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GEOTEKNIK
TAMