnh sng v iu kin bin ca dn sng. Cc dn sng c cc iu kin

bin nht nh m sng in t phi tho mn mt tip gip gia hai vng ca dn
sng. Kt qu l ch mt tp hp nht nh cc t hp sng (mode) s p ng cc iu
kin bin ny v c php lan truyn trong ng dn sng.
Cc mode n gin nht l mode in ngang TE v mode t ngang TM, ngoi ra
cn c cc mode lai HEmn v EHmn (cc mode ny c thm c thnh phn in trng
Ez 0 v t trng Hz 0 dc theo hng lan truyn sng z). Tu theo khi Ez hay Hz
vt tri m ta c EHmn hay HEmn .Trong trng hp ring khi m = 0, HE0n v EH0n
c gi l TE0n v TM0n tng ng v chng l cc mode in ngang (Ez = 0) v t
ngang (Hz = 0). Cc mode phn cc tuyn tnh c gi l mode LPmn.
Si quang l dn sng knh, ngha l nh sng b giam gi theo hai chiu (x,y)
v lan truyn theo mt chiu (z). Tuy nhin, tnh ton l thuyt cho dn sng knh rt
phc tp nn ngi ta hn ch cc tnh ton cho dn sng tng, ngha l khi nh sng
c giam gi theo mt chiu (y) v c th lan truyn theo hai chiu (x v z) [5 ]. Xt
sng phng n sc truyn qua dn sng tng c cc gng kim loi, c trng in t
ngang (TEM) vi 0 n , k nK 0 tc pha v c / n . Gi s sng c phn cc
theo hng x, vc t sng nm mt phng y-z v vi gc so vi trc z. V in
trng nm song song vi mt gng nn mi ln phn x sng b dch pha bng ,
cn bin v phn cc khng i. ti mi im bn trong dn sng ta c cc sng
TEM chuyn ng theo hng ln vi gc v cc sng chuyn ng theo hng
xung vi gc - (hnh 2.18).
Sng ban
u
Sng
sau
khi phn
x hai ln
Mt sng chuyn
ng theo gc
so vi trc Z
Hnh 2.18: iu kin t ph hp pha trong dn sng phng
Chng ta s t iu kin t ph hp (hay ph hp pha) khi sng phn x sau

hai ln s lp li chnh n, nh vy chng ta ch c hai sng phng khc nhau. Cc
trng p ng vi iu kin ny gi l cc mode dn sng.
22
Nguyn Vn Ho
T trn hnh 2.18 ta s thy dch pha xy ra vi sng ban u khi i t A n B

cn bng hoc khc bit mt s nguyn ln 2 so vi dch pha khi sng phn x i t A
n C v tip tc phn x mt ln na. Tnh ton cho dch pha ti mi mt ln phn
x ta c 2 AC 2 2 AB 2 q vi q = 0, 1, 2, V
AC AB 2d sin
(2.26)
vi d l khong cch gia cc mt gng ca dn sng tng, 2 (2d sin ) / 2 (q 1)

v
2
2d sin 2 m ,
m = q+1 = 1,2,3, (2.27)
V vy iu kin t ph hp ch xy i vi mt s gc m nht nh p ng tiu

chun:
sin m m
2d
m=1,2,.... (2.28)
Mi mt s nguyn m tng ng vi gc m v trng tng ng gi l mode th m.

cc gc m ca iu kin ny, hai sng phng s giao thoa v to nn cc phn b
trng khng thay i theo z.
Khi iu kin t ph hp c tho mn, pha ca cc sng phng i ln v i
xung ti cc im trn trc z khc nhau bi q , q = 0,1,2, hay (m-1) ,
m=1,2,3,nn chng s c cng li cho cc gi tr m chn v tr i nhau cho cc gi
tr m l.
V thnh phn y ca hng s lan truyn k y nk0 sin nhn cc gi tr ri rc
k ym nkosinm (2 )sin m , s dng (2.25) ta nhn c thnh phn ngang ca vc t
sng:
k ym m
m= 1,2,3,
(2.29)
Nh vy kym cch nhau mt khong /d. Phng trnh (2.26) cho thy s dch pha khi
sng lan truyn trn khong cch 2d (mt chu k lan truyn) theo hng y vi hng s
lan truyn kym.
Mt tham s quan trng khc trong qu trnh lan truyn sng l hng s lan
truyn , l tc m pha thay i theo to z v c xc nh trong mi
trng c chit sut n theo cng thc:
nk 0
(2.30)
Trong trng hp sng c dn hng bao gm hai sng phng khc bit lan
truyn theo cc gc so vi trc z, vc t sng k cho sng ti v sng phn x c
23
Nguyn Vn Ho
cc thnh phn tng ng (0, k y , k z ) v (0, k y , k z ) . Tng hoc hiu ca hai vc t sng
thay i theo z l exp(-jk z z ) nn k z kcos (n = 1 trong khng kh). V ch nhn
cc gi tr ri rc m kcos m hay 2m k 2 (1 sin 2 m ) . Vi (2.25) v 2 k ta c:
2m k 2
m2 2
d2
(2.31)
Suy ra mode bc cao ( vi m ln v m ln) lan truyn vi hng s lan truyn nh

hn. S dng (2.26) ta c th vit bin phc ca in trng tng dng:
Ex ( y, z ) amum ( y)exp( j m z )
(2.32)
vi
um ( y )
2
m y
cos
, m 1,3,5,...
d
d
2
m y
sin
, m 2, 4, 6,...
d
d
(2.33)
S phn b ngang um(y) trong dn sng gng phng nh trn hnh 2.19.
y
+d/2
m=1
m=2
m=3
z
m=4
-d/2
Hnh 2.19: S phn b trng ca cc mode trong dn sng

phng.
Mi mt mode c th xem l sng ng trong hng y v lan truyn theo hng
z. Mode vi cc gi tr m ln thay i trong hng ngang y vi tc ky ln hn v lan
truyn vi hng s lan truyn nh hn. Phn b trng kt thc d/2 cho tt c cc
mode. i vi trng hp dn sng in mi phng (v d si quang) cc trng
khng kt thc bin m i xuyn vo lp v ri tt dn tu vo iu kin bin.
Chng ta coi sng phng TME c phn cc theo hng x nn in trng
tng cng nm theo hng x v sng c dn l sng in trng ngang TE. V
sin m m 2d , m=1,2,3,v v sin m <1 nn gi tr m ti a cho php phi l s
nguyn nh hn (/2d)-1 hay ta c s cc mode trong dn sng tng:

M
2d
(2.34)
24
Nguyn Vn Ho
Du c hiu l M, l s nguyn gn nht v nh hn 2d/. Nu 2d/ 1, M=0

ngha l iu kin t ph hp khng m bo v max= 2d gi l bc sng ct. l
bc sng di nht c th c dn hng trong dn sng. Ta cng c tn s ct
min c 2d l tn s nh sng thp nht c th c dn hng trong dn sng. Nu
1 2d 2 (hay d <2d ) ch c mt mode c php lan truyn v cu trc c
gi l dn sng n mode. Trong dn sng a mode, khi c nhiu mode cng tn ti

trong ng dn sng c th c s trn mode v gia chng c s trao i nng lng vi
nhau trong qu trnh lan truyn.
Xung nh sng c tn s gc tp trung xung quanh v c hng s lan truyn
s c tc nhm v = d/d. Cc mode dn sng c hng s lan truyn vi cc gi tr
ri rc m , thay m t (2.28) c th tnh c tc nhm ca cc mode :
Vm c cosm
(2.35)
T y ta thy cc mode bc cao hn lan truyn vi tc nhm nh hn.

2.4.2 Cc mode dn sng trong si quang chit sut bc
2.4.2.1 Thng s V :
Khi gii phng trnh Maxwell cho nh sng n sc i qua dn sng hnh tr
c v v li (si quang) ta c cc nghim nht nh ng vi cc iu kin bin ca dn
sng ny c gi l cc mode.
Mi mt mode U(r t) U(x, y, z, t) lan truyn trong si quang c th biu din
di dng sng nh trn ni ti [1]:
U(x, y, z, t ) u(x, y, z) e j(t z)
(2.36)
Mi mt mode khng ch c in trng v t trng ring ca mnh m cn c mt

gi tr duy nht ca hng s lan truyn . Thng s quan trng m t cu trc ca
mode trong dn sng ni chung v si quang ni ring l thng s V (hay tn s chun
ho) c xc nh nh sau [1]:
V
2 a
n12 n22
2 a
n1 2
(2.37)
vi a l bn knh li, l bc sng trong khng kh, n1 , n2 l chit sut ca li v

v si, l chit sut t i gia li v v. Thng s V quan trng v n xc nh s
cc mode in t trong si quang. Ngi ta a vo h s lan truyn mode tng i b
:
b
( k )2 n22 ( k ) n2
n12 n22
n1 n2
(2.38)
25
Nguyn Vn Ho
vi kcosm , k 2 .
S ph thuc ca h s b vo thng s V cho cc mode bc thp nht i vi
si chit sut bc c trnh by trn hnh 2.20.
Mi mode c hai phn cc trc giao vi nhau (cho in trng v t trng)
nn l suy bin bc hai. Ti mi mt gi tr V bt k ni chung c th c vi mode lan
truyn trong si quang chit sut bc. Ngha l s mode c th lan truyn trong si ph
thuc vo V, khi V tng (a tng hay gim) s mode tng.
Khi cc gi tr V > 2,405 c nhiu hn mt mode tn ti. Khi V < 2,405 c mt
mode LP01 lan truyn, mode ny suy bin bc hai (hai phn cc trc giao TE, TM ca
mode ny c th cng ng thi tn ti ), vng hot ng ny l hot ng n mode.
Trn hnh 2.20 mode c bn HE11 (hay cn gi l LP01 hoc TM 0 , TE 0 ) ng vi ng
cong u tin. Ni chung ta mun c a nh (vi ) v nh ( 1 0 0 ) c V tng i
nh. Cho mt cu trc c th ca si, gi tr lm V = 2,405 gi l bc sng ct l
thuyt (cutoff) ca si quang, bc sng hot ng cn ln hn bc sng ct ( >
cutoff). Ta s thy nh trn hnh 2.21 khi V = 2,405 vo khong 84% cng sut ca
mode nm trong li si, khi V = 2,0 ta c 75% cng sut ca mode nm li v khi V
= 1,0 ch cn 35% cng sut ca mode nm trong li. V vy cho si n mode cn
gi V trong khong
2 V 2,405
cn c s tho hip y: nu V qu gn 2,405 , cutoff s qu st vi bc sng hot

ng, cn V qu nh s c cng sut quang li qu t, gy ra s mt mt quang ln.
Hnh 2.20: S ph thuc vo V cho h s lan truyn c hun ho b.
26
Nguyn Vn Ho
Khi c gi tr V > 2,405 s c nhiu hn mt mode c lan truyn trong si

quang. Trong trng hp gi tr V ln (V >> 2,405) s mode trong si s l:
N
2 an1 2
V2
(kan1 )2 (
)
2
(2.39)
Nh vy ta c si a mode, cn khi V < 2,405, hay gim a (cho no ) ta s

c si n mode.
Nhng si sai lch khi ng dn sng l tng (do s thng ging v hnh hc
si, s tn ti ca cc tm tp, cc ch un cong...) gy ra s trn mode dn ti s
truyn nng lng t mode bc thp sang mode bc cao, mode bc cao sang mode v
v lm nng lng b mt mt.
2.4.2.2 S phn b cng sut gia li v v
Khc vi dn sng gng kim loi, trong si quang (dn sng in mi) trng
in t trong lp v si l khc 0. Trng in t tn ti c li v v si, v vy
mt phn cng sut ca mode c truyn trong li, mt phn truyn trong v. Khi
thng s V tin gn n ngng ct (cutoff) cho bt k mt mode c th no, hu ht
cng sut ca mode nm v si. Ti ngng ct, ton b cng sut truyn ra v,
mode tr thnh mode bc x v si khng truyn mode na.Cho cc gi tr V ln, t
l cng sut truyn trong v v li c th tnh gn ng:
Pcladding
Pcore
4
3 N
(V ln)
(2.40)
vi N l tng s mode trong si. Gim s mode trong si bng cch gim gi tr V
thng dn ti phn cng sut truyn v tng ln. Phn ny b mt mt nhiu lm
tng suy hao cng sut quang. Hnh 2.21 cho thy t l gia cng sut quang trong v
si v li si trn ton b cng sut lan truyn cho cc mode khc nhau ph thuc vo
thng s V ca si.
27
Nguyn Vn Ho
1.0
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
1
0
6
V
10
Pli /P
Pv /P
12
Hnh 2.21: T l gia cng sut quang trong v si v li si trn ton b

cng sut lan truyn cho cc mode khc nhau ph thuc vo thng s V ca
si.
2.4.2.3 ng knh trng mode (MFD):

I/Io
1
0,135
2w
-w
Hnh 2.22: Phn b Gauss ca cng tia sng trong

si quang n mode theo bn knh si
Nh ta thy th trn hnh 2.22, i vi si n mode mt phn ng k ca

cng sut sng nh sng cha vng v, cng ca tia sng phn b trn tit din
ngang theo hm m (hm Gauss) [2]:
I I0e
2 r2
w2
(2.41)
vi I l cng nh sng, Io=Imax l cng nh sng trc si quang, w l bn

knh trng mode . i vi si n mode, ng knh trng mode c tnh ti mc
I
I max
1
0,135
e
28
(2.42)
Nguyn Vn Ho
I/Imax
2
2
r/a
Hnh 2.23: Phn b tng i ca cng tia sng trong si quang n mode vi
cc bc sng khc nhau: 1 /cutof = 2,4 v 2/cutof = 1,2 (a- bn knh li si)
i vi mt si quang n mode xc nh (vi a v xc nh) khi V = 2.405 ta

tnh c bc sng ct cutoff , truyn c trong si sng nh sng phi c >
cutoff . ng knh trng mode c th c tnh gn ng:
d dsoi .2, 6.
2, 405.cutoff
S phn b tng i ca cng trng mode
(2.43)
I
I max
theo bn knh si r v theo bc
sng c trnh by trn hnh 2.23. Ta thy khi bc sng nh sng cng ln th nng
lng phn tn ra v cng nhiu hn.
2.4.3 Cc tnh cht ca si quang
2.4.3.1. S suy hao trong si quang
nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b suy hao theo khong cch truyn dn.
Nu nh sng lan truyn theo trc z th cng sut quang gim theo hm m vi khong
cch (z) [1]:
P(z) P0 exp( p z)
(2.44)
vi P(z) l cng sut ti v tr z ; P(0) l cng sut ti v tr ban u 0 v p l h s suy

hao (hay tn hao):
1 P( z )
p ln
z P(0)
(2.45)
Tuy nhin, trong thng tin quang ngi ta thng dng h s suy hao [dB/km] c
nh ngha nh sau:
10
P( z )
log
z(km)
P(0)
29
(2.46)
Nguyn Vn Ho
(dB/km)
100
10
1
0.1
600
800
1000 1200
1400
1600
Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 2.24: Phn b h s suy hao trong si
quang theo bc sng
Phn b h s suy hao trong si quang silica theo bc sng trong c di t

vng nhn thy n vng hng ngoi gn c trnh by trn hnh 2.24 .
Hnh 2.25 l hnh nh chi tit ca phn b suy hao vi ba ca s hot ng ca
si quang silica trong thng tin quang cc vng sng 0,8 m, 1,3 m v 1,5 m.
6
Ca s hot ng
5
OH
(dB/km)
4
OH
3
OH
2
1
700
800
900
1000
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 2.25: Phn b suy hao trong si quang silica vi ba ca s hot
ng
Ta c th thy gi tr suy hao nh nht cho cc bc sng nh sng ba ca s hot
ng ca si quang silica trong bng 2.
Bng 2.2: H s suy hao nh nht i vi si quang thu tinh silica:
(m)
Suy hao
(dB/km)
0,87
1,5
30
Tn sc
(ps/km.nm)
-80
Nguyn Vn Ho
1,31
0,3
1,55
0,16
+17
trong thc t, si quang thng c suy hao ln hn: 0,87m = 3 5 dB,

1,3m = 0,4 n 0,6 dB.
By gi chng ta xem xt cc tc nhn gy ra suy hao trong si quang thu tinh
silica ( SiO 2 ), l s hp th, s tn x v cc hiu ng hnh hc.
a) S hp th:
Ngay c trong thu tinh sch nht cng lun c s hp th, l s hp th
thun gy nn bi cc chuyn mc gia cc di nng lng in t v phn t, n c
trng bi nh hp th vng sng cc tm v s hp th ny gim vng nhn thy.
S hp th thun cng xy ra vng hng ngoi (t 7 n 12 m) lin quan n s dao
ng ca cc mi lin kt ho hc nh l mi lin kt gia silic v oxy (Si-O); cc dao
ng ny c tn s cng hng vng hng ngoi (nng lng hp th lm cho mi
lin kt Si v O dui ra v co li lin tc) s hp th ny bt u ng gp vo s suy
hao t 1,6 m tr ln (y cng l gii hn suy hao ca si quang silica hin nay hay
ni cc khc, si quang silica khng th s dng ngoi vng ny).
Cc tp cht cng l ngun hp th chnh nh cc kim loi chuyn tip Fe, Cu,
V, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr v cc ion hydroxyl OH. Hp th do cc kim loi chuyn tip gy
bi cc lp v in t bn trong ca nguyn t khng c in y, nh sng hp th
lm chuyn in t t lp v c mc nng lng thp ln lp v c mc nng lng
cao. Tuy nhin, s hp th quan trong nht phi l hp th ca ion OH gy ra do s co
dn mi lin kt O-H vi tn s cng hng 2,73 m. nh hp th do vy cng
2,73 m. Cc hi cng to thnh t hp tn s cng hng nm vng ta quan tm,
trong quan trng nht l cc tn s gy suy hao 1,73; 1,23 v 0,95m. Ngoi ra,
cc hiu ng khuyt tt nguyn t, khuyt tt do bc x (nu si b chiu bi tia x, bc
x ht nhn...) cng ng gp vo hp th.
b) Tn x Rayleigh:
Hnh 2.26: S tn x Rayleigh xy ra trong sut

chiu di si quang gy suy hao nh sng trong si
31
Nguyn Vn Ho
Do cc phn t thu tinh chuyn ng ngu nhin khi nung thu tinh trong lc
sn xut si, chng nh v mt cch ngu nhin khi lm ngui lm thay i cc b mt
phn t, hay dn n s thay i cc b ca chit sut trong sut chiu di si.
Nhng s thay i ca chit sut ny c th m hnh ho nh l cc vt th rt nh, c
kch thc nh hn so vi bc sng nh sng (< ), gy nn s tn x nng lng ca
nh sng i qua dn ti s suy hao do tn x Rayleigh (Hnh 2.26). Cng tn x
Rayleigh t l vi -4 nn hiu ng tn x Rayleigh tng khi gim. V vy, trong vng
nhn thy suy hao do tn x Rayleigh ln hn ui ca hp th cc tm, gim dn v
tr nn nh hn so vi hp th hng ngoi khi > 1,6 m.
Nu thu tinh cha nhiu hn mt loi oxit , s thng ging v mt ca cc
oxit thnh phn cng gy nn suy hao do tn x Rayleigh.
Hai loi suy hao do tn x Rayleigh ny cn c gi l suy hao do mt v
suy hao do thnh phn v c gi chung l cc mt mt thun, chng khng th loi
b c d c ci tin cng ngh ch to si nh th no i na.
Nhng s khng ng nht gy ra trong qu trnh ch to thu tinh (do s ho
trn v ho tan khng hon ton ca cc ho cht thnh phn) c kch thc ln hn
bc sng cng gy nn tn x. Khc vi tn x Rayleigh , s tn x ny khng ph
thuc vo bc sng nh sng v c th kim sot c bng vic ci tin cng ngh
ch to si quang.
c) Cc hiu ng hnh hc:
Cc hiu ng hnh hc nh s un cong si cng gy nn suy hao. Hai loi un
cong c th xy ra l vi un cong v un cong v m. Khi si quang b un cong , v d
di mt gc no , s gy nn tn hao, tuy nhin si c th un cong vi bn knh R
= 10 cm m khng c tn hao ng k, l un cong v m. Thng thng, si c th
un cong vi R = 150 ng knh si (R = 1,9 cm cho = 125 m ) m khng b gy.
Khi bn knh un cong nh hn gi tr m iu kin ton phn khng m bo s gy
suy hao (suy hao cho cc mode nh sng bc cao hn d xy ra hn so vi mode bc
thp).
32

, dB/km
100
Nguyn Vn Ho
Suy hao tng
10
Hp th
hng ngoi
1
0.1
Hp th OH
Hp th
t ngoi
Suy hao do
tn x
0.01
0.5
1 1.2 1.5
2 3
10
( m)
Hnh 2.27: Cc loi suy hao thnh phn chnh v

ng h s tn hao tng ph thuc theo bc sng
Vi un cong xy ra do s khng hon thin ca b mt gia lp v v li si

quang xy ra trong qu trnh ko si hoc khi si c a vo trong cp nhng
phi chu mt lc nn no , hoc do chnh qu trnh bc cp gy ra (v vy dng cp
ng lng hn ch c vi un cong hn). Cc vi un cong gy nn s ghp hay lin kt
gia cc mode nh sng v mt phn nh sng do lin kt mode s i ra khi si quang.
Tm li, c nhiu c ch dn n suy hao trong si quang, tuy nhin cc c ch
chnh ng gp vo suy hao tng cng ca si c th hin trn hnh 2.27.
o suy hao trong si quang ngi ta s dng phng php OTDR (Optical
Time Domain Refectomettry). Hnh 2.28 cho thy s nguyn l phng php o
OTDR. Thit b o OTDR pht mt xung nh sng ngn vo si quang v o thi gian
cn thit xung phn x ca xung nh sng quay tr v thit b. Xung laser c
pht ra v ghp vo si quang.
33
Nguyn Vn Ho
OTDR
Si quang 1
Laser xung
B ghp
quang
Connector
Xung
gc
Si quang 2
Mi hn
u cui
si
u thu PD
Khuch i
Lock-in
Vert.
Horiz.
Hnh 2.28: S nguyn l phng php o OTDR
Khi xung laser truyn trong si quang, nu si l l tng, s tn x ngc

Rayleigh s xy ra ng u trong si v nu c s suy hao ng u, cng sut nh
sng phn x s gim vi cng mt dc dc theo si theo thi gian (v theo khong
cch). Tn ti mt di si nht nh gi l vng cht, nu si cn o c di nh
hn di , thit b OTDR khng ghi c tn hiu phn x do tn x ngc v u
thu b bo ho bi tn hiu phn x li mt phn nhng rt mnh t b ghp (coupler).
Vng cht ny thng bng di si t b ghp ti connector trong thit b OTDR,
xung nh sng phi i qua mt qung ng xc nh bng vng cht ny cho php c
thi gian u thu thot khi trng thi bo ho. Si quang vng cht phi khng
c bt k s d thng no v c th di ti ~ 1 km. Tuy nhin, s suy hao b sung ca
si vng cht lm cho cng sut quang phn x t si quang cn o b gim i. nh
sng phn x do tn x ngc trong si quang 1 gim dn, ti khi gp mi hn gia si
1 v si 2 s t ngt tng ln mt lng do phn x trn mi hn v sau li gim
t t trong si 2, cui ca si 2 s c s tng t ngt khc do phn x u si. Kt
qu o OTDR c th hin th ln mn hnh nh trn hnh 2.29.
Ta c th xc nh khong cch n cc im d thng (mi hn, ch gy
si,) theo cng thc:
Khong cch = (3 x 108 .m.s-1 x Thi gian lan truyn .s )/2 x n1
34
Nguyn Vn Ho
vi n1 l chit sut li si. Ghi li cc im c bit hay d thng c th xc nh v tr

cc ch gy v cc ngun mt mt khc ca si. chnh xc php o ph thuc vo
phn gii ca thit b OTDR v s chnh xc ca gi tr n1. phn gii ca thit b
ph thuc vo rng xung laser. Thng thng, laser diode c rng xung 10 ns
cho phn gii ca thit b OTDR ~ 6 m. Di ng ca thit b OTDR cho php xc
nh khong cch o ti a cho php ca thit b. Di ng ca thit b OTDR thng
l 20dB, nu nh s trn suy hao trn mi hn l 0,02dB c b qua, suy hao ca
si quang = 1,3 m l 0,5 dB / km, ta c phm vi hot ng ca thit b l: 20dB
/ 0,5dB/km = 40 km.
Cng sut tn x ngc

tng i ,dB
S phn x connector
Si 1
S phn x mi hn
Si 2
u si
10
Khong cch (km)
Hnh 2.29: Kt qu in hnh trong php o OTDR
35
Nguyn Vn Ho
Chng 3. TN SC TRONG SI QUANG
Bin
xung
3.1 Tn sc ca si quang
Xung li vo
Bin
xung
Khong cch (km)
Xung li ra
Khong cch (km)

Hnh 3.1: Hiu ng m rng xung nh sng khi truyn s liu trong si quang: a)
Cc xung li vo c phn gii tt, b) Cc xung li ra b chng ln nhau (khng
phn gii c)
Khi xung nh sng lan truyn trong mi trng tn sc, v d trong si quang
thu tinh silica, s m rng theo thi gian do hiu ng tn sc nh trnh by trn hnh
3.1.
u vo si quang cc xung nh sng c phn gii tt nhng u ra
chng b m rng v c th chng ln nhau dn ti u thu quang s khng phn gii
ni hai xung. S m rng xung nh sng trong si quang s gii hn tc truyn s
liu. Tn sc thp c ngha l tc s liu cao v cc xung truyn i c th gn st
nhau hn v c t s chng ph li ra.
Tn ti trong si quang ba loi tn sc chnh l tn sc vt liu (cn gi l tn
sc mu), tn sc ng dn sng v tn sc mode .
3.2. Tn sc vt liu :
S tn sc vt liu xy ra do tc nh sng (hay chit sut) l hm s ca bc
sng. Trong vt liu thu tinh silica chit sut ph thuc vo bc sng nh trnh by
trn hnh 3.2.
36
n()
Nguyn Vn Ho
1.462
1.460
1.458
1.456
1.454
1.452
1.450
1.448
1.446
1.444
1.442
600
800
1000
1200
(nm)
1400
1600
Hnh 3.2: S ph thuc ca chit sut vo bc sng

trong thu tinh silica
Trong si n mode tn sc vt liu l vt tri vng bc sng ngn ( =

800 900 nm). Ngun sng c rng ph 0 ngha l cc bc sng di hn s
c tc lan truyn (v=c/n) ln hn, chng t n u thu sm hn v gy ra s gin
xung. Ta c th tnh s m rng xung do tn sc vt liu t thi gian nh sng lan
truyn trong si quang c di L vi tc nhm v:
L
v
vi tc nhm
d
c xc nh v 1
. Ta c [1]:
d
d
d d
L
d
d d
(2.47)
V rng = c/v = 2c/ ta tm c

d
2 c
1 2 c

c
Thay phng trnh (2.48) vo (2.47) ta thu c
(2.48)
d
L d
L 2 d
( )
d
d
2 c d
(2.49)
Ta bit rng = 2n()/ nn

L 2 d
L 2 2 n 2 n '

2 c d
2 c 2

L
L
dn( )
[n n '] n( )
c
c
d
S m rng xung do rng ph ngun sng l
37
(2.50)
Nguyn Vn Ho
d L dn( )
d 2n d
L d 2 n
d c d
d
dn
c d 2
(2.51)
Nhn vi ta c biu thc cho tn sc vt liu

L d 2 n
L 2 d 2 n
(
)
c d 2
c
d 2
`(2.52)
Hay c th vit s m rng xung do tn sc vt liu nh sau

mat
L 2 d 2 n1
(
)
c
d2
(2.53)
vi L l di si quang trong nh sng lan truyn, l rng ph ca ngun

sng, l bc sng danh nh ca ngun sng v n1 l chit sut ca li si quang.
S ph thuc 2 (d 2 n d 2 ) vo cho thu tinh silica c th hin trn hnh
3.3. Ti bc sng = 1,27 m s ph thuc ny i du hay tn sc vt liu bng 0
dn ti khng c s m rng xung (mat = 0 ).
0.08
2(dn2/d2)
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
-0.02
600
800
1000
1200
(nm)
1400
1600
Hnh 3.3: S ph thuc ca 2 (d 2 n d 2 ) vo bc

sng trong thu tinh silica
V d tnh tn sc vt liu = 850nm cho si a mode 62,5/125 vi n1 = 1,48;

=1,5%, theo hnh 3.3 ta c 2d2n1/d2=0,022 nn
max
86,3 ps.km1 .nm 1
L
Khi = 1500nm ta c 2d2n1/d2=0,007 nn

max
15,5 ps.km1.nm1
L
3.3) Tn sc dn sng:
Trong si quang h s lan truyn mode tng i b ( hay chit sut n1) ph
thuc vo tn s chun ho V (mc 2.4.2.1, hnh 2.20). Tn s chun ho V t l vi
38
Nguyn Vn Ho
a/ hay chit sut ph thuc vo bc sng i vi mt dy ca dn sng xc nh,

thm ch c khi nu mi trng dn sng khng phi l tn sc (khng c tn sc vt
liu), l tn sc dn sng. y dy dn sng l ng knh li si quang d =
2a.
Ta cng c th bin i li hnh 2.20 theo dng hnh 2.33 vi chit sut hiu
dng neff c xc nh [2]
neff
(2.54)
Chit sut hiu dng, neff
vi l hng s lan truyn, k l s sng.
3.6
TE0, TM0
TE1, TM1
3.58
TE2, TM2
3.55
TE3, TM3
d/
0
Hnh 3.4 : S ph thuc ca chit sut hiu dng vo bc sng
S thay i ca chit sut hiu dng neff dn n s m rng xung ging nh

trong trng hp thay i chit sut n1 (khi mi trng l tn sc).
Ngay c trong mi trng khng tn sc, ngha l khi chit sut n khng ph
thuc vo bc sng (khi khng c tn sc vt liu), nu c cu trc dn sng cng
s c tn sc dn sng. vng bc sng = 1,27 m s tn sc dn sng tr nn
quan trng v vng ny tn sc vt liu 0. Thng thng tn sc dn sng l khng
ng k trong si a mode v trong si n mode hot ng vng sng di 1m
nhng n khng nh i vi si n mode hot ng vng gn 1,27 m. Nh trn
ni, s tn sc dn sng xy ra do hng s lan truyn ca mode nh sng l hm s
ca a/. V do vy, tc truyn nh sng v d d cng l hm s ca a/. Thi
gian tr ch thun gy ra bi tn sc dn sng c th biu din [1] :
L d
(2.55)
wg
c dk
Hng s lan truyn chun ho c nh ngha nh trn
39

V
Nguyn Vn Ho
d 2 (Vb ) 0,6
dV 2
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
Thng s V ca si quang
2,4
Hnh 3.5: S ph thuc ca Vd2(Vb)/dV2 vo V cho mode bc thp nht

trong si quang
( k )2 n22 ( k ) n2
b
n12 n22
n1 n2
T y ta c
n2 k (b 1)
(2.57)
y b l hm s ca V (v ca k), thay (2.57) vo (2.55) ta c

wg
L
d (kb)
n2 n2
c
dk
(2.58)
Ta c th lm gn ng tn s chun ho V vi k = 2/
2 a
(2.59)
V
n 2 kan2 2
1
V c th vit
wg
L
d (Vb)
n2 n2
c
dV
(2.60)
n2 L d (Vb )
C
dV
(2.61)
B qua thnh phn c nh ta c

wg ( )
Ta mun c rng ph ca ngun sng trong biu thc thi gian tr do tn sc

dn sng. S khc bit trong thi gian lan truyn khi rng ph nh sng l
(khc bit v wg ca bc sng u v cui):
wg
d wg
d
dV d wg
d dV
40
(2.62)

V V
2 a
n1 2 ta c th tnh dV/d = -V/ . Ta c th tnh dwg/dV t (2.61) v c
S tr do tn sc (ps)
wg
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
1,20
Nguyn Vn Ho
d wg
dV
n2 L d 2 (Vb)
(V
)
c
dV 2
(2.63)
Tn sc bng 0
Tn sc vt liu
Tn sc ng dn sng
Tn sc tng
1,22 1,24
1,26
1,28
1,30
1,32
1,34
1,36
1,38
1,40
Bc sng ( m )
Hnh 3.6: S cng tn sc vt liu v tn sc dn sng trong
si quang n mode to nn tn sc bng 0 ~ 1,37 m .
L biu thc mong mun cho tn sc dn sng. Hnh 3.6 cho thy s ph thuc V
d2(Vb)/dV2 vo V cho mode bc thp nht trong si quang. Mode bc thp nht tng
ng vi V = 2,0 2,4 , trong khong ny V d2(Vb)/dV2 gim dn t 0,64 xung 0,25.
V vy tn sc dn sng cho ta gi tr m
wg
2
n 1 d (Vb)
2 V
L
dV 2
c
(2.64)
V d cho si n mode 9/125 vi = 1300nm, n1 = 1,48, = 0,22%, ta c th tnh

2a
2
2
c V
n1 2 2,14 ; theo th trn hnh 2.34 ta tnh c V d (Vb)/dV
0,480 V = 2,14; n2 n1 (1 ) 1,47 nn wg/L = -4,00 ps.km-1.nm-1.3.4

3.4. Tn sc tng:
Ta c th tn sc tng ca si quang n mode gm tn sc vt liu v tn sc
dn sng nh trnh by trn hnh 3.6. gim thiu tn sc tng cn hot ng bc
sng di hn 1,27 m gi tr tn sc vt liu dng nh c th c b tr bi gi tr
tn sc dn sng m to nn gi tr tn sc tng bng 0.
41
Nguyn Vn Ho
Si thng thng
20
Tn sc
ps
nm.km 10
Si lm bng tn sc
0
Si dch tn sc
-10
-20
1300
1400
1500
1600
, nm
Hnh 3.7: Tn sc trong si quang n mode thng thng, si dch tn

sc v lm bng tn sc.
ln ca tn sc dn sng ph thuc vo phn b tp, mc pha tp (hay

chit sut t i ) v bn knh li si a. V vy, bng cc t hp khc nhau gia v
a i vi phn b pha tp tam gic hay loi phn b khc c th t c tn sc tng
bng 0 bc sng nm trong khong 1,3 1,7 m. Nh vy, c th to tn sc tng
bng 0 1,55 m (ni c suy hao si nh nht), qu trnh ny gi l s lm dch tn
sc v si quang c ch to nh vy gi l si dch tn sc (Hnh 3.7). Hnh 3.8 l
cu trc si quang dch tn sc vi cc phn b chit sut dng tam gic (a) v dng
tam gic vi chit sut lp v h thp (b). Phng php thay i phn b tp (hay phn
b chit sut) trong si lm cho tn sc l nh nht trong sut c di bc sng 1,3
1,55 m gi l s lm bng tn sc v si quang l si lm bng tn sc (Hnh 3.8). Si
lm bng tn sc c th c phn b chit sut lp v kp dng ch W hoc phn b
phn on.
n(r)
n(r)
n1
n1
n2
a
n2
n3
a1 a2
r
b)
a)
Hnh 3.8: Cc cu trc si quang dch tn sc vi phn b chit sut

dng tam gic (a) v dng tam gic vi chit sut lp v h thp (b).
42
Nguyn Vn Ho
3.5. Tn sc mode:
S tr theo nhm hay tn sc mode l quan trng trong si quang a mode, n
gy nn bi cc di ng lan truyn khc nhau ca cc mode khc nhau trong si
quang cng nh do s khc bit trong h s lan truyn ca tng mode.
Tn sc mode trong si chit sut bc:
Trong si a mode chit sut bc ta li coi tng mode l cc tia i ti vi cc
gc hi khc nhau. Mi mt mode c cc ng i hi khc nhau v tc lan truyn
khc nhau. Mode nhanh nht l c gc ti i = 90o so vi mt tip gip li-v v mode
chm nht l c gc ti bng gc ti ti hn i = c (xem hnh 2.3), hay ng i ngn
nht bng di si quang L v ng i di nht l L/sinc . Vi tc nhm v = c/n1
(b qua s khc bit v hng s lan truyn gia cc mode) ta c [3]
mod al
L n12
n1 L
c sin c
c
n
2
(2.65)
Thi gian tr gia mode nhanh nht v chm nht cn gi l s mo do tr xung

theo mode cng c th c biu din theo thng s V [1]
mod al
L n1 n2
1
c
V
(2.66)
V V>10 cho cc si a mode nn ta c th tnh gn ng :

mod al
Ln1
c
(2.68)
V d cho si quang chit sut bc 50/125 vi n1=1,47, =1,5% v bc sng

hot ng 850 nm ta c
mod al
73,5ns.km1
L
Khi truyn s liu tc bit ti a BRmax c th tnh theo cng thc BR max
1
4
vi l s m rng xung. Nu tn sc mode gii hn tc bit ta c

BR max
1
4 mod al
(2.69)
Tn sc mode trong si chit sut bin i u:

Trong si quang a mode chit sut bin i u, cc mode bc cao phi i
qung ng di hn cc mode bc thp nhng chng i qua vng xa tm c chit sut
nh hn nn tc trung bnh ca chng ln hn. Nu tnh gn ng bc mt th qung
ng di hn c b tr bi tc ln hn nn cc mode ri khi im ct vi trc
43
Nguyn Vn Ho
si ti mt thi im s t ti im ct tip theo vi trc si cng ti cng mt thi

im. Thi gian lan truyn cho mode th m trong si quang chit sut bin i u
c tnh ton phc tp v ph thuc vo h s phn b chit sut g [1]
mod al
LN g1 g 2 m g /( g 2) 2 3g 2 2
c
g
2
N
2
g2
m

N
2 g /( g 2)
...
(2. 70
( + l cc thnh phn bc cao vi 3, 4, v.v.) vi

2n1 d
,
N g1 d
N g1 n1
dn1
v
d
g
N a 2 k 2 n12
g 2
(2.72)
Cc thng tin v d/d v dn1/d l nhng s ph thuc vo vt liu v bc sng. Ta

c th chn h s phn b chit sut g l ti u (gopt) gim thiu thi gian tr ca cc
mode
2n d
g gopt 2 2 1
(2.73)
N g1 d
Nu gi s ch c tn sc mode, cn tn sc vt liu b qua ta c th tnh gn ng
g opt 2
12
5
(2.74)
tr mod al gia mode bc thp nht v mode bc cao nht tnh c l [1]:
modal
( g g opt ) L
n1
( g 2)c
2
n1 L
2c
g gopt
(2.75)
g=gopt
modal c th l dng hay m tu thuc vo t l gia g v gopt. Khi modal < 0

ngha l cc mode bc cao t ti im ct trc si trc cc mode bc thp.
Trn thc t tn sc tng trong si quang a mode chit sut bin i u ~0,2
ns.km-1 cho ngun sng l laser diode v ~1,0 nm.km-1 cho ngun sng l LED. Nh
vy trong cc si a mode th tn sc mode l vt tri, so snh gia si a mode chit
sut bc v si chit sut bin i u c cng kch c th tn sc mode si chit sut
bin i u nh hn.
3.6. Tn sc phi tuyn
Hiu ng quang c gi l phi tuyn nu cc tham s ca n ph thuc vo
cng nh sng (cng sut). Cc hin tng phi tuyn c th b qua i vi cc h
thng thng tin quang hot ng mc cng sut va phi (vi mW) vi tc bit ln
n 2.5 Gbps. Tuy nhin, tc bit cao hn nh 10 Gbps v cao hn v/hay mc
cng sut truyn dn ln, vic xt cc hiu ng phi tuyn l rt quan trng. Trong cc
44
Nguyn Vn Ho
h thng WDM, cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th tr nn quan trng thm ch cng sut
v tc bit va phi.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia ra lm hai loi. Loi th nht pht sinh do tc
ng qua li gia cc sng nh sng vi cc phonon (rung ng phn t) trong mi
trng silica- mt trong nhiu loi hiu ng tn x m chng ta xem xt l tn x
Rayleigh. Hai hiu ng chnh trong loi ny l tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS) v
tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS).
Loi th hai sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut vo cng in trng
hot ng, t l vi bnh phng bin in trng. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn quan
trng trong loi ny l hiu ng t iu pha (SPM - Self-Phase Modulation), hiu ng
iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation) v hiu ng trn bn bc sng
(FWM - Four-Wave Mixing). Loi hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng Kerr.
Trong cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn, nng lng t mt sng nh sng c
chuyn sang mt sng nh sng khc c bc sng di hn (hoc
hn). Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc dao ng phn t hoc
phonon lin quan n s khc nhau gia SBS v SRS). Sng th hai
Stokes. Sng th nht c th gi l sng bm (Pump) gy ra s
nng lng thp

cc phonon (loi
c gi l sng
khuch i sng
Stokes. Khi sng bm truyn trong si quang, n b mt nng

lng v sng Stokes nhn thm nng lng. Trong trng hp SBS, sng bm
l sng tn hiu v sng Stokes l sng khng mong mun c to ra do qu trnh tn
x. Trong trng hp SRS, sng bm l sng c nng lng cao v sng Stokes l
sng tn hiu c khuch i t sng bm.
Ni chung, cc hiu ng tn x c c trng bi h s li g, c o bng
m/w (meters per watt) v rng ph f (i vi li tng ng) v cng sut
ngng Pth ca nh sng ti - mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x l 3 dB, tc
l mt na cng sut trn ton b di si quang. H s li l mt i lng ch
cng ca hiu ng phi tuyn. Trong trng hp t iu pha SPM, cc xung truyn
b hin tng chirp (tn s xung truyn i thay i theo thi gian). iu ny lm cho h
s chirp (chirped factor) tr nn ng k cc mc nng lng cao. S c mt ca
hin tng chirp lm cho hiu ng gin xung do tn sc mu tng ln. Do vy, chirp
xy ra do SPM (SPM induced chirp) c th gy tng gin xung do tn sc mu trong
h thng. i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, chirp do SPM c th lm tng mt cch
ng k gin xung do tn sc mu thm ch cc mc cng sut va phi. nh
hng ca SPM khng ch ph thuc vo du tham s GVD (Group Velocity
Dispersion) m cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca h thng.
45
Nguyn Vn Ho
Trong h thng WDM a knh, chirp xy ra trong mt knh ph thuc vo s

thay i chit sut theo cng ca cc knh khc. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu
ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation). Khi xem xt hin tng
chirp trong mt knh do s thay i chit sut theo cng ca chnh knh , ta gi
l hiu ng ny SPM. Trong cc h thng WDM, mt hiu ng quan trng khc l
hiu ng trn bn bc sng. Nu h thng WDM bao gm cc tn s f1, f2, , fn,
hiu ng trn bn bc sng sinh ra cc tn hiu ti cc tn s nh l 2fi - fj, v fi + fj fk. Cc tn hiu mi ny gy ra xuyn knh (crosstalk) vi cc tn hiu c sn h thng.
Xuyn knh ny nh hng c bit nghim trng khi khong cch gia cc knh hp.
Vic gim tn sc mu lm tng xuyn knh gy ra bi hiu ng trn bn bc sng.
V vy, h thng s dng si quang dch chuyn tn sc chu nh hng ca hiu ng
trn bn bc sng nhiu hn l h thng s dng si n mode. Tuy nhin hin tng
ny c th loi b nu duy tr mt t tn sc mu trong si quang [3].
Nhn chung cc nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn gim i khi s dng si
quang c din tch li hiu dng ln [3].
3.7 S m rng xung do tn sc:
Chng ta s dng thi gian tr ca sng nh sng c trng cho s tn sc
trong si, nu xung c m t bi phng trnh p(t) v trng hp xung i xng ta
c bnh phng trung bnh rng xung s
2 t 2 p(t )dt
(2.76)
rng xung li ra ca si quang l t hp ca rng xung ngun sng in v s

gin rng xung gy ra do tn sc fiber :
2
2
out
in2 fiber
(2.77)
m rng xung do tn sc s l:
2
2
2
fiber
mod
al material
(2.78)
Cn qun phng (RMS) ca gin rng xung do tn sc vt liu:

mat
2 d 2 n1
2
d
(2.79)
vi l RMS ca rng ph ngun sng.

Tn sc mode (cho si chit sut bc) gy ra gin rng xung:
mod alSI
Ln1 L( NA)2
2c 3 4 3n1c
(2.80)
Tc bit ti a c th t c trong si l (gi s rng xung li vo nh b

qua c):
46
Nguyn Vn Ho
R max
0, 2
i vi si chit sut bc SI ta c:
BR max
0,8 3n1c
L( NA)3
(2.81)
i vi si chit sut bin i u GRIN s tnh ton phc tp hn v c th c:
mod al
0, 246 LNLg1 g g opt
c g 2
0,150 LN g1 2
1 g gopt
(2.82)
g = gopt
Nh ta thy trn hnh 3.9 s gin rng xung rt nhy vi thay i ca g, khi g g opt ta
c:
n1L
2c 3
(g=gopt)
RMS gin xung, modal (ns/km)
mod al
(2.83)
gop = 1,9
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

H s phn b chit sut, g
2.6
2.8 3.0
Hnh 3.9 : S m rng xung in hnh, modal , cho si GRIN ph thuc

vo phn b chit sut
T vic xem xt tnh cht tn sc ca si quang ta thy i vi mt gi tr tn

sc nht nh, khong cch truyn dn ln hn i hi khong cch gia cc xung nh
sng ln hn khng b chng ph gia cc xung khi c s m rng xung do tn sc,
iu ny dn ti vic tc li bt BER khng m bo. Tt c cc loi tn sc chng
ta xem xt u ph thuc tuyn tnh vo khong cch truyn, v vy tch ca tc s
liu v khong cch truyn v l thuyt l khng i nn tng khong cch truyn s b
47
Nguyn Vn Ho
thua thit v tc truyn dn. Mi loi si quang c c trng bi tch tc s

liu - khong cch truyn khc nhau, i vi si quang n mode tch ny vo khong
vi Gb.s-1.km, i vi si quang a mode chit sut bin i u l vi trm Mb.s-1.km
v i vi si quang a mode chit sut bc l vi chc Mb.s-1.km
3.8. Ch to si quang
Vic ch to si quang silica dng trong thng tin quang si bao gm hai giai
on []. Trong giai on u tin phng php lng ng t pha hi c p dng
to ra preform (phi) hnh tr vi s phn b chit sut nh mong mun. Thng
thng, preform c di 1 m v ng knh 2 cm, gm cc lp li v v vi cc
dy cn thit. Trong giai on th hai preform c ko thnh si bng vic s dng
c cu cp hay dch chuyn preform vo l nung vi tc cn thit.
Mt s phng php c th s dng ch to preform. Ba phng php ph
bin l lng ng pha hi ho ho hc ci tin (MCVD), lng ng pha hi t pha
ngoi (OVD) v lng ng pha hi ng trc (VAD). Hnh 3.10 cho thy s khi
ca qu trnh MCVD [2].
O2
SiCl4
Hi ho
cht
ng
thch anh
Hi x
ra (O2,
Cl4)
GeCl4
n hn
O2-H2
BCl4
O2
H2
Hnh 2.39: Qu trnh MCVD ch to perform cho si

quang
Trong qu trnh ny nhiu lp SiO2 k tip nhau c lng ng ln thnh pha

trong ng thch anh nh s trn hi SiCl4 v O2 nhit vo khong 1800oC.
m bo s ng u, n hn ngn la O2-H2 nhiu u t c di chuyn dc theo
chiu di ng thch anh theo hng ti v lui nh s dng h dch chuyn t ng.
ng thi, ng thch anh cng c xoay xung quanh trc. Chit sut ca lp v c
kim sot bng cch a thm flo vo trong ng thch anh. Khi dy lp v t n
48
Nguyn Vn Ho
ln cn thit, lp li c hnh thnh nh a thm vo ng hi GeCl 3 hay POCl3.

Cc hi ho cht ny phn ng vi xy to thnh cc tp cht GeO2 v P2O5:
GeCl4 + O2 GeO2 + 2Cl2,
4POCl3 + 3O2 2P2O5 + 6Cl2.
Tc dng hi GeCl4 hay POCl3 xc nh khi lng tp cht hay s tng tng ng
ca chit sut lp li. Si quang chit sut bin i u c th ch to bng cch thay
i tc dng kh t lp ny sang lp khc trong vng li. Khi tt c cc lp to nn
li c lng ng cn nng nhit ca n hn lm co hp ng thnh mt
thanh silica c hnh tr (preform).
Qu trnh MCVD cng cn c gi l phng php lng ng pha hi bn
trong v cc lp li v v c lng ng bn trong ng thch anh. Ngc li, trong
cc qu trnh OVD v VAD cc lp li v v c lng ng theo s tng t
nhng bn ngoi ca trc quay nh dng phng php thu phn ngn la (cc hi
ho cht c xy ho trong ngn la). Cc hi ho cht c a thng vo n hn
cng chy vi nhin liu ca n. S lng ng to ra cc ht thu tinh xp bm ln
trn trc. Khi qu trnh lng ng kt thc, trc c ly i trc khi cc ht thu tinh
c thiu kt. Vic thiu kt to thnh ng thu tinh silica c thc hin trong l
t. ng thu tinh nhn c s c t nng co hp li to thnh preform. Qu
trnh OVD l khi trc quay nm ngang, cc ht thu tinh bm xung quanh trc, cn qu
trnh VAD l trc quay thng ng, s lng ng xy ra mt u trc, ni tip xc
vi ngn la.
Hnh 3.11 cho thy giai on tip theo l vic ko si quang t preform.
Preform c gn vo gi v c cp (hay dch chuyn) vo l t cao tn (RF) c
nhit khong 2000oC, vic dch chuyn c kim sot bng mt c cu chnh xc.
ng knh si c kim sot bng phng php quang s dng hnh nh nhiu x
ca tia laser chiu vo si. ng knh si thay i lm hnh nh nhiu x thay i gy
ra s thay i dng ca photodiode thu nh sng nhiu x. Dng ny tc dng nh tn
hiu iu khin c cu mt servo iu chnh tc ko si. Bng phng php ny
ng knh si c th gi khng i trong phm vi 0,1%. Lp o polyme c ph ln
si trong qu trnh ko si va nhm mc ch bo v c hc v bo m cc tnh cht
truyn dn ca si, ng knh lp o in hnh l 250 m tuy nhin cng c th ln
ti 900 m tu theo loi si. Cc vt liu ph c th l kynar, epoxy, silicon RTV, cao
su ng cng bng UV, Lc ko cng ca si cng c kim sot trong qu trnh
ko si. Tc ko si nm trong di 0,2 0,5 m/s v cn vi gi ko si quang
t mt perform.
49
Nguyn Vn Ho
Gi v dch
chuyn preform
Preform
L t
cao tn
B kim sot
ng knh si
B ph lp
o polyme
L (hay n) lm
cng lp o
Si
quang
Ti
Trng cun si
Hnh 3.11 : Thit b ko si quang
Trn y ch l s m t ngn, khi qut v chu trnh ch to si quang, trong

thc t, vic ko si quang i hi cc thit b chnh xc, t tin v phi tun th mt
s lng ln cc chi tit, quy trnh k thut nghim ngt c c si quang vi cc
tnh nng k thut cn thit.
Bi tp chng 3:
Bi 1: Gi s c si quang a mode 50/125 vi chit sut li l 1,49 v chit sut t i
= 1,5%, hy tnh gc nhn ti a v khu s ca si quang.
p n: Theo cng thc (2.7) ta c gc nhn ti a:
o sin 1 (n1 2 ) sin 1 (1, 49 2(0,015) 14,96o
Khu s ca si quang s l:
NA n1 2 1, 49 2(0,015) 0, 258
50
Nguyn Vn Ho
Bi 2: Gi s c si quang vi bn knh li a = 25m v chit sut li n 1 = 1,45 . Nu bc

sng truyn trong si l 1550 nm, hy tnh s mode s lan truyn trong si trong hai trng
hp khi chit sut t i l = 0,9% v 3,5%.
p n: Theo cng thc (2.37) ta c tn s chun ho V khi = 0,9% :

V
2 a
2 (25 106 1, 45)

2
1550 109
1
T trn hnh (2.20) ta thy V =
Gi tr thng s V khi = 3,5%:
V
2 a
2(0, 009)
s ch c mt mode lan truyn.
n1 2
2 (25 106 1, 45)

1550 109
2(0, 035)
gi tr V = ta c mode lan truyn trong si quang.

Bi 3: Gi s si quang c h s suy hao 0,6 dB/km 1300 nm, nu c cng sut
quang 100 W c a vo si t ngun pht quang hi cng sut khong cch 22
km trn si s l bao nhiu?
p n: Cng sut quang li vo si quang tnh theo dBm:
Pin (dBm) 10log(
Pin (watts)
100 106
)
10log(
) 10log(101 ) 10, 0dBm
-3
3
110
110
Mt mt trn si quang khong cch 22 km l 6 dB/km x 22 km = 13,2 dB

Cng sut quang khong cch 22 km:
Pout (dBm) = Pin (dBm) - Mt mt (dB) = -10 13,2 = -23,2 dBm
Cng sut quang ny tnh theo watts s l
Pout= 10-23,2/10 = 4,78 x 10-3 mW = 4,78 m.
Bi 4: Tnh tn sc vt liu theo n v chun ho ps.km-1.nm ti cc bc sng 850
nm v 1550 nm nu si quang a mode 62,5/125 c chit sut li n1 = 1,48 v chit
sut t i = 1,5%.
p n: T cng thc (2.53) ta c tr chun ha hay tn sc vt liu:
mat
1 2 d 2 n1
(
)
L
c
d 2
Theo th trn hnh 2.32 ta c gi tr 2 (d 2 n d 2 ) gn bng 0,022 = 850 nm nn:

mat
d 2 n1
1
1
( 2
)
(0, 022)
2
8
L
c
d
(3, 0 10 )(850 109 )
= -8,63 x 10-5 s.m-1.m-1 = -86,3 ps.km-1.nm-1

Ti bc sng 1500 nm ta c gi tr 2 (d 2 n d 2 ) 0,007 nn:
mat
d 2 n1
1
1
( 2
)
(0, 007)
2
8
L
c
d
(3, 0 10 )(1500 109 )
= +1,55 x 10-5 s.m-1.m-1 = +15,5 ps.km-1.nm-1
51
Nguyn Vn Ho
CHNG 4: MY PHT QUANG

4.1 Gii thiu
My pht quang hay b bin i in quang (E/O) nhm bin i tn hiu in
thnh tn hiu quang truyn i trong si quang. My pht quang gm cc mch in
t v ngun sng. Ngun sng s dng y l ngun sng bn dn: diode pht quang
LED hay laser bn dn LD. Cc ngun sng bn dn c s dng trong thng tin
quang v chng c cc u im nh kch thc gn nh, d ghp ni vi si quang,
ngun nui th thp, bin iu n gin, c di bc sng pht v cng sut pht rng,
tin cy hot ng cao v gi thnh r. Cc ngun sng vng sng ngn t 500 nm
n 1000 nm ch yu trn c s vt liu GaAlAs, vng sng di t 1200 nm n 1600
nm da trn c s vt liu InGaAsP. Cc LED v LD s dng hin nay c cu trc d
chuyn tip p-n kp ch to bng phng php to cc lp epitaxi trn cc bn dn
GaAs hay InP.
4.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca LED v laser bn dn:

4.2.1 S pht ra nh sng ca cht bn dn
Cc cht bn dn c cu trc vng nng lng gm c vng ho tr E v c in
y in t v vng dn Ec cao hn khng cha in t khi khng c s kch thch.
Hai vng nng lng ny c phn cch bi vng cm Eg, ngha l khng c trng thi
in t hay l trng (ht c in tch ngc du vi in tch ca in t v c gi tr
bng gi tr ca in tch in t). Khi mt in t e vng ho tr di tc ng ca
mt s kch thch no chuyn ln vng dn s li trong vng ho tr mt l trng
h. Nu s kch thch dng nh sng vi nng lng photon h (vi iu kin
h Eg , Eg l nng lng vng cm tnh bng eV) ta c s hp th nh sng (Hnh
4.1a). Trng thi ban u ca in t l trng thi c bn, trng thi sau ca in t l
trng thi kch thch. trng thi kch thch (trong vng dn) in t c xu th ti hp
tr li vi l trng vng ho tr. S ti hp ny c th l khng pht x, nng lng
ti hp s c truyn cho dao ng mng (phonon) hoc pht x . y l s pht x t
pht vi nh sng pht ra l khng c tnh kt hp, phn cc ngu nhin v theo nhng
hng ngu nhin. S pht x t pht ny cn gi l pht hunh quang c trng cho
diode pht quang (LED) .
52
Nguyn Vn Ho
Ec
Ec
h
Ev
a)
h
h
Ev
b)
Ec
Ev
c)
Hnh 4.1: Gin nng lng ca qu trnh hp th (a), bc x t

pht v bc x cng bc
Khi c nhiu in t c kch thch ln vng dn nh bm quang hay tim

bng dng in, s phn b ht ti s tr nn khng cn bng , cc mc chun Fermi:
EFC v EFV cho in t v l trng khi s l:
n
EFC EC kBT ln
NC
p
EFV EV k BT ln
NV
vi Ec v Ev l nng lng y vng dn v nh vng ha tr, kB l hng s
Boltzmann, T l nhit tuyt i, n v p l nng in t v l trng, NC v NV l
mt trng thi hiu dng ca in t v l trng c xc nh nh sau:
E EFC
n N C exp C
k BT
E EV
p NV exp FV
k BT
2 me*k BT
NC 2
h2
3/ 2
3/ 2
2 mh*k BT
NV 2
h2
(me* v mh* - khi lng hiu dng ca in t v l trng, h hng s Planck).

Xc sut lp y bi in t trong vng ha tr mc E1 hay xc sut in t c
mt ti E1 c biu din l f1 cho in t trong vng dn mc E2 l f2 c dng:
53
Nguyn Vn Ho
f1
1
E E FV
exp 1
k BT
f2
1
E E FC
exp 2
k BT
Xc sut l trng ti E1 = xc sut in t khng c mt ti E1 =1- f1. Tng t,

xc sut l trng mc E2 trong vng dn l 1- f2.
1 f1 1
1 f2
E E FV
f1
exp 1
k
T
E E FC
f 2
exp 2
k
T
1
E E FV
exp 1
k BT
1
E E FC
exp 2
k BT
Khi c s kch thch mnh, nhiu in t c chuyn t vng ho tr ln vng

dn ti khi c s o mt trng thi, ngha l mt in t vng dn (trng thi
kch thch) ln hn mt in t vng ho tr (trng thi c bn) v ta c iu kin
o mt trng thi. Bn dn khi tr nn suy bin, ngha l cc mc nng lng
Fermi cho in t Efc v l trng Efv nm su trong cc vng nng lng Ec v Ev
tng ng v iu kin o mt trng thi c th biu din nh sau [3,5]:
E fc E fv E2 E1 Eg
(4.1)
vi E1 v E2 l cc mc nng lng ca l trng trong vng ho tr v in t trong

vng dn. d t c iu kin o mt trng thi, cc bn dn ch to laser
thng l suy bin.
Khi , di tc ng ca xung nh sng bn ngoi hay nh sng ca bc x t
pht, cc in t vng dn b cng bc (hay cm ng) ti hp vi l trng vng
ha tr v pht ra nh sng c tn s ng bng tn s nh sng kch thch. l s
pht x cng bc quan st thy trong laser bn dn (Hnh 4.1c). nh sng cng bc
c cng tn s, ng pha, c cng phn cc v cng hng lan truyn vi nh sng
kch thch. Ta c nh sng kt hp vi rng ph nh sng nh hay tnh n sc
cao. Nh trn hnh 4.1c, trong iu kin o mt trng thi mt photon (sinh ra do
ti hp bc x t pht) kch thch hay cm ng cp in t -l trng ti hp sinh ra mt
photon khc c mi tnh cht ging ht photon ban u nhng photon ban u khng
mt i v ta c hai photon ging nhau. Hai photon ny li tip tc kch thch hay cm
54
Nguyn Vn Ho
ng cc cp in t khc ti hp sinh ra bc x cng bc vi cc photon ging nh

vy. Nh vy ta c s khuch i quang xy ra. Tuy nhin, nh sng bc x ny cn
c giam gi trong mi trng khuch i c tip tc khuch i nh cu trc
dn sng ca vng tch cc ngha l vng tch cc phi c chit sut ln hn cc vng
xung quanh. ng thi vi s khuch i quang s mt mt quang cng c th xy ra
do s ti hp th cc photon sinh ra do bc x cng bc, s tn x trong vng tch cc
do cc tm tp, khuyt tt, lm nh sng i lch v chui ra khi vng tch cc khng
tham gia tip tc vo qu trnh khuch i quang. y l cc mt mt ni.
H s khuch i quang g trn mt n v di c nh ngha [ ]:
gI
dI
(*)
dz
Hnh 4.2 : khuch i quang nhn c iu kin

o mt trng thi trong cht bn dn
vi I l cng nh trn mt n v din tch, z ta trn hng lan truyn nh

sng. Cng nh sng bc x do chuyn mc quang hc gia mc kch thch E 2 v
mc c bn E1 c nh ngha l I vE21 pht ( E21 ) , vi v l tc nhm, pht(E21) l
mt photon v E21 = E2-E1= h l nng lng photon. Khi c nh sng chiu ti vt
liu vng tch cc, c hai qu trnh bc x cng bc v hp th c th xy ra ng
thi nn tc ti hp bc x cng bc thc s l hiu ca tc ti hp bc x
cng bc v tc hp th. Trn c s tnh ton tc hp th r12,abs, tc ti hp
bc x cng bc r21,stim gia hai mc nng lng E1 v E2 trong cht bn dn, t cng
thc (*) ta c s ph thuc ca h s khuch i quang g vo tc ti hp bc x
cng bc thc r0stim ( r0stim= r21,stim - r12,abs)
r 0 stim vgn pht ( E21 )
Ngha l tc ti hp bc x cng bc thc cng ln ta c h s khuch i quang

cng ln. So snh vi l thuyt bc x ca vt en tuyt i (cc h s Einstein) kt
55
Nguyn Vn Ho
hp s dng thuyt nhiu lon ph thuc vo thi gian trong c lng t c th tnh h
s khuch i cng sut quang g(E) ph thuc vo nng lng photon E ngha l ph
thuc vo bc sng khuch i c chn v nng ht ti tim vo (hay mc
o mt trng thi ca h) [ ]. Vic tnh ton cng nh biu thc g(E) nhn c
ni chung l phc tp, s ph thuc ca g(E) vo nng lng photon h c th biu
din vi cc ng cong khc nhau cho cc mc kch thch khc nhau (nng ht
ti khc nhau) nh trn Hnh 4.2. Khi mt ht ti bm vo yu (1x1018 cm3), g<0,
cha xy ra s o mt trng thi v cha c s khuch i. Khi mt ht ti bm
vo tng ln, g c gi tr dng, ng cong khuch i m rng, tng ln v bin
v nh ph khuch i dch v pha nng lng cao (bc sng ngn hn). Na m
ca trc tung tng ng vi h s hp th v h s hp th cng sut quang (E) v h
s khuch i cng sut quang g(E) c lin h nh sau: (E)= - g(E).
S ti hp ca in t v l trng i hi phi c s bo ton xung lng hk (h hng s Plank, k - vect sng vi k = | k | 2 l s sng). Mt s bn dn nh Si, Ge
c y vng dn (biu din trong khng gian vct sng) khng trng vi nh vng
ho tr ch cho php chuyn mc khng thng nn hiu sut ti hp bc x thp, khng
th xy ra bc x cng bc. Cc bn dn vng cm thng (y vng dn trng vi
nh vng ho tr trong khng gian vct sng k) cho php chuyn mc thng v c th
xy ra bc x cng bc (bn dn nhm II-VI v III-V trong bng ho tr nh GaAs,
InGaAsP) (Hnh 4.3) .
EC
EC
EV
EV
k
Hnh 4.3: Gin nng lng ca bn dn vng cm thng trong khng gian vc
t sng k trng thi bnh thng (a) v trng thi phn b o (b)
56
Nguyn Vn Ho
Phn ti hp bc x Rr trong tng s ti hp bc x v khng bc x Rnr c

nh ngha l hiu xut lng t ni i ca linh kin:
i
Rr
Rr Rnr
(4.2)
Rr l s cc ti hp bc x trong 1 giy (hay tc ti hp bc x); R nr l tc ti
hp khng bc x. S kch thch c c cc cp in t l trng c th bng quang

khi chiu sng hay bng in
4.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca LED v laser bn dn:
nh sng pht ra t LED l nh sng bc x t pht hay hunh quang trong khi
tia laser l bc x cng bc. c c dao ng laser (hay b dao ng quang vi
tn s dao ng rt cao, f ~ 1014 Hz) khi khuch i quang ln hn mt mt cn
c s phn hi quang. S phn hi quang c thc hin bng cc gng phn x to
thnh bung cng hng quang (hay cn gi l bung cng hng Fabry-Perot) gip
cho nh sng bc x cng bc c phn x v i li nhiu ln trong bung cng
hng lm tng khuch i quang. Kt qu l khuch i quang lun ln hn s
mt mt quang. Do s phn x trn cc mt gng nn trong bung cng hng quang
tn ti hai sng l sng ti v sng phn x. Khi cc sng ny cng pha, chng giao
thoa vi nhau v trng tng s ln hn cc trng ca sng thnh phn, khi cc sng
ny ngc pha 1800 chng trit tiu ln nhau. Kt qu l ta c sng ng trng thi
dng trong bung cng hng nh trn hnh 4.4 khi m bo iu kin cng hng:
m
L
2n
vi L l di bung cng hng, m l s nguyn dng v l bc sng lan truyn

trong chn khng v n l chit sut ca vt liu bung cng hng. Hay ni cch khc,
bc sng cng hng s l
2nL
m
V tn s = c/ v nn ta c tn s cng hng
l
mc
2nL
Hnh 4.4 : Sng ng lan

truyn trong bung cng hng
Cc tn s cng hng khc nhau (tu thuc vo

gi tr m) to nn cc mode dc ca bung cng
hng. Khong cch gia hai mode dc lin k ca
bung cng hng s l
57
Nguyn Vn Ho
c
2 Ln
V = c/ v c/ = c / nn ta c th chuyn i khong cch gia hai mode dc

theo tn s c sang khong cch theo bc sng c nh sau:
c
2
c
(4.10)
vi l tn s trung tm v l bc sng trung tm tng ng trong chn khng. Tuy

nhin, trong trng hp ny cn tnh n c mt mt ngoi l cc mt mt quang
trn cc gng phn x. Mt phn ca nh sng phn x i qua cc gng phn x ra
ngoi to thnh tia laser. Ngi ta cng c th thc hin s phn hi quang bng cu
trc cch t. Trong laser bn dn Fabry-Perot (FP) cc gng phn x c to bi
chnh cc mt tch tinh th ca chip laser vi h s phn x R ~ 30 %, cn trong cc
laser bn dn n tn DFB hay DBR phn hi quang c thc hin bng cch t to
bi s phn b chit sut tun hon dc theo hay hai u vng tch cc.
Hnh 4.5: Gin nng lng ca chuyn tip p-n khi khng phn
cc v phn cc thun
Trong LED v LD, s kch thch l vic bm dng in vo LED, LD khi chng
c phn cc thun. Trng hp n gin nht l LED v LD c cu trc chuyn tip
n: lp bn dn loi p (giu l trng) v loi n (giu in t) c lm cho tip xc
to nn chuyn tip p-n (Hnh 4.5).
nh sng (hay photon) pht ra c bc sng tu thuc vo rng vng cm
ca cht bn dn:
hay
hc
Eg
(4.3)
1,240
E g ev
58
Nguyn Vn Ho
Nng lng vng cm Eg ph thuc vo thnh phn ca vt liu.
Hnh 4.6: S cu to (a), gin nng lng (b),

phn b chit sut (c) v nh sng (d) ca LD d chuyn
tip kp AlGaA s/GaAs
Cc laser diode n chuyn tip c pht minh ln u tin vo nm 1962 c

dng ngng cao v ch hot ng c ch xung hay nhit thp. V vy,
trn thc t, cc LED v LD ang s dng c cu trc d chuyn tip kp. Hnh 4.6
trnh by s cu to, gin nng lng, phn b chit sut v cng nh sng
trong laser cu trc d chuyn tip kp AlGaAs/GaAs. Ta thy khi phn cc thun cho
chuyn tip in t c tim vo vng tch cc t pha bn dn loi n v l trng
c tim vo t pha bn dn loi p. Ti vng tch cc, ht ti c giam gi nh cc
ro th ca chuyn tip nn c th d t c iu kin o mt trng thi mt
dng bm nht nh. Tuy nhin, d t c iu kin o mt trng thi, cc lp
v loi p v loi n hai pha lp tch cc trong cu trc laser bn dn c pha tp
mnh v tr thnh bn dn suy bin: cc mc Fermi cho in t v l trng dch su
vo trong vng dn v vng ho tr khi c thin p thun ln chuyn tip p-n. Khi mt
ht ti bm vo vng tch cc vt qu mt gi tr xc nh gi l mt ht ti
trong sut (ngha l khi khng c s hp th v s bc x) iu kin o mt
trng thi xy ra v trong vng tch cc c s khuch i quang vi h s khuch i
g(E) nh ni ti trn. Lp tch cc c th c chit sut cao hn cc lp xung
quanh t vi phn mi ca % ti vi % nn nh sng laser c giam gi trong vng
59
Nguyn Vn Ho
tch cc, tuy nhin, mt phn nh sng nm trong cc lp v v y ta c cu trc dn

sng quang phng in mi.
4.3 Cu to v tnh cht ca LED, laser bn dn:

Cu to in hnh ca mt linh kin pht quang bn dn d chuyn tip c m
t trn hnh 4.6 gm bn lp mng mng t vi phn mi m n vi m c ph
ln bn dn bng k thut epitaxi nhm lm cho s sai khc v hng s mng tinh
th gia cc lp l t nht (di 0,1%). Nhng lp mng mng khc c th thm vo
khi cn thit. Cc laser diode (LD) v LED ang c ng dng hin nay l loi vt
liu GaxAl1-xAs trn GaAs c x thay i 0<x<0,37 c cc bc sng pht khc
nhau t 630nm n 850nm v InxGa1-xAsyP1-ytrn InP vi x v y thay i ta c th
c cc bc sng 1310nm (In0,75Ga0,25As0,5P0,5) v 1550nm (In0,63Ga0,37As0,8P0,2). Hnh
4.6 cho thy cu to in hnh ca ngun sng LD hay LED trn c s InGaAsP/InP
vi cc phn b chit sut v nng lng in t theo su k t b mt trn ca chip
laser.
E
n
p+-InGAs
p-InP
n-InP
-InP
a)
b)
su
su
Lp tch cc
InGaAsP
c)
Hnh 4.6: Cu trc in hnh ca LED hay LD d chuyn tip kp (a), phn b chit sut
(b) v nng lng ca in t (c) theo su t b mt chip.
Hiu sut ti hp bc x tng khi mt dng bm tng nn s giam gi hay

nht dng (hay giam gi ht ti) l cn thit. Khi phn cc thun, in t c tim t
lp bn dn n-InP vo vng tch cc. Cc in t s gp vo th gia vng tch cc v
lp bn dn p-InP v b nht vng tch cc. Tng t l trng c tim t lp p-InP
vo vng tch cc, gp ro th lp tip gip n-InP vi vng tch cc v b nht .
V v vy, chuyn tip p-n y c gi l d chuyn tip kp.
60
Nguyn Vn Ho
S nht nh sng theo hng thng ng l cn thit v hiu sut ca qu trnh

pht x cng bc ph thuc vo ln ca trng quang. Do chit sut ca lp tch
cc ln hn chit sut ca hai lp bn nn nh sng s c nht ch yu trong vng
tch cc (trong dn sng). Phn nh sng c nht trong vng tch cc l mt hm s
ca dy lp tch cc d v chnh lch chit sut so vi hai lp hai bn ca lp tch
cc (cc lp v). Hnh 4.7 cho thy s nht ca trng quang trong lp tch cc theo
hng thng ng v s tn ti ca trng quang bn ngoi lp tch cc. T l gia
phn nh sng c nht trong lp tch cc v ton b nh sng lan truyn cho ta h s
nht hay giam gi quang.
Lp
tch
cc
Sng nh sng
c nht
Hnh 4.7: Hnh nh s giam gi trng quang trong lp tch cc ca LD theo
hng thng ng v s tn ti mt phn trng quang bn ngoi lp tch cc.
4.3.1 Diode pht quang (LED)

4.3.1.1 Cc loi LED:
C hai loi LED l LED pht mt v LED pht cnh
a) LED pht mt
Kim loi
n-InP ()
n-InP
lp tch cc InGaAsP
p-InP
p+-InGaAs
SiO2
Kim loi
Hnh 4.8: Thit din ct ngang ca LED pht mt InGaAsP/InP
61
Nguyn Vn Ho
Hnh 4.8 l thit din ct ngang ca LED pht mt InGaAsP/InP vi cc lp

epitaxi c dy 2 5 m cho n-InP, 0,4 1,5 m cho p-InGaAsP, 1 2 m cho pInP v ~ 0,2 m cho p+-InGaAs (lp ny nhm lm gim in tr tip xc kim loibn dn). i vi LED loi GaAlAs/GaAs GaAs hp th nh sng pht ra nn ngi
ta n mn GaAs a si quang ti gn st vng tch cc. Trong cc LED
InGaAsP/InP InP hu nh khng hp th nh sng pht ra (v rng vng cm ca
InP ln hn rng vng cm ca InGaAsP) nn khng cn n mn nh trn.
Ngoi vic nht ht ti theo chiu thng ng, s nht ht ti theo chiu nm
ngang cng rt quan trng nhm tng hiu sut pht quang ca LED. Ngi ta thc
hin mt s phng php c c s nht ht ti in theo chiu ngang nh sau :
- Thm vo mt lp SiO2, m ca s to contact di nhm hn ch dng bm
theo chiu ngang.
- Dng bn ph proton to ra vng in tr cao ngoi vng tch cc.
- n mn vng xung quanh vng tch cc to cu trc g (mesa).
- Khuch tn Zn vo vng trung tm to knh dn dng c in tr thp.
nh sng pht ra c th thu nhn c hai pha ca linh kin LED . Cn ch l
chit sut ca bn dn cao (n=3,4 i vi InP v n=3,6 i vi GaAs) nn c s phn
x ln (~30%) b mt bn dn - khng kh. Phn b chm tia ra ca LED pht mt l
i xng vi gc phn k in hnh l 600 (gc na hnh nn)
b) LED pht cnh
Cu trc ca LED pht cnh tng t LED pht mt, ch khc l nh sng c
ly ra t cnh v vng tch cc mng hn nhiu (0,05 0,25 m) trong khi
Hnh 4.9: Cu to ca chip LED pht cnh InGaAs/InP
62
Nguyn Vn Ho
LED pht mt c vng tch cc dy 0,4 1,5 m. rng vng tch cc y l 50

70 m v di l 200 300 m. Hnh 4.8 trnh by chip LED pht cnh InGaAsP/InP
loi in cc (contact) di. Mt dng bm cng c tp trung gia nh di
contact vi rng vi chc m ni trn.
C-ng , a.u.
1- H-ng
song song
2- H-ng
vung gc
1
2
-80
-40
40
80
Hnh 4.10: Phn b trng xa ca LED hai hng song

song v vung gc vi mt chuyn tip p-n
Phn b nh sng li ra ca LED theo hm Lambertian P P0cosn . Do vng

tch cc khng i xng ( dy nh hn nhiu rng) nn phn b trng xa ca
LED c dng elip do hiu ng nhiu x, tia vung gc vi mt chuyn tip p-n c
phn k ln hn ( 60o ) v tia song song vi mt chuyn tip c phn k nh hn
( ~ 30o 40o).
4.3.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca LED:
Cng sut quang li ra l tnh cht quan trng ca LED v cc ngun pht quang
khc v l yu t chnh quyt nh khong cch truyn dn. Cng sut quang li ra
ca cc LED dng trong thng tin l t vi w n vi chc w c ghp vo trong
si quang do hiu sut ghp ni gia LED v si quang nh. Cng sut quang li ra
ca LED ph thuc tuyn tnh vo dng bm nh trn hnh 4.11.
Hiu sut hot ng ca LED l s o kh nng bin i cng sut in li vo thnh
cng sut quang li ra. Hiu sut quang ca LED ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Yu t
th nht l t s gia chuyn mc bc x v chuyn mc khng bc x xy ra trong vt
liu lp tch cc. Ti hp khng bc x xy ra trn cc khuyt tt ca tinh th, nht l
bin gia lp tch cc v cc lp xung quanh. T l gia ti hp bc x v ti hp
khng bc x tng ln khi mt dng bm vng tch cc cao v khi gim c cc
khuyt tt bin nh s to cc lp epitaxi mt cch cn thn. Yu t th hai l lng
nh sng b hp th trong vng tch cc, s t hp th xy ra ng k khi vng tch cc
63
Nguyn Vn Ho
c pha tp mnh, gim s t hp th bng cch lm lp tch cc mng. Yu t th

ba l s mt mt do phn x b mt bn dn-khng kh (mt mt Fresnel).
P, mW
8
Diode 1
Vng bo ho
Diode 2
4
Diode 3
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
Dng bm, mA
Hnh 4.11: c trng cng sut quang li ra-dng bm ca cc LED in hnh
rng ph quang cng l tnh cht quan trng ca LED v cc ngun pht
quang khc v tc truyn dn ph thuc vo rng ph do hiu ng tn sc ca si
quang. rng ph hp cho php truyn dn tc cao hn. rng ph quang ca
LED c th xc nh gn ng bi cng thc [1]:
, [ m] 1, 45 , [ m] (kT), [eV]
(4.4)
vi l bc sng hot ng chun ho ca LED tnh theo m v (kT) l tch ca

hng s Boltsman v nhit ca chuyn tip p-n tnh theo eV . Ta thy rng ph
ca LED t l vi 2 nn cc LED hot ng vng sng di c rng ph ln hn
cc LED hot ng vng sng ngn. rng ph in hnh t vi n vi chc nm
i vi LED GaAlAs v vo khong 100 nm i vi LED InGaAsP pht mt, trong
khi rng ph l 60 80 nm cho LED InGaAsP pht cnh.
Tc p ng ca LED ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca ht ti trong vng
tch cc lifetime . V vy bng thng bin iu cho LED s ph thuc vo thi gian sng
ca cc ht ti ph ny. Nu dng bm c bin iu bi tn hiu hnh sin vi tn s
gc (trn nn dng dc) th cng sut quang li ra ca LED Pout bin iu theo [1]:
Pout
Po
2
1 2 lifetime
vi Po l cng sut khng bin iu.
64
(4.5)
Nguyn Vn Ho
u thu quang (PD) s thu cng sut quang pht ra ca LED, bin n thnh
dng in v dng in ny t l vi cng sut quang. Cng sut in P elect ca u thu
quang t l vi bnh phng dng in, hay bnh phng ca cng sut quang (P elect ~
i2~P2optical). V vy, tn s bin iu 3dB in (3dB elect) o c khi P2out./P2o = 1/2 s
l :
f3dB elect
1
2 lifetime
(4.6)
Thnh phn ti hp bc x trong thi gian sng ca ht ti ph thuc vo mt

ht ti trong vng tch cc. Khi dng bm thp ti hp khng bc x l chnh, thi
gian sng ti hp bc x khng ph thuc vo dng bm v ch ph thuc tuyn tnh
vo mc pha tp vng tch cc, khi dng bm ln n t l vi
vng tch cc) v t l nghch vi
d (d- b dy
J (J- mt dng vng tch cc). ci thin
bng thng bin iu ca LED cn gim thi gian sng ca ht ti, khi dng bm nh
cn tng mc pha tp, khi dng bm ln cn gim dy vng tch cc v v tng mt
dng vng tch cc.
Mt cch tnh bng thng bin iu khc l tnh theo thi gian nng (rise time)
ca xung quang ca LED. Thi gian ny ph thuc vo in dung Cs ca vng tch
cc (nu ta b qua cc in dung k sinh khc), (Cs ~ 3501000 pF cho LED). Nu thi
gian xung (fall time) ca xung quang l khng ng k so vi thi gian nng ta c tc
bin iu cc i gn ng bng nghch o ca thi gian nng. Keisher [4] a ra
biu thc thi gian nng (thi gian cn thit xung quang chuyn t mc 10% n
90% cng sut nh xung)
2kTCs
tr 2, 20
lifetime
qI
(4.7)
vi Ip l dng xung in bm, q l in tch in t, k l hng s Bolsman v T l nhit

chuyn tip. Thi gian nng tr gim nu tng dng bm xung v gim in dung
vng tch cc Cs. LED ph hp cho cc h thng thng tin quang dng si a mode vi
tc truyn 50Mb/s.
4.3.2 Laser diode
Laser diode (LD) hay laser bn dn c cng sut quang li ra ln hn LED v
ph khng gian hp hn nn cng sut pht ghp vo si quang c nhiu hn. ng
thi rng ph quang ca LD hp hn ca LED nn tc truyn s liu cao hn do
nh hng ca tn sc t hn. Cu to ca laser diode tng t nh LED, c c loi LD
pht mt v pht cnh, nhng ch yu l loi laser pht cnh ang c s dng cho
thng tin. S khc bit c bn gia LED pht cnh v LD pht cnh l trong LD vng
65
Nguyn Vn Ho
tch cc mng hn theo chiu thng ng v hp hn theo chiu nm ngang. Thm

na, cc lp phn x c th c ph vo cc mt gng ca laser tng s phn hi
quang dn ti tng hiu sut pht. Cc d chuyn tip kp c s dng nht c ht
ti in v cc trng quang theo hng thng ng.
4.3.2.1 Cc loi laser c bn
a) Cc laser dn hng h s khuch i (gain-guided)
Kim loi
SiO2
P+-InGaAsP
p-InP
Lp tch cc InGaAsP
n-InP
n-InP ()
Kim loi
Hnh 4.12: Laser diode bn dn di hnh hc
c c vng tch cc hp theo chiu ngang mt s k thut to ra s

nht cc ht ti in theo chiu nm ngang trong mt vng hp cng c s dng khi
ch to LD nh trnh by phn ch to LED. Hnh 4.12 cho thy mt LD di hnh
hc in hnh. Di c th thay i t 5 n 20 m v rng v t 150 n 500 m v
di. Vng pht quang trong lp tch cc c hnh thnh c rng hi ln hn
rng di mt cht.
Trong vng pht quang lp tch cc chit sut cao hn mt cht nhng vng
ln cn theo hng ngang bi s c mt ca cc ht ti in trong vng ny. S tng
cao mt cht ca chit sut to nn cu trc dn sng ngang (cu trc dn sng thng
ng to bi cc vt liu ca d cu trc). Bng cch ny nh sng sinh ra c dn
hng c theo chiu thng ng v nm ngang v c nht tng cng khi n lan
truyn dc theo laser diode. S nht ny lm gim thiu hp th trong vng khng tch
cc (vng khng pht quang) ca lp tch cc. C ch to ng dn sng theo chiu
ngang do s thay i chit sut gy nn bi cc ht ti in gi l s dn hng h s
khuch i.
Ngoi ra vic bn ph bng proton, to ra ch V bng phng php n mn
trong vt liu laser, v.v... cng c s dng to di phn b dng hp
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Nguyn Vn Ho
b) Cc laser dn hng chit sut (index - guided)

Kim loi
Si3N4
n-InGaAsP
n-InP
p-InP
n-InP
n-InP
Kim loi
p-InGaAsP
p-InP
n-InGaAsP
(Vng tch cc)
Hnh 4.13: Laser dn hng chit sut chuyn tip d th vi
y s thay i chit sut theo hng ngang trong lp tch cc c to ra

ngay trong vt liu bng mt s cu trc nh:
- Laser chuyn tip d th vi BH l loi laser ph bin nht. u tin ngi ta
ch to cc lp epitaxi nh bnh thng, sau tin hnh n mn xung quanh vng tch
cc mong mun v ti nui li cc lp epiaxi khc. Nh vy vng tch cc b chn vi
trong cc lp vt liu c chit sut nh hn hay vng tch cc n-InGaAsP c bao bc
c bn tri v phi bng vt liu p-InP. Chit sut y thay i nhy bc gia cc
vng to nn dn sng ngang (Hnh 4.13).
- Laser cu trc knh vi c to bng cch n mn theo rnh ch V trong vt
liu , vng tch cc c to trong rnh ch V nn dn sng ngang c hnh
thnh.
- Ngoi ra cn mt s loi laser dn hng chit sut khc nh LD cu trc g
v cc cu trc c bit khc.
Cc loi laser ny gi l laser dn hng chit sut, thng thng chng c
dng ngng thp hn, n nh v mode hn khi hot ng ch xung v c
rng ph ngang hay ph khng gian hp hn so vi laser dn hng h s khuch i.
4.3.2.2 Cc c trng ca laser diode:
c trng cng sut-dng bm l c trng quan trng nht ca laser diode, n
l c trng phi tuyn v gm c hai phn: phn biu th cho bc x t pht (hay hunh
quang) bn di dng ngng pht laser Ith v phn pht laser khi dng bm trn
ngng pht. Khi dng bm ln qu c th xy ra bo ho cng sut pht (Hnh 4.14).
c trng cng sut-dng bm cho php ta xc nh dng ngng pht laser, nh gi
v cht lng laser thng qua hiu sut lng t ngoi.
67
Nguyn Vn Ho
Vng bo ho
Cng sut
ra, Pout
P
Dng bm, I
Ith
Hnh 4.14: c trng cng sut, dng bm
Hiu sut bin i in ton phn (hay hiu sut) ca LD c nh ngha

[1,2,3]
Pout .optical
Pin.electrical
Pout
Vf I f
(4.8)
vi Vf, If l th v dng thun trn laser. Hiu sut ca laser bn dn ~ 1050 % cao
hn nhiu hiu sut ca cc laser kh v rn. Hiu sut lng t ngoi (hay hiu sut
lng t ngoi vi phn) ext c xc nh nh sau
ext
q dP
E g dI
(4.9)
vi q l in tch ca in t (q=1,6x10-19 culng) v i
dP
l dc ca c trng
dI
P-I. Khi dng ngng pht laser thp (vi mA), dc c trng ln v dng bm
laser b bo ho cao cho thy laser c cht lng tt.
4.3.2.3 Cc mode laser
Cc mode l nhng s m t v mt hnh hc ca sng ph hp vi cc iu
kin bin ca bung cng hng (Hnh 4.15). y bung cng hng Fabry-Perot
c to thnh bi vic b tinh th dc theo cc hng tinh th to ra i gng song
song. H s phn x R ca gng laser GaAs (n=3,63 ) l 32% cn trong laser
InGaAsP l 33% (n=3,71). S phn x ny ln c th b qua s cn thit to lp
phn x, tuy nhin nhiu khi ngi ta vn ph ln mt gng sau ca laser mng phn
x nhiu lp vi R ~ 100 % ( tng bc x cn thit theo mt pha laser). Cc laser
bn dn nh vy gi l laser Fabry-Perot (FP). Tn ti mode dc v mode ngang (hay
mode khng gian) trong laser. Mi mt mode dc dao ng vi mt tn s nh trn
hnh 4.16. Mi tn s (hay mi bc sng) c xc nh bi khong cch gia cc
68
Nguyn Vn Ho
gng ca bung cng hng (hay di vng dn sng). Cc mode ngang biu th s
phn b khng gian ca chm tia laser c xc nh bi rng v dy ca vng
dn sng.
Mt ngun nh sng kt hp nh ngun sng laser trn thc t bc x trong mt
di bc sng. Di bc sng ny gi l rng vch ph . rng vch ph cng
nh ngun sng cng c tnh kt hp hn. Ngun sng kt hp hon ho hay l tng
bc x mt bc sng vi rng vch ph bng 0 v l n sc l tng. S
chuyn i gia rng vch ph tnh theo bc sng v theo tn s c xc nh
nh sau:

rng vch ph ca laser bn dn Fabry-Perot = 15 nm ln hn nhiu so vi

laser kh v laser rn ni cc chuyn mc quang xy ra gia cc mc nguyn t nh
x.
Khong cch gia hai tn s mode dc lin k c c xc nh nh trn
c
c
2 Ln
(4.10)
vi c l tc nh sng trong chn khng, n l chit sut vt liu vng tch cc v L l

di bung cng hng. S mode dc bc x phi nm trong vng ph khuch i
(hay cng tua khuch i) c xc nh nh trn hnh (*). Gim di bung cng
hng ta s gim c s mode dc, tuy nhin cng sut quang li ra s b gim theo.
Lp phn x
Vng tch
cc
Chiu cao
(0,1 0, 2 m)
di
250 500 m )
rng (5 15 m)
Hnh 4.15: Cu trc vt l ca mt laser diode
Cc laser FP c cu trc ph a mode c cc mode dc nh trn hnh 4.16 ti

cc dng bm khc nhau. Khi dng bm tng cng sut pht tng v s mode gim
xung. Cc mode dc dch v pha sng di khi nhit vng chuyn tip tng. Laser
FP c cc nhc im sau:
69
Cng sut
Nguyn Vn Ho
I0
vc
P0
Tn s
Cng sut
Cng sut
a)
I1 >I0
I2>I1>I0
P0
P0
b)
Tn s
c)
Tn s
Hnh 4.16: Ph quang ca laser FP cc dng bm khc nhau
- rng ph ln hn bt k mt vch ph no nn chu nh hng ca tn sc

ln hn cc laser n mode ( rng ph tng ng vi rng ca cng tua khuch
i).
- Cc mode ca laser a mode c th thay i theo thi gian (nhy t mode ny
sang mode khc) lm cho cng sut ra thay i, iu ny dn n nhiu mode.
- Trong k thut tch sng kt hp laser a mode khng dng c (ngun sng
bn thu phi pht tn s n mode).
Cc laser n mode ngang l khi cc mode bc cao c v hng thng ng
v nm ngang u b ngn chn bng cch gim cao ( dy) ca vng pht x tch
cc cng nh gim rng ca cu trc dn sng theo chiu ngang (Hnh 4.15). Cc
mode bc cao gim khi rng vng tch cc hay rng ca ng dn sng gim. Mt
mode ngang t c theo hng nm ngang khi rng ca vng pht x < 2m (cn
theo chiu cao vung gc vi chuyn tip p-n do dy lp tch cc nh d = 0,1 0,2
m nn lun ch c mt mode).
70
Nguyn Vn Ho
Cng sut,
4.3.2.4 Laser diode n tn:
Tn s
Hnh 4.17: Ph quang ca laser n tn
Laser n tn l laser ch c mt mode dc duy nht hay cc mode cnh c t s

dp tt mode (t l gia mode chnh v cc mode cnh bn) cao (> 30 dB) (Hnh 4.16).
c laser n tn ngi ta to cch t bng cch pha tp thay i mt cch tun
hon chit sut dc theo vng tch cc ca laser hoc hai u vng tch cc v laser
gi l laser phn hi phn b DFB hay phn x phn b Bragg DBR tng ng. Gng
hai u bung cng hng khng cn tc dng phn hi quang (thng chng c
ph cc lp chng phn x) m s phn hi c thc hin trn cch t. Trong laser
DFB cch t khng c to ngay trong vng tch cc trnh s hp th xy ra trn
cc tm tp m nm gn st vng tch cc. y ch xy ra s phn x vng tt dn
ca sng quang (bn ngoi vng tch cc) nhng cng c s khuch i quang v
to ra tia laser) (Hnh 4.18) vi bc sng cho phn x cc i B tun theo iu kin
Bragg [1]:
B
2n
m
(4.11)
Vi m l s nguyn dng (m = 1,2,3..) cho ta bc cch t (thng m = 1, i khi m =

2), n l chit sut mode hiu dng (n 3,4 cho laser DFB InGaAsP) v l chu k
cch t. c c tnh cht n mode hon ho (t s dp tt mode ln) ngi ta
thng lm cc laser DFB vi cch t dch pha /4 gia laser to nn dch pha
/4. Bc sng nh sng pht ca laser DFB s c xc nh :
B
B2
2nLg
(m 1)
(4.12)
vi m l s nguyn (m = 0,1,2,), Lg l di cch t, Lg cng ln sng cng n sc

.
71

Vng bm dng
Nguyn Vn Ho
Phn hi phn b
(cch t)
Vng tt dn
ca sng
quang
Vng tch
cc
Vng tch cc
a)
b)
Hnh 4.18: Hnh nh mt ct laser DFB (a) v s lan truyn ca sng quang trong
laser DFB (b)
Khc vi laser DFB khi s phn hi quang xy ra dc theo vng tch

cc, trong laser DBR (Hnh 4.19) cc cch t hai u vng tch cc hot ng
nh cc gng phn x m phn x l cc i cho bc sng Bragg B. S
mt mt trong hc cng hng v vy l nh nht cho mode dc gn nht vi
bc sng Bragg v tng ln nhanh chng cho cc mode dc khc. Mode bc x
c xc nh :
B
2ne
m
(4.13)
vi ne l hng s lan truyn mode, m l s nguyn ch ra bc cch t (thng l m = 1)

Vng bm
dng
Vng
phn x
phn b
Vng tch cc
Hnh 4.19: Hnh nh mt ct ca laser DBR
Laser DBR dao ng vi n tn s ti bc sng B. Loi laser ny c dng

ngng cao hn laser DFB v nhy vi s thay i ca nhit hn.
Laser ging lng t l laser c vng tch cc c to bi nhiu lp mng (510 nm) c cc mt phn cch hon ho, khng c khuyt tt, cc in t c m t
72
Nguyn Vn Ho
bng l thuyt lng t (khc th khi). Laser ging lng t c dng ngng thp,
hiu sut cao, rng vch ph nh, n nh tn s khi hot ng ch xung v t
nhiu. Cc lp lng t l cc bn dn c vng cm khc nhau nm xen k (v d cc
lp InGaAsP cho = 1,31m v = 1,55 m c Eg = 0,95 eV v Eg=0,8 eV tng
ng).
4.3.2.4 S ph thuc vo nhit ca laser
Hnh 4.20: S ph thuc vo nhit ca c trng

cng sut quang-dng bm trong laser bn dn
S ph thuc vo nhit ca c trng cng sut quang dng bm ca laser

bn dn nh trnh by trn hnh 4.20. y l mt vn chnh tn ti vi laser diode,
dng ngng ph thuc vo nhit nn cng sut quang pht ra cng ph thuc vo
nhit . S ph thuc ny c xc nh bi cng thc
I th I o e
To
(4.14)
vi Io = constant, To l nhit c trng ca laser: To = 50 70K cho laser InGaAsP,

cho laser GaAlAs To = 120 160 K. Laser InGaAsP/InP ph thuc vo nhit mnh
hn laser GaAlAs/GaAs do kh nng trn qua ro thi chuyn tip ca cc ht ti ln
hn, do hiu ng ti hp khng bc x Auger, s hp th vng ho tr, v.v....
4.4 tin cy ca ngun pht quang

4.3.1 tin cy ca laser:
Cng sut quang ra ca laser gim theo thi gian theo hm m [1]
t m
Pout (t ) Pe
i
(4.15)
vi Pi l cng sut quang ban u, m l thi gian sng hm m. tin cy ca laser l

mt vn cn quan tm v n phi chu nhng iu kin hot ng khc nghit v
quang v in: mt dng in t 2000 n 5000A/cm2 trong vng tch cc, mt
73
Nguyn Vn Ho
cng sut quang 105 n 106 W/cm2. V vy, sau mt thi gian hot ng cht lng
laser c th b suy gim. Cc c ch suy gim cht lng laser l:
- S ph hu b mt gng laser do mt cng sut quang ln. Ci thin k
thut tch b chip laser v to cc lp bo v ln mt gng laser s gim thiu s ph
hu ny.
- S suy gim cht lng tip xc omic do mt dng ln, nhit laser khi
hot ng cao lm xu dn tip xc kim loi-bn dn. Ci thin k thut hn chip laser
ln to nhit s gim thiu c s suy gim cht lng ny.
- S hnh thnh cc sai hng ni bn trong tinh th bn dn nh cc lch mng
to nn cc khuyt tt ng li trong vng tch cc. Cc lch mng thng pht trin
t bin gia cc lp epitaxi hoc gia lp epitaxi vi chip laser vo vng tch cc.
Ci thin k thut ch to chip laser s gim thiu c cc sai hng ny.
Nhit hot ng nh hng rt ln ti tui th ca laser, thi gian sng ca
laser ph thuc theo nhit theo hm s [1]
eE kT
(4.16)
vi k l hng s Boltzman, T l nhit hot ng ca laser v E l nng lng kch
hot c xc nh bng thc nghim (E= 0,30,95eV). S tng dng lm vic cng
nh hng thi gian sng laser theo hm s ~J-n , vi J l mt dng bm, n l thng
s thc nghim (n = 1,5 2,0)
4.3.3.2 tin cy ca LED:
LED c s suy gim cng sut t t hn laser rt nhiu. Thng thng thi gian
sng ca LED l 105 108 gi trong khi thi gian sng ca cc laser GaAlAs/GaAs vo
khong 105 gi, laser InGaAsP/InP c thi gian sng hot ng lu hn.
4.5 S bin iu cho ngun pht quang:

Trong my pht quang chuyn tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang cn thit s
bin iu tn hiu quang theo tn hiu in li vo. Ngi ta thc hin bin iu bng
hai phng php: dng tn hiu n bin iu trc tip dng bm cho LED v LD
v dng b bin iu ngoi. Trng hp th nht n gin hn, thng c dng
trong vic truyn tn hiu vi tc thp, trng hp th hai dng trong cc trng
hp truyn tn hiu vi tc cao (nhiu Gb/s). Hnh 4.21cho thy cc gin bin
iu trc tip cho LED v LD trong trng hp truyn dn s (Hnh 4.21a,b) v tng
t (Hnh 4.20c,d). i vi trng hp truyn s khng cn dng thin p mt chiu Ibias
cho LED nhng cn thit cho LD (Ibias ~ 0,8 1,1Ith) trnh mo xung v gim c
thi gian nng xung nhm tng tc truyn dn. Trong trng hp truyn tn hiu
tng t dng thin p cn cho c hai trng hp thc hin bin iu.
74
Nguyn Vn Ho
P
Tn hiu quang ra
Tn hiu quang ra
Thi gian
Thi gian
ILED
Ibias
Thi gian
Thi gian
ILED
Tn hiu in vo
Tn hiu in vo
a)
c)
P
Tn hiu quang ra
Ith
ILaser
Ith
Ibias
Thi gian
Thi gian
Thi gian
Ibias
Tn hiu quang ra
Tn hiu in vo
b)
ILaser Thi gian

Tn hiu in vo
d)
Hnh 4.21: Gin bin iu trc tip cho LED v LD trong trng hp
truyn s (a,b) v truyn tng t (c,d)
Mt s loi mch in t bin iu in hnh cho LD v LED c trnh by

trn hnh 4.22 . Dng nui cho LED v LD c ly t cc cng li ra ca IC h TTL
hoc t cc transistor vi cc in tr hn dng.
75
Nguyn Vn Ho
in tr
chn dng
Hnh 4.22: Mt s mch in t bin iu cho LED v LD
4.6 S ghp ni laser v LED vi si quang:
Hnh 4.23: S ghp ni si quang vi chip laser trong

trng hp vi thu knh bn ngoi si
c th s dng trn ng truyn cc LED hay LD phi c ghp ni vi

si quang to thnh cc module pht quang. Module pht quang hay module pht laser
l linh kin bao gm chip laser ghp ni vi si quang. C loi module pht thng
thng gm chip laser, chip photodiode iu khin phn hi. Si quang c vut
nhn (hay to vi thu knh trn u si quang) bng phng php phng in h quang
hay bng chm tia laser kh CO2. Cch hi t nh sng khc t chip laser vo si quang
l s dng cc vi thu knh bn ngoi (vi thu knh dng na hnh tr hoc vi thu knh
thng thng) (Hnh 4.23). Si quang c th l n mode (ng knh li 5 9 m)
hoc a mode (ng knh li 50 60 m hoc nhiu hn) , ta s c cc module pht
n mode hay a mode tng ng. Cc thnh phn sau ca module c nh v
bng cch hn thic, gn bng epoxy c bit hay hn im bng my hn laser. Cc
cng on ghp ni, nh v module c thc hin di knh hin vi vi s tr gip
ca ca cc bn vi chnh chnh xc di m mt cch t ng hoc bn t ng.
Gc m ca chm tia ca LED vo khong 1200, ca LD vo khong 200 v 400
nn hiu sut ghp ni vi si quang cho LD ln hn (2530% cho si n mode,
76
Nguyn Vn Ho
6070% cho si a mode), trong khi hiu sut ghp vi LED ch c vi %. Hnh
4.24 cho thy cu trc ca module n mode loi phc hp dng cho cc tuyn thng
tin ng di, gm c chip laser, chip photodiode vi chip laser c t trn pin lnh
Peltier v sensor nhit.
Hnh 4.24: Module pht laser n mode loi phc hp
c tc hot ng cao, ngoi s ph thuc vo cu trc chip laser, thit k

module cng phi m bo cc dy ni vi chn li ra phi ngn nht. bo m
bn hot ng ca module cc phn hn ni gia chip laser vi ta nhit, tip xc
gia to nhit vi pin lnh peltier phi tt v module phi c ng v kn trong
mi trng kh bo v (N2) hoc khng kh kh.
77
Nguyn Vn Ho
CHNG 5: MY THU QUANG

5.1 Gii thiu:
Tn hiu vo
u thu quang
Tin K
B lc
B cn bng
Mch quyt nh
Phc hi
xung nhp
K sau
Tn hiu
phc hi
Hnh 5.1: S khi ca my thu quang trong trng hp truyn dn s.
My thu quang l s t hp ca u thu quang (detector), b tin khuch i v

cc thnh phn in t x l tn hiu thu c khi phc tn hiu ban u. Trn hnh
5.1 u thu quang (photodiode hay loi u thu khc) chuyn i tn hiu quang bin
iu thnh tn hiu in cho vic x l tip theo. Tn hiu quang thu c thng l
yu nn cn thit phi c b tin khuch i khuch i tn hiu. Cc b tin khuch
i nhiu thp thng khng m bo bng thng khuch i nn cn c b cn bng
(equalizer) i km theo khi phc bng tn cn thit. B khuch i sau
(postamplifier) c AGC iu chnh khuch i v khuch i thm tn hiu. B
lc (fliter) lc b cc tn hiu tn s khc sinh ra do qu trnh truyn dn v x l tn
hiu. B phc hi xung nhp (clock recovery) c mt v m bo s hot ng ng
b gia bn pht v bn thu khi truyn tn hiu s tc cao thng tn hiu ung nhp
bn pht c m ha vo tn hiu pht v phc hi y. Tn hiu xung nhp phc hi
c a vo vo mchk quyt nh (decsion circuit), mch ny quyt nh tn hiu
nhn c l logic 0 hay logic 1 (tu theo thi gian ly mu do tn hiu xung nhp c
khi phc cung cp).
Trong qu trnh khi phc tn hiu, nhiu l vn cn c quan tm hng u
v lin quan n tc truyn dn. Nhiu c th sinh ra bi ngun pht, knh truyn,
u thu quang v cc thnh phn in t x l tn hiu. Trong s , nhiu ng
truyn c th b qua v si quang hu nh khng b nhiu in t trng, nhiu phn
pht v nht l phn thu quang l quan trng. Trong phn ny ta xem xt cc u thu
quang l photodiode, nhiu ca u thu cng nh mt s mch in t cn thit.
78
Nguyn Vn Ho
5.2 u thu quang

u thu quang c nhim v bin cng sut quang thu c thnh dng in.
Trong s cc loi u thu quang nh quang tr, transistor quang, ng nhn quang
in,th photodiode l loi u thu ph hp hn c trong h thng thng tin quang v
hiu sut chuyn i quang in cao, thu c tn hiu cc vng bc sng trong cc
ca s quang hc ca si quang, kch thc gn nh, d ghp ni vi si quang,..
5.2.1 Photodiode p-n v p-i-n:
5.2.1.1 Photodiode p-n:
h
p
Vng ngho
n
Vout
RL
Hnh 5.2: Cu to ca photodiode p-n
Photodiode l chuyn tip p-n ca mt cht bn dn hot ng ch thin p

ngc nh trn hnh 5.2. nh sng ti phi i n c vng ngho (ni khng c cc
ht ti t do, ch yu cn li cc ion mng) v b hp th trong vt liu to cp in
t-l trng nu nng lng photon hp th ln (h Eg). Di tc dng ca in
trng lp chuyn tip cc in t v l trng tch ra v hai pha in cc v to thnh
dng quang in mch ngoi.
Nng lng nh sng cn chiu n chuyn tip p-n sinh cp ht ti:
h
hc
Eg
(5.1)
S xuyn nh sng vo vng ngho c xc nh bi h s hp th (). Cng

sut nh sng hp th trong vng ngho P(w) [1]:
d
P(w) Pe
(1 e w )(1 R f )
i
(5.2)
vi Pi l cng sut nh sng chiu ti, w l rng vng ngho; vng ngho nm di
b mt linh kin khong cch d v Rf l cng sut phn x trn b mt u thu.
79
Nguyn Vn Ho
Cc tnh cht c bn ca u thu gm nhy u thu, hiu sut lng t v

ph nhy. nhy hay p ng u thu c nh ngha l t s gia dng
quang in li ra Iout v cng sut quang li vo Pin ca photodiode [1]
I out
Pin
(5.3)
vi n v l A/W hay mA/mW.

Hiu sut lng t l s cp in t-l trng do mt photon sinh ra. Gi tr hiu
sut lng t < 1 c ngha l khng phi photon no cng sinh cp in t-l trng. V
s photon i ti trong mt giy l Pi hc nn s ht ti sinh ra trong mt giy s l I/q
(q=1,6.10-19 culng). Hiu sut lng t s l:
I out q I out hc
Pin h qPin
(5.4)
V vy nhy thu s l:
q
qPin
(5.5)
Hnh 5.3 l ph nhy thu ca mt s photodiode in hnh. Cc vt liu lm

photodiode thng thng c rng vng cm Eg nh sau: Si c Eg = 1,1eV, Ge c Eg
= 0,67eV; InGaAs c Eg =0,751,15eV v GaAs c Eg = 1,43eV. Nng lng vng
cm ca vt liu c phn nh trn ph nhy ca photodiode. vng sng di
nhy gim v nng lng ca photon khng to cp, vng sng ngn nhy
cng gim v h s hp th () ln (Hnh 5.4) dn n s hp th trn b mt linh kin
tng lm gim s photon t n vng ngho.
80
nhy thu, A/W

1.0
Nguyn Vn Ho
Hiu sut lng t
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.6
Si
Ge
InGaAs
0.3
0.4
0.2
0
700
900
1100
1300 1500 1700

Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 5.3: Ph nhy thu ca cc photodiode in hnh
(m-1)
107
Ga0.5In0.5As
GaAs
106
Ge
Ga0.3In0.7As0.6P0.4
5
10
104
CdS
Si
103
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 5.4: S ph thuc ca h s hp th vo bc sng nh sng

cho mt s vt liu lm u thu quang
81
Nguyn Vn Ho
c trng dng - th (I-V) ca photodiode p-n c xc nh bi cng thc [5]:

i is [exp(
qV
)-1]-i p
k BT
(5.6)
vi is l dng ti, T l nhit ca chuyn tip, kB l hng s Bostman v ip l dng

quang in. y chnh l c trng I-V ca chuyn tip p-n c thm dng quang in t
l thun vi dng photon chiu ti. Photodiode c th hot ng ch h mch
hoc ngn mch .
5.2.1.2 Photodiode p-i-n
tng lng nh sng hp th vng ngho, hay tng hiu sut lng t,
ngi ta tng rng vng ngho bng cch a thm vo mt lp bn dn thun i
(intrisic) hay bn dn khng pha tp (hoc pha tp yu) vo gia lp n v p. Lp bn
dn thun cng lm gim in dung ca photodiode do vy tng c tc hot ng
ca n. Photodiode c cu trc nh vy gi l photodiode p-i-n (Hnh 5.5)
hv
p
i
Vng ngho
w
Ec
Vout
Ev
RL
a)
b)
Hnh 5.5: Cu to (a) v gin nng lng khi phn cc ngc

(b) ca photodiode p-i-n
5.2.2 Photodiode thc l APD

Trong photodiode APD lp p v lp n c pha tp mnh hn (k hiu l p+ v
n+) so vi photodiode p-i-n, gia lp i v lp n+ a thm vo mt lp vt liu loi p
(Hnh 5.6). n trng lp ny ln hn cc phn cn li ca vng ngho. c
hiu ng thc l th thin p ngc (hay in trng) phi vt qua ngng c th
xy ra ion ho do va chm. nh sng i vo APD xuyn qua vng p+, c hp th
trong vt liu lp i, to ra cp in t - l trng y v chng c tch ra bi in
trng trong vng i. Cc in t di chuyn n vng tip gip p-n+, vng khuch i
ny do in trng cao chng c gia tc v c c ng nng ln gy ion
82
Nguyn Vn Ho
ho do va chm vi cc nguyn t. Cc cp in t-l trng mi c sinh ra, c gia

tc v tip tc tham gia vo qu trnh gy ion ho do va chm.
+
in trng E
n+
p
Vng khuch i
Ngng thc l
i
p+
_
Hnh 5.6: Cu to ca photodiode APD (a) v phn b in trng trong photodiode

khi phn cc ngc (b)
Hiu sut to cp in t - l trng c biu hin bng tc ion ho l trng

hay tc ion ho in t tu theo vt liu (v d trong Si tc ion ho do in t ln
hn nhiu ln tc ion ho do l trng nn hiu sut to cp xc nh bng tc ion
ho in t). S khc bit gia hai tc cng ln th linh kin cng sinh t nhiu khi
H s khuch i M
hot ng.
1000
00C
100
400C
700C
10
1
0
200
400
Th thin p ngc V
600
Hnh 5.7: S ph thuc ca h s khuch i dng trong

APD vo th thin p ngc v nhit
Photodiode APD c c trng bi h s nhn hay h s khuch i dng M

M
IM
I
(5.7)
vi IM l dng li ra ca APD khi c s khuch i v I l dng li ra khi khng c

khuch i. H s khuch i dng ph thuc vo in th ngc t ln photodiode v
ph thuc vo nhit hot ng nh trn hnh 5.7.
p ng hay nhy ca APD s l
83

APD
q
hc
Nguyn Vn Ho
M o M
(5.8)
vi o l nhy khi h s khuch i M l 1.

Bng 3: cho ta mt s tnh cht ca cc photodiode ph bin.
Bng 3: Mt s tnh cht ca cc photodiode ph bin
c trng
Photodiode p-i-n
Si
Ge
APD
InGaAS
Si
Ge
(m)
0,41,1
0,51,8
1,01,5
0,4%1,1 0,51,65
Hiu sut lng t
80%
50%
70%
80%
75%
Thi gian nng (nS)

Thin p ngc (V)
0,01
15
0,5
0,3
6
0,7
0,1
10
0,4 1
0,5
170
0,7
0,25
40
0,6
80150
80150
nhy (A/W)
khuch i
5.2.3 Tc p ng ca photodiode:
Tc p ng ca photodiode nh hng trc tip n tc truyn dn. Cc
yu t nh hng ti tc p ng ca photodiode nh sau:
1.
Thi gian dch chuyn (transit time) ca ht ti khi chng c cun qua vng
ngho; thng thng photodiode c thit k vi thi gian dch chuyn t n thi
gian gii hn do tn x (trong Si tc gii hn do tn x cho l trng v in t l
8,4x104 v 4,4x104 m.s-1 tng ng)
2.
Thi gian khuch tn (diffusion time) cc ht ti to ra vng n v p ngoi
vng ngho nhng trong di khuch tn t n vng ngho. Thi gian ny l ln,
cn gim nh hng ca thi gian ny (tuy s cp ht ti to vng ny t) bng cch
tng rng vng ngho w hu ht ht ti c to ra vng ngho (tuy nhin tng
W s tng thi gian dch chuyn)
3.
Hng s thi gian RC ca linh kin v cc mch in lin quan: R l in tr li
vo tin khuch i song song vi tr ti photodiode, C l in dung linh kin, ch yu
l in dung ca chuyn tip p-n phn cc ngc:
A
(5.9)
C s
w
vi s l hng s in mi ca cht bn dn, A thit din mt ct ca phn thu quang
trong photodiode, w l rng vng ngho (cn la chn w ti u v w tng lm C

gim nhng thi gian dch chuyn tng). in dung ca photodiode thng vaof
khong vi pf. Bng thng linh kin c tnh nh sau [1]:
84

f max
Nguyn Vn Ho
1
2 RC
(5.10)
Photodiode p-i-n Si c thi gian p ng nhanh (~ 1ns), trong khi APD c tc

p ng thp v in t phi cun qua qung ng xa hn nhng c hiu ng
khuch i.
5.3 Thit k my thu:

Ta xt phn mch li vo v tin khuch i cho photodiode trong my thu. T
hp gia u thu quang v tin khuch i c gi l tng u vo my thu. C ba
loi tng u vo my thu ph bin:
a) Tng u vo my thu tr khng thp (hnh 5.8a) c u thu quang hot ng
vi tin khuch i tr khng thp (thng thng l 50) thng qua cp ng trc.
truyn c tc ti a cng sut t in tr ti u thu vo khuch i, in tr ti
c chn bng tr khng vo ca khuch i (50). Thit k ny khng cho nhy
cao (v th st trn tr ti nh) v nhiu ln (v nhiu nhit t l nghch vi tr ti
1/R)
b) Loi thit k tng u vo tr khng cao (hnh 5.8b) vi tn hiu th ln,
nhiu nhit nh c th t c bng vic a dng quang in t u thu vo t hp
in tr ti ln v khuch i c in tr ln. c c in tr li vo ln, khuch
i s dng transitor trng FET. in tr song song gn bng in tr ti RL. in
dung lc ny gm cc in dung song song: in dung u thu, in dung li vo
khuch i v cc in dung k sinh (in dung tng CT l tng cc in dung ny).
Tng li vo u thu loi ny ny gi l tng u vo tch hp. Bng thng ca t hp
ny l f=1/2RLCT . Vi RL t vi trm k n vi M, CT vo khong vi pF nn
bng thng ca loi tng li vo ny rt thp. V vy, i vi cc h truyn tc cao
phi s dng thm b khuch i cn bng b tr bng thng thp ny. Ngoi ra di
ng ca my thu cng b hn ch (di gi tr cng sut quang chiu vo u thu t ti
a n ti thiu b hn ch).
c) Tng li vo my thu chuyn tr khng (hnh 5.8c) c in tr phn hi RL
ni li ra v li vo ca khuch i. y l b chuyn dng thnh th, bng thng
y l f= A/2RLCT vi A l khuch i (bng thng ln hn A ln so vi tng li
vo tr khng cao). Loi thit k ny c nhy cao, tng c di ng v khng cn
b cn bng.
85
Nguyn Vn Ho
V+
V+
Khuch i
Khuch i
RL ln
RL=50
b)
a)
V+
RL
c)
Khuch i
Hnh 5.8: S khi ca cc tng u vo my thu tr

khng thp (a), tr khng cao (b) v chuyn tr khng (c)
Ta xem xt b cn bng cho tng li vo tch hp nh trn hnh 5.9. Tin

khuch i v u thu c c trng bi ngun th ph thuc tn s V amp() v in
tr Ramp. Hm chuyn giao ca mch in s l
Vout ( )
R2 (1 j R1C )
Vamp ( ) R1 Ramp R2 j R1C ( Ramp R2 )
Vout
Ramp
R1
Vamp
R2
Hnh 5.9: B cn bng RC cho tng li vo tch hp
Nu chn R1 v C sao cho :

1
1
R1C RLCT
(5.11)
86
Nguyn Vn Ho
Ta c bng thng ca t hp b cn bng v tng u vo tch hp l:
Fcom
1 R1 Ramp R2
R1C Ramp R2
(5.12)
Chn R1 >> Ramp + R2 ta m bo bng thng ca t hp Fcom ln hn bng thng ca

tng u vo tch hp F
Fcom F
1
2 RLCT
(5.13)
Trong trng hp tc s liu khng cao ta c th thit k mt mch thu s

n gin nh trn hnh 5.10. Tn hiu thu sau khi c khuch i a vo b so snh
xc nh logic 1 v logic 0 v khi phc tn hiu ban u.
-VCC
Tin khuych
i
B so snh
out
Vref
Hnh 5.10: S khi b thu quang s n gin
5.4 Nhiu u thu

5.4.1.Nhiu u thu:
T l tn hiu trn nhiu l thng s quan trng xc nh tn hiu thu c trung
thc hay khng. Nhiu c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut
nhiu sinh ra trn in tr gi thit [1]
S Psignal iS2 R / 4 iS2
N Pnoise i N2 R / 4 i N2
(5.14)
vi Psignal,Pnoise l cng sut tn hiu v nhiu trn in tr ti gi thit, <iS2>, <iN2> l

bnh phng trung bnh ca dng tn hiu v nhiu.
Trong u thu quang c cc loi nhiu chnh nh sau:
5.4.1.1 Nhiu n
Nhiu n (shot noise) lin quan n s phn b ngu nhin ca photon nh sng
chiu ti u thu. Cng sut nh sng P khng i, ngha l dng photon
87
Nguyn Vn Ho
P h ( photon / s) l khng i, nhng s photon trong cc khong thi gian T l
ngu nhin v bng n , gi tr trung bnh ca n trong cc khong T [5]:

n T PT h
(5.15)
Xc sut phn b p(n) tun theo hm phn b poisson

n n exp( n)
P ( n)
, n 0,1,2,....
n!
(5.16)
i vi nh sng kt hp (ta c p(0) l xc sut nhn 0 photon, p(1) l xc sut nhn

c 1 photon, ). Bnh phng trung bnh ca lch khi gi tr trung bnh s
photon n l n2 n . V d khi n =100, n 10 ngha l sinh ra 100 photon s km theo
s sai s khong 10 photon.
Dng nhiu bnh phng trung bnh lin quan n nhiu n c th tnh c
i N2 2qIB
(5.17)
vi q l in tch in t, I l dng li ra trung bnh ca linh kin (PD), B l bng thng

ca mch in t nhn nhiu (v d tin khuch i hay my o nhiu).
Dng li ra mt chiu ca photodiode loi p-i-n l:
I I L Ibackground I dark
(5.18)
vi IL l dng ti sinh ra khi chiu sng, Ibackground l dng sinh ra do nh sng nn (khi
ghp photodiode vi si quang dng ny coi nh bng 0), Idark l dng ti ca linh kin
(PD). Nhiu n l nhiu trng, ngha l nhiu c s phn b ng u v tn s.
5.4.1.2 Nhiu n d trong APD
Trong photodiode thc l APD ta c nhiu n d (excess shot noise). Trong
APD bnh phng trung bnh ca dng nhiu l [1] :
iN2 2qIM 2 BF (M )
(5.19)
vi M l khuch i dng trung bnh, F(M) l h s nhiu d l s o ca nhiu d

gy ra do qu trnh thc l , F(M) ph thuc vo vt liu u thu, dng phn b ca
in trng trong linh kin v tc ion ha tng i ca cc ht ti (in t v l
trng). Nu k l t s gia tc ion ho ca in t v tc ion ho ca l trng (
hoc ngc li v ta cn c k1) th h s nhiu d c xc nh l
F ( M ) kM (1 k )(1
1
)
M
(5.20)
Nhiu n d nh nht khi k c gi tr nh nht (ngha l qu trnh thc l mong mun

xy ra hoc ch do in t hay ch do l trng), khi F(M) c th biu din gn ng
F (M ) M x
(5.21)
88
Nguyn Vn Ho
vi x v k l cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu ch to photodiode (x = 0,3 0,5 v k =

0,002 0,04 cho Si, x = 1,0 v k = 0,7 1,0 cho Ge, x = 0,5 0,8 v k = 0,3 0,5 cho
InGaAs).
5.4.1.3 Nhiu nhit
Bt k mt in tr ti hay in tr ca linh kin no cng gy ra dng nhiu
nhit (thermal noise) do s chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht ti. Bnh phng trung bnh
dng nhiu nhit [1]:
iN2
4kTB
R
(5.22)
vi R l gi tr in tr, k l hng s Boltzman, T l nhit linh kin v B l bng

thng ca mch in t nhn nhiu.
5.4.2 T l tn hiu trn nhiu v tc li bit:
T l tn hiu trn nhiu li ra ca u thu :
iS2 M 2
S
N
2q( I L I D ) M 2 F ( M ) B 2qI surf B 4kTB / RL
(5.23)
vi M=1 nu l photodiode p-i-n. Thnh phn th nht mu s l nhiu n c

khuch i gy ra bi dng tn hiu trn ti IL v dng ti ID, nhiu n d c tnh n
thng qua h s F(M). Thnh phn th hai l nhiu n gy ra bi dng d b mt.
Thnh phn th ba l nhiu nhit sinh ra trn in tr ti RL. Ta c th vit li
noise N
shot
N shotsurface N thernal
(5.24)
Khi s dng photodiode p-i-n ta c M=F(M)=1 v ngun nhiu tri hn c l nhiu

nhit. Trong APD th nhiu n l vt tri, cng sut tn hiu tng theo M2 trong khi
nhiu n d tng nhanh hn, theo M2F(M). V vy th t l tn hiu trn nhiu (S/N)
ph thuc vo M c cc i gi tr M ti u Mopt. Mopt ph thuc vo dng d b mt,
nhiu nhit, mc tn hiu, dng ti, gi tr x (v d cho APD silic Mopt=80 100)
Li ra ca t hp u thu, tin khuch i thng b nhiu. i vi mch thu s
b so snh (comparator) thng c s dng to li dng tn hiu, xc nh u l
bit 1,u l bit 0 ty theo th ngng ca b so snh nh trn hnh 5.11. Th ngng
ny cng nh hng mt phn n tc li bit (BER)ca my thu. S li trong tn
hiu c phc hi l hm s ca dng ngng ID (hay th ngng) ny.
89
Nguyn Vn Ho
1 0 1 0 1 0
Ngng (IDth)
a)
Ngng (IDth)
b)
c)
Li
Hnh 5.11: S phc hi tn hiu: a) tn hiu khng c nhiu, b)
tn hiu c nhiu nhn c, c) tn hiu c phc hi c li

Nu bit 0 c gi i, s c li nu dng nhiu iN l dng v c bin iN >
IDth, tng t nu li vo l bit 1, ta c li ra sai nu iN l m v iN < IDth .
Vic tnh ton tc li bt BER l kh phc tp trn c s xc sut phn b Gauss
cho dng nhiu [1]:
i 2N
1
P(iN )diN
exp()diN
2
2
(5.25)
Vowis p(iN)diN l xc sut ca dng nhiu li ra nm trong khong iN v iN+diN,

lch tiu chun l rng ca xc sut phn b. Bnh phng trung bnh ca dng
nhiu l bnh phng ca lch tiu chun 2 iN2 .
Trng hp n gin, ta cho rng rng xc sut phn b l nh nhau
cho bit 0 v bit 1 ( o 1 ) , dng ngng l trung bnh ca dng tn hiu cho logic 0
v logic 1: iDth (i(0) i(1)) / 2 . Gi thit ny ng cho i a s cc photondiode p-i-n
(khi nhiu nhit l vt tri) tc li bt hay l xc sut li xc nh theo [1]:
S N
1
BER erfc(
)
2
2 2
vi hm:
erfc( x)
(5.26)
y
e dy
2
(5.27)
th tc li bt theo phng trnh (5.26) c v trn hnh 5.12. Theo th BER

ta c th nh gi dng tn hiu ti thiu khng c li. Khi bit t s tn hiu trn
90

nhiu yu cu
Nguyn Vn Ho
(S N) iS2 iN2 ta c th tnh qun phng (RMS) ti thiu ca
dng tn hiu
iS min (S N )min iN2
(5.28)
hay cng thc quang ti thiu t n photondiode khng c li bit
Pmin
( S N )min iN2
iS min
(5.29)
vi l nhy ca photodiode (iS P) .

Gi tr (S N )min c xc nh theo th BER v theo hm s (5.26)
BER
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
12
16
20
24
iS iN theo dB hay 20log(iS iN )
Hnh 5.12: S ph thuc ca tc li bt vo t s tn hiu trn nhiu khi

o 1 v i(0) 0 , is i(1)
5.4.3.Gin hnh mt
c trng truyn dn ca tuyn s truyn dn tc cao c th tm hiu thng
qua gin hnh mt. My pht xung mu gi ngu nhin sinh ra mt dng d liu vi
di nht nh v vi chu k bit kim sot c. Dng s liu mu t lp li im
cui ca n. Tn hiu nhn c c a vo mt knh (knh dc) ca dao ng k,
trong khi tn hiu ng h ca s liu dng trigger cho dao ng k. Trn dao ng
k l quan st thy s chng ln nhau ca cc xung li ra t nhiu xung d liu (Hnh
5.13). Gin hay mu sng hnh mt (Hnh 5.14) cho ta thy cc thng tin sau:
91
Nguyn Vn Ho
- rng theo chiu ngang ca mt cho bit khong thi gian ly mu ti u

i vi tn hiu nhn c, khi mu c ly s khng b li .Thi gian ly mu ti
u ti v tr mt m to nht.
- Chiu cao thng ng ca mt l s o ca s mo bin tn hiu. Khi t
n gii hn tn s trn, cao theo chiu thng ng ca mt gim v mt ng li.
- Khong A cho ta lng nhiu c khi logic 1 c gi i, khong B cho ta
lng nhiu khi logic 0 c gi i.
- Khong C xc nh khng n nh theo thi gian (jitter) ca h thng
Timing jitter (%) = T/Tb x 100%
vi Tb l chu k bit ca dng s liu. Jitter xc nh s chnh xc v thi gian ca xung
nhn c do b bin i trong mch thu.
- Nu chui bit 1 v 0 di c a vo dng s liu, c th o thi gian nng
(t 10% n 90% cao ca xung) (v xung) ca h thng thng qua vic o thi
gian nng ln (h xung) ca gin mt.
My pht xung
ni tip gi
ngu nhin
Tn hiu
ng b
S liu
RCVR
XMTR
Si quang
Dao ng k
trig vert
Hnh 5.13 : S khi h quan st gin hnh mt ca ng truyn quang
- Mu sng hnh mt c th dng xc nh s thua thit v hiu nng khi ta

thay i g trong ng truyn, mu sng hnh mt trc v sau khi thay i c
so snh. T l gia mc th bt 1 v bt 0 c biu din bng dB, s khc bit theo dB
trc v sau khi thay i cho thy s thua thit v hiu nng do thay i trn.
Nh vy, ta c cc loi u thu khc nhau s dng trong thng tin quang. Cc
u thu silic c cng ngh chn mui v hot ng c vi tc gn t n tc
gii hn theo l thuyt vng sng ngn. Ti vng sng di, ni c ca s quang
th hai (~ 1300 nm) v th ba (~ 1500nm) ca si quang, cc u thu quang InGaAs c
cc c trng tt nht, trong khi cc u thu germani gp phi cc kh khn c bn l
nhiu cao, nht l trong cc linh kin loi thc l, v c dng ti ln
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Nguyn Vn Ho
Cng sut nhn thp nht, dBm
Hnh 5.14: Gin hnh mt
-30
BER = 10-9
Pin & bipolar
-40
-50
APD & bipolar
pin & FET
-60
-70
APD & FET
Gii hn lng t
-80
-90
106
107
108
Tc truyn s (b/s)
109
Hnh 5.15: nhy cn thit cho php t c vi BER = 10-9 ph thuc vo

tc truyn dn cho photodiode silic
Thng thng, tc li bt BER = 10-9 cho cc ng truyn s. Trong nhiu

trng hp tc li bt yu cu cng c th l 10-11. i vi h thng m bo li
bt nh vy ta c cc nhy (sensnitivity) theo cng sut ca u thu silic i cng vi
tin khuch i ty thuc vo tc truyn dn nh trnh by trn hnh 5.15. T th
ny ta c th xc nh c loi u thu v loi tin khuch i i km t c tc
s liu mong mun. Ta nhn thy cn phi tng nhy u thu khi tc s liu
cao, APD cung cp nhy cao hn khong 10 dB so vi loi photodiode p-i-n v t
hp u thu v tin khuch i tt nht vn ch t ti nhy thp hn khong 10 dB
so vi gii hn lng t.
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Nguyn Vn Ho
CHNG 6 : H THNG THNG TIN QUANG SI
6.1 Thit k h thng thng tin quang si

xy dng mt h thng thng tin quang si, vic u tin phi thit k h
thng p ng cc yu cu k thut mong mun. Thit k h thng hay mng thng tin
quang l mt vn phc tp. V vy trong chng ny chng ta ch xem xt cc yu
t k thut cn thit trong vic thit k v a ra nguyn l thit k mt s ng
truyn quang n gin dng im ni im. Trong trng hp mng thng tin quang a
im vic thit k phc tp hn nhiu v thng thng i hi s tr gip ca my
tnh.
6.1.1 M ha tn hiu
Trc khi thit k h thng ta xem xt s m ha tn hiu, ty theo cch m ha
tn hiu m ta thit k my thu. Hnh 5.16 cho thy mt s loi m ho c bn.
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
NRZ
RZ
Manchester
Hnh 6.1 : V d v cc m NRZ, RZ v Manchester
- M khng quay v 0 (NRZ) khng i hi quay v mc logic 0 trong mt chu

k bit. Li ra (DC) trung bnh thay i theo ni dung tn hiu .M ny khng c tn
hiu ng h, khng c kh nng pht hin li v sa li, d m ha v gii m cng
nh yu cu bng thng thp nht.
- M quay v 0 RZ i hi mc tn hiu thay i t cao sang thp (hay t thp
sang cao) trong tng chu k bit. Tc truyn s liu gc gi l tc s liu, tc
truyn s liu c m ha (RZ) gi l tc bt (baud), y tc baud bng
hai ln tc bt. Dung lng knh truyn yu cu phi bng tc baud. Mc tn hiu
DC ph thuc vo ni dung tin bo Trong m RZ 1/2 chu k bit u tin biu din mc
ca bit (1 hay 0); 1/2 chu k sau lun l mc 0 v khng c tn hiu ng h (hay xung
nhp).
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Nguyn Vn Ho
- M manchester l m RZ, c tnh quan trng ca m Manchester l tn hiu

xung nhp c m ho vo tn hiu bng cc chuyn mc gia chu k bit. S
chuyn mc tn hiu t trn xung di l cho mc logic 0, t di ln trn l cho mc
logic 1. S chuyn mc ny c s dng my thu khi phc tn hiu ng h.
Gi tr DC li ra l c nh cho m Manchester.
Bng thng si quang rt ln cho php to ra nhiu loi m khc nhau cho cc
mc ch khc nhau. Trong cc m ng truyn ngi ta thng a thm cc bt d
ra m ha tn hiu ng h, kim tra li dng tn hiu hay sa li my
thu,v.vto thnh khi m (block code), v d m mB/nB (4B/5B, 5B/6B, 8B/10B,)
l khi m bit c m ha vo n bit (m<n). Nh vy dung lng knh truyn cng s
phi tng ln. Cc dng m khc cng c th dng cho cc tuyn si quang nh iu
khin v tr xung PPM; iu ch tn s hay dch tn s FSK; iu ch pha hay dch pha
PSK.
6.1.2 La chn ngun sng:
Xut pht im ca thit k h thng l cn phi la chn bc sng hot ng,
loi ngun sng (LED hay LD) v si quang l n mode hay a mode ph hp.
Chng ta bit rng bc sng 800 900 nm LED c tc hot ng <
150 Mb.s-1.km do s tn sc ph, laser cho php hot ng ti ~ 2,5 Gb.s-1.km. Trong
vng sng 1300 nm LED c th hot ng ti 1,5.Gb.s-1.km, cn LD c th hot ng
ti 25Gb.s-1.km.
S la chn loi si quang ph thuc vo tn sc cho php, vo mc kh
khn khi ghp cng sut quang t ngun sng vo si. i vi LED, ta ch la chn
c mi trng truyn dn l si quang a mode cn LD cho php s dng c si
quang a mode v n mode.
6.1.3 Qu cng sut
Khi la chn c loi ngun sng v loi si quang ta cn tnh ton cc mc
cng sut cc v tr khc nhau trong h thng. T tc truyn dn mong mun kt
hp vi tc li bt BER nh trn hnh (5.15), ta c th chn loi p-i-n photodiode
hay photodiode thc l APD v tm ra cng sut cn thit t n u thu PR t cc
ng nhy thu. Nu cng sut ngun sng sn c ghp vo si quang l P T ta
c:
Cc mt mt (dB) + lM = 10 log( PT/ PR)
(6.1)
vi lM l d tr cng sut ca h thng (system margin), cc mt mt bao gm:
95
Nguyn Vn Ho
+ S suy hao do kt ni ngun sng vi si quang l T(dB) my pht (nu s

dng module pht sn c th suy hao ny khng cn tnh n, P T s l cng sut ra ca
module)
My pht
Connector
My thu
PT
PC (Cng
sut quang
mt mt
trn
connectors)
L
nhy u thu
PM (Cng sut
d tr)
L
Hnh 6.2: Suy hao trn ng truyn ca h thng thng tin quang si (s dng
module thu, pht quang)
+ S suy hao a vo bi connector lc cho tng cp connector (hoc suy hao

a vo do mi hn ls). Nu c n connector hoc mi hn, suy hao tng s l nlc (hay
nls) nu ta cho rng cc suy hao l nh nhau.
+ S suy hao hay mt mt gia si quang v u thu lR , thng mt mt ny
khng ng k v din tch u thu thng ln hn din tch li si quang.
+ Cc hiu ng gi ho linh kin (v d s gim cng sut laser theo thi gian)
c php v cc yu cu hn si trong tng lai dn n suy hao lA.
+ S suy hao ca si quang tnh bng suy hao trn km nhn vi di si
Ta c:
10log(PT/PR) = cc loi mt mt + lM
= L + lT+ nlS + lR+lA+lM
(6.2)
vi l h s suy hao ca si quang, L l di si v d tr cng sut lM l

lM= PT (dBm) - PR(dBm) - L - nlS lR- lA
(6.3)
d tr cng sut lM > 0 m bo s hot ng tt ca h thng, nu lM<0

ngha l khng cng sut t n u thu m bo tc li bt BER yu cu.
ko di tuyn truyn cn phi s dng cc trm lp v khuch i quang.
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Nguyn Vn Ho
Chng ta xem xt mt v d v thit k h thng thng tin quang n gin: cn

thit k h thng hot ng bc sng 830nm vi tc s liu l 100Mb.s -1 v tc
li bt BER = 10-9.
Theo hnh (5.15), nu dng p-i-n photodiode v khuch i bng transitor
bipolar ta c cng sut nh nht cho php u thu PR(dBm) = - 40 dBm.
Ngun pht ta chn LED vi cng sut ra 2 mW ( PT = 3 dBm) vi ng knh
im pht sng l 225m (LED vi thu knh ni thng phm)
Si quang ta chn loi si chit sut bin i u vi phn b parabol (g=2), c
ng knh li l 50 m v v l 125 m, c khu s N = 0,25. Ta thy rng bn
knh hiu dng ca ngun sng (rs = 112,5 m) ln hn bn knh si (a = 25m) nn
hiu sut ghp ni c th tnh c l [1]:
2

NA 0 a g 0, 25 2 25 2 0,1543%
112,5 2 2
r g 2
s
2
Ta c lT = 28,1 dBm v cng sut quang trong si:

PTfiber PT T 3 28,1 25,1dBm
hay PT fiber = 3,1 W. Ta coi din tch u thu quang (PD) ln hn li si quang nn ch
c mt mt phn x Fresnel cc b mt si - khng kh v khng kh - u thu. Mi
mt mt ny l 0,2dB trn mt mt tip xc (R = 4%) nn mt mt tng l 0,4 dB u
thu. Nu ta a vo qu cho php cc hiu ng gi ho v hn si sau ny lA = 6dB th
cng sut trong si u thu l:
PR fiber = -40 dBm + 0,4 dB + 6 dB = -33,6 dBm
Bc u, ta cho l khng c connector v cc mi hn trn tuyn. Suy hao ca
si chit sut bin i u c th l 5 dB/km
S mt mt trn si quang:
L = PT fiber - PR fiber = -25,1 dBm - (-33,6 dBm) = 8,5 dB
Chiu di ca si:
L = (PT fiber - PR fiber) / = 8,5 dB /5 dB.km-1= 1,7 km
By gi ta tnh n s c mt ca cc connector v mi hn. Thng cp quang
c di di 1km, ta cho l mi hn c suy hao 0,1 dB trn mt mi hn, cn thit
phi c 3 mi hn (mt u pht, mt u thu v mt gia). Ta c
L + 3ls = PT fiber - PR fiber
Khi khong cch truyn s l
L = (PT fiber - PR fiber - 3ls)/ = (8,5 dBm - 0,3 dB)/5 dB.km-1 = 1,64 km
Nu dng ba connector c suy hao 1dB trn mt connector ta c khong cch
truyn
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Nguyn Vn Ho
L = (PT fiber - PR fiber - 3lC)/ = (8,5 dBm -3 dB) / 5 dB.km-1 = 1,1 km

Thc t, khi L = 1,1 km vn cn 1 connector gia v di cp thng nh hn 1km.
6.1.4 Di ng ca h thng:
Trong phn trn chng ta cha xt n d tr ca h thng lM. Nu d tr
cng sut lM ln qu s sinh ra vn vi di ng ca h thng. Di ng ca h
thng lin quan n s thng ging cng sut pht ca cc u pht (LED, LD) khc
nhau khi la chn chng thay th hay lp t ban u trong h thng, s thay i v
h s hp th ca si quang ( ) cho tng si khc nhau v..v..Di ng h thng c
tnh tng ng vi di cng sut thu c ca u thu v nu cng sut quang qu ln
u thu s gy bo ho my thu v ngc li cng sut quang t ti u thu qu nh
s nm di mc nhy thu lm photodiode khng thu c tn hiu vi tc li bt
BER yu cu. Di ng ca h thng c tnh cho mt khong cch truyn dn L nht
nh. Khi khong cch truyn dn L tng, di ng s gim, L = Lmax di ng s
gim ti bng 0 v Lmax l khong cch truyn dn ti a hn ch theo di ng ca h
thng. Mun tng Lmax phi tng di ng ca my thu v gim s thay i trong h s
suy hao ca si quang.
Vic tnh di ng h thng da trn bng c trng ca linh kin trong h
thng ( ngha l khong thay i trong c trng cc linh kin cng loi)
lM= lTR - lsystem
(6.4)
vi t s gia cng sut u pht vi cng sut u thu yu cu tnh theo dB l
lTR = 10 log (PT/PR) (PT l cng sut u pht v PR l cng sut u thu yu cu). Mt
mt tng ca h thng lsystem l
lsystem = L+lT + nls+ lR + A
(6.5)
Di ng ca h thng nhn c bng cch tnh d tr vi t l cng sut lTR ln

nht v mt mt ca h thng l nh nht. Sau d tr ca h thng c tnh theo
t l gia cc cng sut lTR l nh nht v mt mt ca h thng l ln nht .
d tr ti a v ti thiu s l:
lM max = lTR max - lsystem min
(6.6)
lM min = lTR min - lsystem max
(6.7)
Di ng ca h thng DR c tnh theo s khc bit gia hai gi tr ny
DRdB l M max l M min
(6.8)
My thu cng s phi c di ng tng ng m bo s hot ng tt ca h

thng.
Chng ta cn gi cho cng sut quang t n u thu ln hn cng sut quang
c th nhn c nh nht PR min v nh hn cng sut quang cc i m u thu c th
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Nguyn Vn Ho
nhn c PR max. Nu tnh cng sut theo dBm, theo cng thc (6.2) ta c cng sut
t n u thu PR (dBm) = PT( dBm) - lsystem (PT l hm tuyn tnh i vi dng bm,
cho bit ti mt dng bm, tng linh kin c PT khc nhau v ghp vo tng si
quang cng khc nhau).
-8,4 dBm
Cng sut
thu bo ho
-12,5 dBm
Di cng
sut ti a
-14,8 dBm
1
-21dBm
0
Hnh 6.3: Cc gi tr cng sut cho tuyn dng linh kin Hewlet Packard.
Ta xem xt mt v d cho tuyn dng cc linh kin ca hng Hewlet Packard.

Module pht HFBR-1501 ca hng HP c cng sut ra ti a o 0,5 m si quang (
u ca dy ui ln (pigtail) l -8,4 dBm (vi dng bm I l 60mA) v ti thiu l 14,8 dBm cng dng bm . Si quang ca HP loi HFBR-3500 c suy hao ti a
0,63 dB/m ti 665nm (bc sng ca ngun HFBR-1501) v suy hao ti thiu l 0,3
dB/m. Module thu HFBR-2500 yu cu mc cng sut thu nh hn -21,0 dBm nhn
bit chnh xc mc logic 0 v yu cu mc cng sut gia -21,0 dBm v -12,5 dBm
cho mc logic 1 trnh nhm mc logic 1 vi logic 0 (Hnh 6.3). Ta gi cc gi tr
ny l PR (1)min; PR(1)max .
Nu ta coi rng khng c connector, khng c mt mt u thu, khng c d
tr cho php gi ho linh kin m ch c suy hao ca si quang. V cng sut pht o
0,5m si quang nn di hiu dng ca si l L-0,5m, L l tng di si. iu kin
ti a/ ti thiu khi s l:
PR max = PT max - min (L - 0,5) PR (1)max
PR min = PT min - max (L - 0,5) PR (1)min
T y ta tnh c PT max = PR (1) max + min (L - 0,5) =-12,05 dBm (62,3 W)
v PT min = PR(1)min + max (L -0,5) = - 20,1 dBm (9,77 W) nu L = 2 m.
LED c cng sut ti a l -8,4 dBm (144 W) dng nui IF = 60mA, ta c
99
Nguyn Vn Ho
P/Pmax = I/Imax
-3
nn I = Imax (P/Pmax) = 60x10 mA (62,3 W /144 W) = 26,0 mA l dng nui LED

c PT max = -12,05 dBm v c PT min = -20,1 dBm (cho cc LED khc nhau c
cng sut ra khc nhau) ta cn c dng nui
Imin = Imax (P/Pmax)= (60x10-3 mA) (9,77 W/33,1 W)= 17,71x10-3 mA
Nh vy dng nui cho LED thay i trong khong 17,71 mA v 26,0mA s
m bo cho tuyn di 2 m hot ng tt.
Nu tnh cho tuyn 6 m th PT max= -10,85 dBm v PT min = -17,35 dBm (do tnh
c nh trn) ngha l di (PT max - PT min) hp hn. Khi khong cch tng ln di ny
gim i ti khi bng 0 (PT max = PT min), tuyn khng th hot ng khong cch gii
hn ny. T cng thc cho PR max v PR min trn ta c:
PR(1) max+ min (Lmax - 0,5) = PR min (1) + max (Lmax - 0,5)
(Lmax - 0,5) = [(PR (1)
-1
max
- PR
(1))/(max - min) = (-12,5 dBm + 21 dBm)/(0,63
min
-1
dB.km - 0,3 dB.km ) = 25,7 m

Ta c khong cch truyn dn gii hn bi di ng l 25,7 m. Mun tng
khong cch ny cn tng di ng u thu (PR (1)max - PR (1) min ) hay s thay i trong
h s suy hao ca si phi nh ( thay i t si ny sang si khc).
6.1.5 Phn tch v thi gian:
S phn tch v thi gian cho php nh gi tc hot ng ca h thng. Thi
gian nng ca h thng tsys c xc nh [1]
t sys
t
i 1
2
i
(6.9)
t i : thi gian nng ca tng thnh phn trong h thng
C bn thnh phn trong h thng ng gp vo thi gian nng ca h thng:

- Thi gian nng ca ngun pht t s (c trn bng tnh nng k thut ca ngun pht
hay c th o bng xung nhanh v u thu quang nhanh )
-
Thi gian nng ca u thu quang t R , thi gian nng ny c th o vi tn hiu
xung hay tnh t bng thng tn s B3dB:

t R
0,35
B3dB
(6.10)
- Thi gian tn sc vt liu ca si t mat

tmat
L 2 d 2 n
c d 2
(6.11)
vi L l di tuyn. i vi si chit sut bc , s tr do tn sc mode
100

tmod al
Nguyn Vn Ho
L n1 n2
c
(6.12)
Cho si chit sut bin i u phn b parabol (g =2) s tr ny s l :

tmod al
L NA 0
c 8n12
(6.13)
(trong si n mode, s tr mode khng xy ra). Ta gi thit l khng c mi ghp

ni (mi hn, connector) trn si, nu c cc mi ghp ni nh trn thc t cc thi
gian trn s b nh hng.
Ta c th xc nh mi lin h gia thi gian nng ca h thng v tc d
liu hay tc bt BR = 1/TR ( TR l chu k bit) cho tn hiu m ho NRZ v RZ. Thi
gian nng ny ph thuc vo loi m ho tn hiu [1]
t sys 0,7TB ( m NRZ )
(6.14)
t sys 0,35TB (m RZ )
(6.15)
6.1.6 nh hng ca tn sc:

Trong cc h thng thng tin quang ng di hay tc cao h thng c th b
gii hn bi s suy hao hay nu tuyn khng b gii hn bi tc ngun pht quang
hay ca u thu quang th n c th b gii hn bi tn sc ca si quang. Ta xt ln
lt cc trng hp gii hn khong cch hay tc truyn dn.
- Truyn dn gii hn bi tn sc vt liu: gi s tuyn s dng m RZ, ta yu
cu
t mat 0,35TB
(6.16)
V
0,35TB (
Lmax 2 d 2 n
)( )(
)
c
dn2
Lmax

0,35TB c ( )

1
2
2 d n
d2
(6.17)
(6.18)
- Truyn dn gii hn bi tn sc mode:

Cho si chit sut bc ta c
Lmax
0,35C TB
0, 7cn1
0,35c
n1 n2 n1 n2 BR NA2 BR
vi khu s ca si quang NA n12 n22 n1 2

Cho si chit sut bin i u (g=2) ta c
101
(6.19)

Lmax
2,8TB cn12
NA(0)
Nguyn Vn Ho
2,8cn12
(6.20)
NA 0 BR
2
Tng t c th tnh cho trng hp tuyn s dng m NRZ. Cc cng thc trn
dng xc nh di cc i gii hn bi tn sc khi tn sc ng dn sng l khng
ng k (ngha l kt qu khng ng 1300nm khi tn sc ng dn song l ng k ).
Tn sc nh hng n khong cch truyn dn khi tc bit cao (Gbits/s).
- Truyn dn thng b gii hn bi suy hao (thng l c ch chnh khi tc
bit thp)
Lmax
PT dBm PR dBm
(6.21)
fiber
vi PT l cng sut ngun sng, PR l cng sut m u thu cn thit nhn c

m bo tc li bit BER cho trc v l h s suy hao ca si quang. Hnh 6.4
trnh by th s ph thuc ca cc loi gii hn tc ng truyn ca tuyn do
di tuyn, (km)
tn sc v suy hao ca si quang.

14
12
Gii hn
do tn sc
vt liu
10
8
6
4
2
0
Gii hn do
tn sc
mode
Gii hn
do suy hao
10
100
1000
Tc d liu (Mb/s)
Hnh 6.4: Khong cch truyn dn ti a xc nh bi gii hn
do suy hao v tn sc
6.2 Khuych i quang

6.2.1 Trm lp
Khi cng sut trn tuyn t n cng sut ti thiu c th ghi nhn c ta cn
khuch i n. Trm lp l mt loi khuch i tn hiu. Trm lp in t bao gm u
thu quang, cc mch in t phc hi tn hiu v ngun pht quang. u thu quang
chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Cc mch in t phc hi tn hiu
xung nhp t tn hiu d liu v ghi nhn dng tn hiu dng in. Cc d liu
phc hi c ngun pht quang pht li. Nhiu tuyn ng di s dng k thut ny,
102
Nguyn Vn Ho
tuy vy n c nhc im l phi c h thng in t phc hi tn hiu v tc

hot ng thng khng cao.
6.2.3 Khuch i quang
Mt khuch i quang (bao gm khuch i si quang v khuch i quang bn
dn) l tng s c cc tnh cht sau:
C h s khuch i ln (30 dB hay ln hn)
C bng thng ph rng ( cho php nhiu bc sng cng truyn ng thi
qua khuch i)
-
Cung cp h s khuch i ng u trn c rng ph ca khuch i

Cho php hot ng theo c hai chiu.
a vo tuyn lng nhiu ca khuch i nh nht.
Khng c giao thoa gia cc bc sng trong di ph (khng c xuyn m).

H s khuch i khng ph thuc vo phn cc nh sng.
C suy hao a vo nh khi khuch i c a vo tuyn.
Khuych i khng b bo ho trn di rng tn hiu a vo.

Ngun bm s dng cho khuch i nh v gn.
C hiu sut chuyn i tt (t l gia cng sut bm v khuych i tt).
Khuch i quang cng gy ra mt s vn trn tuyn truyn dn nh nhiu,
tn hao a vo,... Khuch i a vo h thng cc loi nhiu khc nhau (do phn
pht quang t pht di ph rng ca n). S pht quang t pht ny gy ra nhiu do
pht x t pht c khuch i ASE. Nhiu do khuch i thm vo c c trng
-
bng ch s nhiu (hay hnh nh nhiu) F c xc nh l t s gia t l tn hiu trn

nhiu li vo v t l tn hiu trn nhiu li ra
F
SNRin
SNRout
(6.22)
Khuch i quang c gi tr ch s nhiu F cng nh cng tt.

Hnh 6.5 cho thy tn hiu yu li vo v tn hiu c khuch i v pht x
t pht khuch i ASE li ra ca khuch i quang. H s khuch i g c th b
bo ha khi tn hiu ln qu khi .
g
g0
1 P Psat
(6.24)
vi g0 l tn hiu khi cha bo ha, Psat l cng sut bo ha ca khuch i ( l mt

trong cc thng s ca khuch i ), P l cng sut quang s c khuch i.
Tn hiu qu ln s lm bo ha khuch i, qu nh s b mt trong nhiu.
Nhiu cng ln khi khuch i cng ln. khuch i l ti u khi s khuch i
103
Nguyn Vn Ho
va b tr s suy hao ca tn hiu trn ng truyn. Nhiu nh hn nu c

nhiu b khuch i vi h s khuch i nh nm gn nhau trn ton b chiu di si,
iu ny khng kinh t do cn b tr cc khuch i cch nhau tng khong cch
mt v chu s thua thit v nhiu.
P
Tn hiu
yu
a)
Tn hiu
khuch i
Nhiu ASE
di rng
Bc sng
b)
Bc sng
Hnh 6.5: Tn hiu yu li vo (a) v tn hiu c khuch i v
pht x t pht khuch i ASE li ra (b) ca khuch i quang.
104
Nguyn Vn Ho
XMTR
RCVR
a)
Khuych i si quang
b)
RCVR
c)
XMTR
Hnh 6.6: Khuch i quang s dng nh khuch i trn tuyn (a),

tin khuch i (b) v khuch i sau ngun pht quang (c)
Cc s mc khuch i vo tuyn c trnh by trn hnh 6.6. Trong trng

hp mc khuch i trn tuyn theo s tin khuch i h s khuch i v ch s
nhiu l cc thng s rt quan trng (thng thng yu cu h s khuch i 30 dB
vi ch s nhiu F =3 5 dB) . Khi nhy u thu quang c th c ci thin 15
20 dB so vi trng hp khng c tin khuch i. Khuch i sau ngun pht quang
c th nng cng sut pht a vo tuyn ti trn + 20 dBm.
6.2.3.1 Khuch i si quang pha Erbium ( EDFA)
Khuch i si quang pha ion t him Er hot ng vng sng t 1520 nm
n 1550 nm cng vi laser diode bm hot ng 980 nm hay 1480 nm. Nguyn l
ca khuch i si quang l s chuyn mc bc x gia cc mc nng lng ca ion
Er3+ trong mng tinh th SiO2 khi c s kch thch quang t ngun laser bm.
khuch i 30 40 dB vi cng sut quang ra 1mW c th t c di si
khuch i vi chc mt. Cng sut laser bm l vi chc mW. Khi nh sng laser bm
i vo si cng pha vi tn hiu li vo ta c cc tia sng l cng lan truyn, nu tia
laser bm i vo t u kia si ta c cc tia lan truyn i nhau. Hnh 6.7 ch ra hnh
hc ca khuch i quang si trong tuyn truyn dn. y b cch ly dng ngn
nh sng phn x t b WDM vo ngun pht m c th gy ra s suy gim cht lng
ngun pht. B lc di hp nhm ngn chn nhiu ASE ca khuch i. S mt mt khi
hn khuch i si vo tuyn l thp, thng thng di 1dB. Mt nhc im l loi
105
Nguyn Vn Ho
khuch i ny ch hot ng vng sng 1550 nm v gy nhiu. Khuch i phc tp

hn l khi cc khuch i c th mc ch tng (cascading).
Khuch i si quang hot ng vng sng 1300 nm trn c s si quang pha
praseodymium Pr (vi khuch i trong khong 20 30 dB v cng sut laser bm
trong khong 100 300 mW cn ang trong qu trnh nghin cu.
B cch ly
Tn hiu li vo yu (
~ 1550nm )
B ghp
knh theo
bc sng
(WDM)
Laser bm
980 hoc
1480 nm
on vi
khuch i
si pha tp Er
B lc di
hp
Tn hiu li ra
c khuch i
(Gain: 20-30 dB)
Hnh 6.7: Hnh hc ca khuch i quang si EDFA
6.2.3.2 Khuch i mc theo tng
106
Nguyn Vn Ho
XMTR
EDFA
RCVR
a)
Cng sut
trong si
(dBm)
Cng sut
XMTR
Khuych i
b)
Cng sut
RCVR
Khong cch (km)
Hnh 6.8: Tuyn truyn dn s dng EDFA mc theo tng (a) v cc mc
cng sut trong si (b)
Hnh 6.8a) l v d ca tuyn truyn dn vi cc khuch i mc theo dng tng

v hnh 6.8b) l cc mc cng sut trong si quang tuyn ny. Cc khuch i hot
ng nh cc trm lp trn tuyn, chng t cch nhau tng on v khuch i tn
hiu suy yu sau khi i qua tng on si quang. Tuy vy khng th tng qu ln s
khuch i v chng a nhiu vo ng truyn. Ni chung khi tia laser bm v tia
laser tn hiu cng chiu nhiu (ASE) t hn so vi trng hp hai tia ngc chiu.
Trc li ra ca mi tng khuch i c th a vo b lc quang bng hp
hn ch nhiu ASE, tuy nhin b lc c th a thm suy hao vo ng truyn.
khuch i ph thuc vo cng sut bm v di si quang khuch i.
Mi mt tng khuch i khuch i c tn hiu v nhiu t cc tng khuch i
trc n v a thm cng sut ASE ca n vo. Sau tng khuch i th nht ASE bt
u tng v sau mt on si quang n yu i nhng li c khuch i bi tng
khuch i sau, sau tng th hai ASE bng ASE ca tng u c khuch i cng
vi ASE thm vo ca tng th hai v v.vThc t, cng sut ASE c th bng hoc
vt qu cng sut tn hiu. Khi s tng khuch i tng ln cng sut tn hiu gim v
cng sut ASE tng trong khi cng sut li ra tng gi nguyn (tuyn c thit k c
cng sut ra c nh) (Hnh 6.9).
107
Nguyn Vn Ho
P (mW)
10
Pout
8
6
PSignal
4
PASE
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 80 90 100
S ca tng khuch i
Hnh 6.9: Cc mc cng sut trong mt tuyn si quang vi 100 EDFA: cng sut tn
hiu, cng sut ASE v cng sut li ra tng ph thuc vo s tng khuch i
Mt s loi nhiu c th c khi ta thu nh sng l t hp ca tn hiu v nhiu

ASE:
- Nhiu n ca tn hiu.
- Nhiu nhit lin quan n in tr ti ca u thu
- Nhiu do s trn (to phch) ca tn hiu v ASE (cc tn s nhiu c to ra
nm trong bng tn ca u thu).
- Nhiu do s trn ca cc ASE thnh phn vi nhau (cc tn s nhiu c to
ra bng cch ny cng nm trong bng tn ca u thu)
Khuch i si quang nhiu tng cng dn ti gim bng thng ca tuyn.
khuch i ln cn c b cch ly chng li vic tn hiu phn x c khuch i
lm mt n nh ng truyn. Cc b cch ly khng cho php truyn theo hai hng
v khng cho php o OTDR.
108
Nguyn Vn Ho
6.2.3.2 Khuch i laser bn dn:

Chip SOA
Tn hiu
ra
Dng
bm
to
nhit
Mt ra
Vi thu
knh
Si quang
Min tch
cc
Tn hiu
li vo
Mt vo
(b)
(a)
Hnh 6.10: Cu to module SOA (a) v hnh nh chip khuch i quang bn dn SOA (b)
Trn hnh 6.10a) l cu to ca module khuch i quang bn dn SOA gm

chip khuch i (Hnh 6.10b) c ghp ni vi si quang t hai pha ca vng tch
cc. nh sng i vo t mt pha ca khuch i s c khuch i khi c dng bm
mt chiu phn cc thun cp cho chip khuch i. Khuch i si quang hin ti ch
c trn th trng cho bc sng 1550 nm, vng sng 1300 nm v 1550 nm th ng
dng khuch i laser bn dn hay cn gi l khuch i quang bn dn SOA. Khuch
i laser bn dn c kch thc gn nh hn khuch i si quang v c th d dng
a vo mch t hp quang in t, n c bng thng rt rng (rng hn bng thng
ca khuch i si). Tuy vy, khuch i laser bn dn c cc nhc im nh suy hao
a vo ln hn khuch i si quang, thng thng suy hao ny ca SOA vo khong
6 dB hoc hn trn tuyn; c s km n nh theo nhit v nhy vi phn cc ca
nh sng li vo.
Khuch i laser bn dn SOA c th hot ng ch sng chy TW
(traveling-wave) ngha l hai mt gng laser c lm cho c phn x rt thp (R
~10 -5) bng cc lp chng phn x. Sng chy c ngha l y tn hiu c
khuch i ch truyn i theo mt hng hay i qua khuch i ch mt ln. Khuch
i laser bn dn sng chy cng c th c s dng nh mt tin khuch i, khuch
i trn tuyn hay khuch i sau ngun sng trong tuyn truyn dn quang si.
rng hay bng thng ph khuch i ca cc SOA thng ln hn so vi EDFA v vo
khong 30 40 nm, ch s nhiu F vo khong 7-12 dB, s bo ho khuch i xy ra
khi cng sut tn hiu li ra vo khong vi dBm. Hnh 11 l ph khuch i ca SOA
cc dng bm khc nhau, khi dng bm tng, nh ph khuch i dch v pha sng
ngn. Tuy nhin, v mt s nhc im nh ni trn ca SOA nn vic khuch i
109
Nguyn Vn Ho
tn hiu quang trn tuyn vng 1550 nm hin nay ch yu vn do khuch i quang
si EDFA m nhn. Cc khuch i quang bn dn c nhiu ng dng chc nng rt
quan trng trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin i nh lm cc b chuyn mch
quang, bin iu quang, bin i bc sng,v.v c bit trong cc mng thng tin
khuch i tn
hiu (dB)
hon ton quang (mng c c vic truyn dn v x l tn hiu l quang) tc cao th

SOA l linh kin khng th thiu c.
30
100mA
20
60mA
10
20mA
1,44
1,48
1,52
, m
Hnh 6.11: Ph khuch i ca SOA cc dng bm khc nhau
Khuch i laser bn dn dng bung cng hng Fabry Perot c b mt phn

x gng hai u vi h s phn x ln (R~30%). Khuch i laser bn dn loi ny
c khuch i rt ln v c tnh cht khuch i cng hng, ngha l ch khuch
i mt di ph vi bc sng hp, ph hp vi iu kin phn x ca bung cng
hng Fabry Perot. Loi ny t dng v c tnh ph hp ca n nn iu kin cng
hng kh m bo do s thng ging ca nhit v dng bm cho khuch i.
6.3 Khi nim v mt s cng ngh truyn dn v mng thng tin quang
6.3.1 H thng thng tin quang kt hp
H thng thng tin quang kt hp c pht trin vo nhng nm 80, sau s
pht trin chm li do s ra i ca khuch i si quang vo nm 1989. Thng thng
nh sng truyn thng tin c bin iu theo cng (IM) (hay cn gi l bin iu
trc tip dng bm cho ngun sng), my thu s dng vic thu ghi trc tip tn hiu
quang (DD) khi phc tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. u thu quang ch nhy
vi s thay i ca cng sut (hay mc cng ) ca tn hiu quang m khng phn
ng vi s thay i v pha hay tn s. V vy, phng php bin iu theo cng
IM tuy gi r nhng nhy hn ch v khng tn dng c ht bng thng rng ca
si quang v khng nhy theo tn s.
110
Nguyn Vn Ho
My pht
My thu
Si quang
(ASK, PSK)
Laser tn
hiu ( S )
PD
B bin
iu
B lc & gii
bin iu
(FSK)
S liu li ra
Laser pht
cc b (L)
S liu li vo
Hnh 6.12: S h thng thng tin quang kt hp
Cc h thng thng tin quang s dng vic thu heterodyne hay homodyne gi l
h thng thng tin quang kt hp. H thng thng tin quang kt hp c hai u im
chnh l tng c nhy thu (tng khong 20 dB so vi thu trc tip) v mc lc
la tn s cao.
n gin, ta coi in trng ca tn hiu quang pht i l sng phng c dng
[4]:
ES AS cos st s t
(6.25)
Vi A l bin trng tn hiu quang, s l tn s sng mang, s t l pha

ca tn hiu quang. truyn thng tin ta c th bin iu theo bin ASK (hay
OOK), tn s FSK hay pha PSK cho sng mang quang. S h thng thng tin
quang kt hp c trnh by trn hnh 6.12.
Trng hp thu trc tip, dng in u thu thu c t l vi cng tn hiu
quang IDD (l bnh phng in trng):
I DD ES ES *
1 2
AS 1 cos 2S t 2S
2
(6.26)
Ta xt trng hp u thu khng cn nhy tn s gp hai ln tn s tn hiu pht 2 s

(tn hiu quang 2 s nm ngoi vng ph nhy ca photodiode) :
I DD E S E S
*
1 2
AS
2
(6.27)
Trong h thng thng tin quang kt hp, my thu c thm laser cc b a

thm mt sng quang vo tn hiu sng mng thng tin i ti v my thu s thu tn hiu
t hp ny. C bn loi gii iu bin ph thuc vo t l gia tn s tn hiu sng
quang i ti v sng quang ca ngun pht cc b (dn ti thu heterodyne hay
111
Nguyn Vn Ho
homodyne) v tn hiu in c thu nh th no (ng b hay khng ng b). (thu

homodyne nhy hn thu heterodyne v thu ng b nhy hn thu khng ng b).
Nu ngun pht quang cc b LO c trng
ELO ALO cos LOt LO t
(6.28)
dng in sinh ra trong u thu s t l vi cng tn hiu quang t hp Icoh(t) :

I Coh t ES ELO
2
1 2 1 2
AS ALO AS ALO cos S LO t t cos t
2
2
(6.29)
vi t S t LO t l s khc nhau gia pha ca sng i ti v pha ca tn hiu

ngun sng cc b ;
cos t
E S .E LO
E S E LO
(6.30)
biu th s chnh lch v phn cc gia hai tn hiu quang ny.

Cng sut quang t l vi cng nn ti u thu photodiode ta c
P(t ) PS PLO 2 PS PLO cos[(S LO )t (t )]cos (t )
(6.31)
vi PS ,PL0 l cng sut quang tn hiu i n v ca ngun sng cc b, thng thng

PLO >> PS .Trng hp thu homodyne S = LO nn tn s trung gian IF s l 0 (IF =
S LO ) . Khi cng sut quang t n u thu s l
P(t ) PS PLO 2 PS PLO cos (t ) cos (t )
(6.32)
Trng hp bin iu bin ASK ngi ta thay i P S v gi nguyn (t),

cn trong trng hp bin iu pha PSK ngi ta thay i (t) v gi nguyn PS , v P
LO >>PS
nn ta c
P(t ) PLO 2 PS PLO cos (t ) cos (t )
(6.33)
Thnh phn th hai bn phi (6.33) cha thng tin cn thit nh bin iu pha PSK.
Thu homodyne cho nhy cao nht nhng kh thc hin v cn phi m bo S =
LO . V phng php thu homodyne a tn hiu thng v tn s c s (khng cn tn
hiu sng mang IF nn khng phi gii iu bin tip ).
112
Nguyn Vn Ho
iF
Tn hiu
u thu
quang
B tch
tia
Tn hiu
Ngun pht quang

cc b (LO )
a)
iF
Photodetector
Ngun pht quang

cc b (LO )
b)
Hnh 6.13: Cc phng php ghp ngun sng cc b vi nh sng ti: a)

dng gng phn x hay b tch chm tia, b) dng b ghp quang
Phng php thu homodyne c IF 0 , nhng nhy gim 3dB so vi phng

php thu homodyne . Khi s dng k thut bin iu ASK, FSK hay PSK v PS << PLO
nn ta c dng li ra ca u thu bao gm phn mt chiu :
2 q
(6.34)
idc
PLO
h
v dng xoay chiu IF mang thng tin :
2 q
iIF (t )
PS PLO cos[IF (t )]cos (t ) (6.35)
h
Dng mt chiu idc s b lc khi my thu, cn dng iIF s c khuch i v
gii iu bin bng k thut gii iu bin RF thng thng ( IF nh hn S rt nhiu
nn d khuch i v gii iu bin), IF c nh cho mi S nn bng thng cn
khuch i hp hn nhiu.
Vic ghp tn hiu quang i ti v tn hiu ngun sng cc b c thc hin
bng gng phn x hay b tch chm tia hoc b ghp quang (coupler) (Hnh 6.13) .
Thay i tn s laser cc b LO lun cho ra IF c nh khi S thay i ( thay i
S bng vic s dng laser DBR iu hng.
113
Nguyn Vn Ho
Suy hao si (dB/Km)
6.3.2 Ghp knh theo bc sng
14000 GHz
1000
1200
15000 GHz
1400
1600
1800
Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 6.14: Cc ca s quang hc trong si quang n mode
tng dung lng truyn dn ngi ta thc hin ghp knh theo bc sng
WDM. K thut ny c nhng nt tng ng vi k thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM
khi truyn tn hiu in tng t. WDM bt u xut hin vo nhng nm u thp k
90 (th nghim u tin v ghp knh theo bc sng c thc hin, n nm 1996 h
WDM c a vo ng dng thc t ln u). pha my pht nhiu hn mt ngun
sng vi nhng bc sng khc nhau c ghp vo mt si quang, my thu ngi
ta dng b lc (filter) hoc cc linh kin khc (nh cch t ) tch ring cc bc
sng. Ban u khong cch gia cc knh theo bc sng l 10 nm, ngy nay l 1 nm
hay t hn. Thng thng ngi ta s dng hai ca s quang hc ca si quang gn
1300 v 1550 nm thc hin ghp knh theo bc sng vi cc bng thng c suy
hao thp l 14000GHz v 15000GHz tng ng (Hnh 6.14). Trong cc ca s quang
ny, si n mode c suy hao ~ 0,4 dB.km-1, tn sc ~ 4 ps.km-1.nm-1 (
1260nm 1360nm ) cho 1300nm v suy hao ~ 0,2 dB.km-1, tn sc 18 ps.km1
.nm-1 ti = 1550nm (tn sc gim nu s dng si dch tn sc).
Hnh 6.15 m t h thng s dng k thut ghp knh theo bc sng. Cc bc

sng t cc ngun pht khc nhau pha my pht c ghp vo mt si quang nh
b ghp knh quang (multiplexer), pha my thu cc bc sng c tch ra i ti
cc u thu cho cc knh khc nhau nh b tch knh quang (demultiplexer).
114
Nguyn Vn Ho
Knh 1
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
Knh 3
Knh 4
Ghp
knh
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Tch
knh
Hnh 6.15: H thng s dng ghp knh theo bc sng
Ngi ta cng c th s dng h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM hai
chiu nh trn hnh 6.16. Cc b WDM y l b ghp/tch quang (mux/demux).
Knh 1
vo
XMTR
Knh 2
vo
RCVR
Knh 1
ra
WDM
Knh 2
ra
XMTR
WDM
RCVR
Hnh 6.16: H thng ghp knh theo bc sng hai chiu
Trong cng ngh WDM cc ngun sng vi cc bc sng khc nhau c

ghp (t hp) li bi b ghp quang, mi sng nh sng c bin iu theo cng
mang thng tin khc nhau. Cc ngun sng c th s dng cho k thut WDM c
th l laser FP vi rng ph 3 - 6 nm ( rng bng tn tng ng: 300 - 600 GHz),
laser DFB rng ph < 0,01 nm (10 100 MHz) hoc laser bung cng hng ngoi
ECL vi rng bng tn < 1 MHz. tng dung lng truyn dn m vn m bo
tc li bt BER (10-9) hay m bo xuyn m cho php (< 30 dB) theo khuyn
ngh ca Lin minh Vin thng Quc t ITU khong cch gia cc knh l ~ 0,8 nm
(100 GHz) hay ~ 0,4 nm (50 GHz). Khi khong cch gia cc knh ngn ta c ghp
knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM. S knh truyn trong h WDM ph thuc
vo khong cch gia cc knh, khong cch gia cc knh cng nh ta c th truyn
c cng nhiu knh. V d ti 0 1,55m s phn cch v tn s ca cc ngun
sng l v 250 GHz tng ng vi | | 2 nm vi bng thng 20 nm ta c th
truyn 10 knh . Tuy nhin, khi truyn tn hiu trn khong cch xa khuch i tn
115
Nguyn Vn Ho
hiu thng phi c cc khuch i quang si EDFA vi bng thng khuch i

thng trong khong t 1530 nm n 1560 nm (bng C) nn cc bc sng s dng
trong ghp knh cng phi nm trong vng ny. Khuch i si quang bng thng kp
c bng thng m rng t 1528 nm n 1610 nm cho php ghp nhiu bc sng hn.
Ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM c th h tr ti 150 knh vi khong
cch gia cc knh l 0,4 nm vi tc mi knh ti 10 Gb/s. Ti my thu cc bc
sng c tch ra i n cc u thu ring bit bng cc b lc (filter). Cc b lc
ny da trn c s s hp th lc la, truyn qua lc la hoc phn x lc la nh l
cc b lc giao thoa, bng cc on si quang c hai u l cc mt phn x hot ng
nh cc bung cng hng Fabry-Perot vi s lc la ph bc sng theo di hp (cc
bc sng truyn qua c tn s bng s nguyn ln c/2L, vi L l khong cch gia hai
gng bung cng hng). Bng thng ca knh hay khong cch gia cc knh trong
khong 0.1 10nm .
B lc khuych i laser bn dn hot ng dng nh hn ngng pht laser
l b lc iu hng, loi ny c bng thng rt hp (110 GHz hay = 0,056 nm).
Bng thu kt hp vi cc b lc in t: tn hiu i ti c trn vi tn hiu
laser cc b to thnh tn hiu c tn s trung gian my thu. Sau u thu nhn tn
hiu ny v tn hiu in c lc bi mch lc in t (thay cho lc quang nh trn).
Bng thng ca knh truyn trong khong 1-10 GHz.
Bng cc thit b tn sc gc nh l cc lng knh hay cch t kt hp vi thu
knh. Loi ny c mt mt do a vo t 1 3 dB . rng bng thng hay khong cch
gia cc knh l 1 10 nm . Hnh 6.17 cho thy hnh hc ca b lc loi ny. C th
dng cch t si quang vi cc chu k cch t khc nhau lc bc sng cn thit
nh ni mc 3.6.
.
f
1
2
3
1, 2 , 3
Cch t
thu
knh
Hnh 6.17: Hnh hc ca b lc cch t my thu

quang trong h thng WDM
116
Nguyn Vn Ho
Tm li, vi k thut ghp knh theo bc sng chng ta c th tng dung

lng truyn dn mt cch ng k trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin i. Vi
vic dng mt si quang lm mi trng truyn dn cho nhiu knh ta c th d phng
bng thng cho cc ng dng c yu cu trong tng lai, c th a thm bng
thng tm thi hay lu di m khng lm gin on mch truyn dn. Tuy nhin, cc
thit b WDM thng t tin v cn thiu cc tiu chun thng nht.
6.3.3 H thng thng tin quang Soliton
Khi cng sut quang truyn trong si quang cn nh th si quang l mi trng
tuyn tnh (chit sut trong si ph thuc tuyn tnh vo in trng ca sng nh
sng). Khi cng sut quang trn ng truyn tng ng k, ti mt mc no s sut
hin cc hiu ng phi tuyn (chit sut trong si ph thuc phi tuyn vo in trng
ca sng nh sng). Cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh hng trc tip n cht lng truyn
dn ca h thng, r nt nht l gy ra hin tng t iu ch hay bin iu pha SPM
trong si quang (c bit khi tn hiu truyn i trong mt khong di). Cc hiu ng
phi tuyn dn ti s t bin iu pha ngha l gy ra chirp tn s sn ln hoc sn
xung ca xung quang. Thc t, c th c kh nng l cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh s t
bin iu pha ny c th trit tiu hiu ng tn sc trong si quang. Trong trng hp
ny xung quang gi nguyn hnh dng ban u khi n i qua si quang v xu th dn
rng xung (do tn sc) b trit tiu bi s tng tc phi tuyn v cc xung quang khng
i ny gi l soliton. Tuy nhin, s suy hao trong si lm cho s tng tc phi tuyn
ny l khng ng k nn c sau mt khong cch nht nh cn lp khuych i quang
phc hi bin sng quang v lm cho vic tng tc tip tc xy ra.
Ni chung, tn sc c th l gi tr dng (tn sc bnh thng) hay gi tr m
(tn sc bt bnh thng). Ta c th tm dng xung soliton cho tn sc bt bnh thng
(soliton sng hay chi tng ln trn nn sng), trong trng hp tn sc thng
thng ta c soliton ti ( chi gim i trn nn sng). Cc tnh ton l phc tp nn
y chng ta ch xem xt cc soliton sng mt cch nh tnh trn c s phng trnh
lan truyn soliton.
Nu b qua s mt mt ca si quang th cc soliton l nghim ca phng trnh
lan truyn [1]:
A
A i
2 A 1 3 A
2
1
2 2 3 3 i A A
z
t 2
6
t
t
vi A(z,t) l ng bao ca xung quang, 1
(6.36)
d
1
, ( v g l vn tc nhm
d v g
vg d d, nk0 ) nn thnh phn ph tn s gc s t n u ra ca si
117
Nguyn Vn Ho
sau thi gian tr T L v g , L l di si quang n mode, l hng s lan

truyn.
2
d 2
d 3
;
3
d 2
d 3
(6.37)
l tham s phi tuyn c xc nh nh sau
2n2
Aeff
(6.38)
vi n2 l chit sut phi tuyn, Aeff l din tch hiu dng ca si quang: trong si n
mode, in trng lan to ra ngoi li si, din tch hiu dng c th m hnh ho t
dng Gauss sang ch nht nh trn hnh 6.18.
E
Aeff
a)
b)
reff
Hnh 6.18: Phn b trng trong si quang

dng gauss (a) v m hnh ho sang dng
ch nht (b)
Cc tham s 2 v m t cc hiu ng tn sc v phi tuyn tng ng, 2 lin

quan n h s tn sc D ca si quang nh sau
2
D 2
2 c
(6.39)
Gii phng trnh trn s cho thy s b tr gia tn sc v hiu ng phi tuyn khi
truyn dn soliton (lm cho ng bao xung quang khng b thay i). Thng thng
nh v hiu ng ca n khng quan st thy hu ht cc mc cng sut, v vy
trong tuyn truyn ng di phi t cc khuch i si quang khi phc li cng

sut tn hiu ban u lm cho s tng tc phi tuyn tnh xy ra. Trong tuyn khng
truyn soliton (dng si quang dch tn sc) khong cch gia cc khuch i l
50 100km , th trong tuyn truyn soliton khong cch ny phi ngn hn: 10 30km .
Trn tuyn truyn, tn sc m s b trit tiu bi tng tc phi tuyn ny. Cc xung
soliton khng c qu gn nhau nu khng th soliton khng thc hin c. V vy
phi dng m RZ, thc t soliton ch chim mt phn nh ca chu k bit dn ti c s
hn ch v tc truyn dn bit.
118
Nguyn Vn Ho
Ta cng c th xem xt theo mt cch khc s t iu ch (t bin iu) pha

trn c s s ph thuc ca chit sut n vo cng nh sng I (hiu ng Kerr
quang) [4]
n n0 n2 I
(6.40)
vi n0 l chit sut mi trng tuyn tnh khi cng nh sng I thp, n2 l ch s

chit sut phi tuyn, cho thu tinh silica n2 = 3,2.10-20 m2/W. Cng xung nh sng
c bin iu theo tn hiu v ph thuc theo thi gian I(t). Pha ca tn hiu sau khi
truyn qua di L l
2 nL 2 [(n0 n2 I (t )]L
(6.41)
(t )
cons tan t (t )
Vi (t ) l s dch pha ph thuc thi gian

(t )
2 n2 I (t ) L
(6.42)
Ngha l khi cng nh sng c bin iu lan truyn dc theo si quang th hiu
ng Kerr quang c th lm tng s t iu ch pha. Ly vi phn (t ) th s t iu
ch pha c th xem nh s iu ch tn s trong mt xung, n dn ti s thay i tn
s ca cc thnh phn trong xung quang v c biu din nh sau
d (t )
2
dI (t )
(t )
n2 L
dt
dt
Hiu ng ny c th xem nh nh l c ch chirp phi tuyn, tn s hoc bc
sng nh sng trong mt xung c th b chirp khng ch n gin do c tnh ni ti
ca ngun pht m cn do s tng tc phi tuyn vi mi trng truyn dn ca si.
Nh vy, tnh cht phi tuyn lm cho cc sn xung ln b dch v pha sng di hn
v sn xung xung b dch v pha bc sng ngn hn. iu ny ngc vi hin
tng chirp thng thng trong ngun sng laser bn dn. V vy, hiu ng t iu
ch pha s ngn nga s tn sc ca nh sng lan truyn khi cng sut tn hiu ln.
Qu trnh truyn dn soliton c th xem nh l s pht trin ca tuyn truyn dn t tn
sc.
Cng sut cn thit cho soliton khong 1W vi ngun sng l laser. Soliton c
rng xung ~ ps hoc nh hn, tuy nhin cng c th iu chnh trong mt di kh
rng (laser Nd:YAG v laser mu vi = 1,4 1,6 m, rng xung 8 ps, laser
soliton khuch i Raman si quang FRASL c th cho xung soliton c fs). Vi si
quang n mode thng thng cng sut xung soliton yu cu vo khong 1W, thc t
iu ny kh thc hin vi laser diode. Tuy nhin, vi si dch chuyn tn sc, cng
sut soliton yu cu ch vo khong vi mW vi rng xung khong 20 ps. V vy c
th thc hin truyn dn soliton trn si dch tn sc vi cc b khuch i quang si.
119
Nguyn Vn Ho
Soliton c th truyn i nhiu bc sng khc nhau ( tng dung lng

truyn dn). Tuy nhin cc soliton vi cc bc sng khc nhau truyn i vi tc
hi khc nhau. Soliton c tc cao hn c th i vt qua soliton tc thp hn nn
xy ra xung t soliton. Cc soliton c tnh cht l chng c th xung t (va chm) v
to dng li sau khi xung t. ta c th xc nh di xung t ca tuyn l khong
cch Lcollision m trn mt soliton i xuyn qua rng ca soliton th hai:
Lcollision
2TFWHM
D
(6.43)
vi TFWHM l rng xung soliton, D l tn sc ca si quang; l s chnh nhau v

bc sng ca hai soliton.
Khong cch gia hai khuych i si quang phi nh hn Lcollision khng xy
ra xung t dn ti gim nhiu cho h thng.
Truyn dn Soliton ang giai on th nghim, c th t ti khong cch
truyn dn hng nghn km vi tc hng chc Gb/s .
6.3.4 Cc mng thng tin quang
6.3.4.1 Cc cu hnh mng:
Cc cu hnh mng quang cng tng t nh cc cu hnh mng cp in nh
mng hnh sao, mng bus ng thng v mng mch vng.
a) Mng hnh sao:
Xmtr # n
Rcvr #n
Xmtr #1
Rcvr #1
Star hub
Xmtr #4
Rcvr #4
Xmtr #2
Xmtr #3
Rcvr #2
Rcvr #3
Hnh 6.19: Cu hnh mng quang hnh sao
Trong mng hnh sao cc tuyn truyn dn c gp vi nhau hub trung tm,
cc si quang c dn t hub trung tm ti cc my pht v my thu ca tng trm
lm vic (Hnh 6.19). Mng hnh sao c u im l d a thm cc thit b u cui
120
Nguyn Vn Ho
vo nhng cng c nhc im l cn c node trung tm, nu node ny hng, mng s

b ngng hot ng. Mi trm lm vic u c thit b pht quang (Xmtr) v thit b
thu quang (Rcvr).
b) Mng bus thng:
Xmtr #2
Xmtr #4
Rcvr #2
Rcvr #4
Xmtr #1
Xmtr #n
Rcvr #1
Rcvr #n
Xmtr #3
Rcvr #3
Hnh 6.20: Mng bus thng quang
Mng bus thng c dng mt ng cp si quang l trc chnh, cc si quang

t cc trm lm vic c hn ni vo ng trc (Hnh 6.20). Cu hnh ny khng c
node trung tm nn khng b nh hng khi node trung tm b s c, tuy nhin vic
hn quang vo ng trc kh khn hn hn dy in.
Qu cng sut quang l quan trng nht cho c mng hnh sao v mng bus
thng v phi m bo cng sut t n trm xa nht m khng gy bo ho
trm gn nht hay di ng ca cc ngun pht l quan trng.
c) Mng mch vng:
121
Rcvr #3
Xmtr #3
Nguyn Vn Ho
Xmtr #2
Rcvr #2
Xmtr #4
Rcvr #n
Rcvr #5
Rcvr #1
Xmtr #5
Rcvr #4
Xmtr #n
Xmtr #1
Hnh 6.21: Mng vng quang
Trong mng mch vng cc trm lm vic to thnh mt mch lin tc mi trm
nhn thng tin t trm trc v chuyn i tip nu khng phi thng tin gi cho n
(Hnh 6.21). Thng tin gi i s c trm ch nhn gi li v x l. Mng ny c
nhc im l khi mt trm hng mng s ngng hot ng nu khng c cc chuyn
mch i vng.
6.3.4.2 Cc loi mng thng tin quang:
C hai loi mng thng tin quang s tiu chun: mng giao din s liu phn b
theo cp quang (Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI) l mng cc b LAN rng
bng hot ng tc 100Mb/s; mng quang ng b (Synchronous Optical
NETwork- SONET) l mng din rng WAN vi tc c s l 155Mb/s (vi kh
nng m rng tc n vi Gb/s).
Cp si
quang
Trm lm
vic (node)
Hnh 6.22: Mng FDDI
122
Nguyn Vn Ho
a) Mng FDDI
Mng Ethernet 10Mb/s b hn ch i vi cc ng dng rng bng. Mng
giao din s phn b si quang FDDI c cu hnh mch vng th bi (Token ring) nh
cu hnh mch vng trn (Hnh 6.22). Mng FDDI c tc d liu 100Mb/s, s
dng cp quang a mode 62.5/125 m (cng dng c cc loi cp si quang 50/125;
85/125 v 100/140); ngun pht quang l LED vi bc sng hot ng l 1300nm .
Khong cch lm vic gia cc trm ti a l 2 km; di ca vng ti a l 200 km,
s connector ti a mc vo mng l 1000, v vy s trm lm vic ti a l 500 (mi
trm lm vic cn ni 2 connector); tc li bt ca mng BER l 4.10-11; kch thc
khung d liu 4500 bytes. Ngoi ra mng yu cu cng sut quang ti thiu a vo
si quang l -16 dBm, u thu l p-i-n photodiode tiu chun vi nhy thu -27dBm
p ng yu cu ca tc li bt BER.
Mng FDDI c trang b cc chuyn mch i vng qua trm lm vic phng khi
hng trm hay sa cha trm..
b) Mng SONET/SDH
Hot ng mng phn cp ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierachy) l
phng php truyn thng s ha trn cp si quang s dng laser diode hoc LED.
Phng php ny c pht trin nhm thay th h thng truyn s phn cp cn ng
b PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) trc y truyn dn mt lng ln lu
lng thoi v s liu. Cn ng b c ngha l cc phn khc nhau ca mng hu ht
c ng b nhng khng hon ho. Hot ng mng phn cp ng b khc bit so
vi PDH l cc tc dng truyn s liu c ng b mt cch cht ch trong
ton b mng nh ng h nguyn t. H thng ng b ny cho php cc mng lin
quc gia hot ng ng b mt cch tt nht. SONET (synchronous optical network)
l mt chun ca mng quang do Vin tiu chun quc gia M (ANSI) a ra. Phin
bn quc t ca SONET c ITU xem xt gi l SDH, l s m rng ca SONET.
Trong vic truyn s ho tn hiu thoi, mi mt knh thoi (f = 300 3400 Hz)
c ly mu sau tng 125 m mt, ngha l tc ly mu bng 8000 mu/giy. Cc
mu tn hiu ny c chuyn i nh phn thnh cc chui 8 bt v ta c 8000 x 8 bt
= 64 000 bt/giy. Nh vy, sau khi s ho mi knh thoi s c tc d liu l 64
kb/s v ta c phng php m ho l iu xung m PCM. truyn tn hiu thoi trn
cc ng trung k (ban u l i dy ng xon khng bc kim) hng AT&T thc
hin ghp knh theo thi gian TDM ln u tin vo nm 1962 M : 24 knh thoi
c ghp vi nhau to thnh mc T-1 vi tc truyn dn 24 x 64 kb/s = 1,536
Mb/s, cng vi 8 kb/s ca cc bt dch v ta c tc ca mc T-1 l 1,544 Mb/s. Bn
123
Nguyn Vn Ho
mc T-1 c ghp li vi nhau to thnh mc T-2 c tc 6,312 Mb/s, v tip

tc qu trnh ghp nh vy ta c cc mc tip theo T-3 vi tc 44,736 Mb/s, T-4 vi
tc 274,176 Mb/s c thc hin Bc M. Nht cng c h thng ghp knh
TDM nh l mt phin bn ca h thng T vi mc J-1 trng vi T-1, J-2 trng vi T2, cn cc mc tip theo khc vi Bc M. Nh vy, khung d liu ca mc T-1 gm
192 bt (24 x 8 bt) d liu v bt th 193 l bt nh khung (hay bt dch v) gip cho
vic ng b khung. Ta c tng bt trong s 193 bt ny s c gi i sau tng 1/8000
giy hay 125 s. Cch t chc truyn bit trn h thng vt l T-1 c nh ngha l
cu trc khung DS-1. Mi mt knh thoi c n nh khe thi gian (k hiu l DSO) trong khung d liu truyn i mt s bt c nh l 8 bt. Mi mt bt c gi i
trong mt khong thi gian nm trong khung d liu di 125 s vi di l 125
s/193 = 0,65 s hay cn gi thi gian bt. chu u, 30 knh thoi 64 kb/s c
ghp knh vi nhau cng vi 2 x 64 kb/s dnh cho dch v v bo hiu to nn mc E1 c tc 2,048 Mb/s, bn mc E-1 c ghp vi nhau to nn mc E-2 c tc
8,448 Mb/s, bn mc E-2 to thnh mc E-3 c tc 34 Mb/s, bn mc E-3 to thnh
mc E-4 c tc 140 Mb/s, bn mc E-4 to thnh mc E-5 c tc 565 Mb/s. Tc
565 Mb/s c s dng truyn s liu trn ng di trong h thng PDH.
Vic thay th cc thit b PDH bng cc thit b SDH cho php truyn dn vi
cc tc cao hn nhiu. Vo nm 1980 hng AT&T trin khai h thng thng tin
quang si thng mi u tin trn th gii Atlanta v vo nm 1984 h thng
SONET ln u tin c trin khai cng M. Bng 4 cho thy mt s mc phn cp
ph bin s dng M, Canada (SONET) v cc ni khc trn th gii (SDH).
SONET da trn c s truyn dn s liu cc tc bng s nguyn ln ca
51,840 Mb/s, hay gi l mc tn hiu truyn ti ng b cp mt STS-1 (OC-1) v
SDH da trn c s mc STM-1 vi tc truyn s liu l 155,52 Mb/s tng ng
vi STS-3 (OC-3).
Mt s thng s quang khc ca SONET nh sau: bc sng tiu chun l 1310
nm, rng ph cc i 9 nm, ch m ho NRZ,i vi thng tin ng di th
bc sng 1550 nm c s dng. Cu trc khung d liu ca SONET v SDH l khc
nhau.
Bng 4: Cc mc phn cp khc nhau ph bin ca cc mng thng tin quang SONET v SDH
Tc truyn
51,84 Mb/s
155,52 Mb/s
622,08 Mb/s
2,488 Gb/s
4,977 Gb/s
Mc SONET
OC-1
OC-3
OC-12
OC-48
OC-96
Mc SDH
STM-0
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
Khng s dng
124
S knh thoi (SONET)

672 (ging nh T-3)
2016
8064
32256
64512

9,953 Gb/s
OC-192
Nguyn Vn Ho
STM-64
129024
c) ATM v SONET:
Mt trong cc mc tiu ca thng tin hin i l phi c c s ho nhp gia
truyn thng s liu v cc lnh vc vin thng, hay ni cch khc l cn c chung nh
dng thng tin cho php tch hp thun li gia cc mng LAN vi cc mng WAN.
Ch chuyn giao khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l k thut
cho php t c nh dng thng tin chung t my tnh PC hay trm lm vic ti cc
chuyn mch quc t ca mng thng tin ton cu. ATM l cng ngh ca mng WAN
nhng cng c th p dng cho cc kt ni mng LAN .Ghp ni phng thc truyn
ATM vi SONET s nng cao kh nng truyn thng a dch v. ATM c cc tnh cht
nh sau:
- Tn hiu c truyn i theo t bo, mi t bo c 53 byte, (48 byte d liu v
5 byte dch v).
- ATM c tc thay i t 25Mb/s n nhiu Gb/s.
- Thi gian tr do truyn dn thp do c s bt dch v trong t bo t, vic x l
tn hiu trong cc gi tin cc node nhanh.
- y l dch v lin kt im ni im ngha l tng t bo ATM trong truyn
dn ATM u i qua trn cng mt ng. Phn u ca t bo ATM cha tt c cc
thng tin cn thit chuyn tip t bo i t trm lm vic ny n trm lm vic
khc.
- ATM c cu trc cho php nhng ngi s dng chia s bng thng (m
khng gn cho mi mt ngi s dng ton b mt bng thng trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh). Cch truyn vi bng thng thay i linh hot theo nhu cu ngi s
dng (tu theo tn hiu truyn i i hi bng thng ln hay nh) gip cho vic tit
kim bng thng truyn cng nh cho kh nng truyn dn tc cao.
- ATM cho php trn tn hiu ng b (thoi, video) v tn hiu khng ng b
(s liu) vo mt bng thng. iu ny rt quan trng trong vic truyn thng a
phng tin nh ng thi cn truyn s liu v thc hin hi ngh truyn hnh chng
hn.
125
Nguyn Vn Ho
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V Vn San, H thng thng tin quang, Tp 1, NXB Bu in, 2008.
2. L Quc Cng, K thut thng tin quang 1, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu Chnh
Vin thng, 2009.
3. G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 2rd Edition, 2001.
4. Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, 2002.
5. M. Ming & K.Liu, Principles and Applications of Optical Communications,
2001.
6. D. K. Mynbaev & L. L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
7. Hong ng Huyn, K thut thng tin quang, NXB Bu in.
8. Trnh nh Chin, Vt l thng tin quang, Bi ging H KHTN HQG HN.
9. V Don Min, Thng tin quang, NXB HQG HN, 2012.
10. Phm Vn Hi, Thng tin quang, Vin IMS, 2012
126

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TRNG I HC KHOA HC

KHOA VT L & CNG NGH

Ging vin: NGUYN VN HO

THI NGUYN, NM 2013

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

3.4. Tn sc tng ........................................................................................................... 41

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

5.3 Thit k my thu: ..................................................................................................... 85

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

CHNG 1: GII THIU V THNG TIN QUANG SI

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

Th h th ba ca cc h thng thng tin quang si hot ng vng sng

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

1.1.2 Mt s nt v thng tin quang si Vit Nam

1.2 H thng thng tin quang si

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang

Mt h thng thng tin quang si in hnh (hnh 1.2) bao gm cc phn t nh

Hnh 1.2: S khi h thng thng tin quang si in hnh

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

Tn hiu quang u pha bn kia ca h thng c thu bi my thu quang. My thu

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

1.2.3 Nhng nhc im ca thng tin si quang

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

vi c l tc nh sng trong chn khng (3.108 m/s), v l tc nh sng trong mi

Tia truyn qua

Hnh 2.1: S phn x ton phn

vi c l gc ti hn ca tia ti. Khi i c th nng lng ca sng nh sng s phn

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

trong si quang khng b mt mt do chui ra ngoi, ta c s nht quang hay si quang

l chnh lch chit sut tng i (hay chit sut t i).

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

T nh lut Snell, khi 0 hay i ic vi sin ic

vi 0 gi l gc nhn (acceptance angle) ti a. Khi tia sng ti c gc 0 s

Bi ging Vt l Thng tin quang

(intermodal) nh nht, ng knh li thng l 50 m hoc 62,5 m v v l 125 m

Trong trng hp si a mode c s mode lan truyn ln ta c th s dng l

Hnh 2.5: Cc mode v trong si quang chit sut bc

Trong trng hp tia sng c a vo si quang vi gc 0 (gc

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Phn b tam gic

2.2.1.2 Si quang a mode chit sut bin i u:

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Cc tia sng gn v (2,3) phi i qung ng di hn nhng c tc cao

hn ( v , vi n gn v nh hn) nn cng n u kia si quang gn cng mt lc

C th s dng m hnh thay i chit sut nhy bc gia mt chui cc mt

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cch no , khi iu kin phn x ton phn t c, tia sng s i ngc tr li v

2.9). Ngha l NA ca si GRIN ph

Ngun sng khi 2

thuc vo 0 v thay i theo bn knh si r. i vi trng hp phn b chit sut

T cc phng trnh (2.9a), (2.9b) ta c th tnh khu s ca si GRIN nh sau:

T (2.10) ta c NA = 0 mt tip gip li-v v NA n1 2 trc ca si

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v tc cao (>2 Gb/s). Si n mode cng c th ch to dng chit sut bin i

Hnh 2.10: Si quang n

2.4 Cc tnh cht ca si quang:

v c m t mt cch ton hc bng hm sng u(r , t ) tho mn phng trnh

vi r - vc t khong cch, t - thi gian v 2 l ton t Laplas:

Sng nh sng c cng I (r , t ) (n v l W/cm2) l cng sut quang trn

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Nng lng quang (n v l Joules, J) thu c trong mt khong thi gian: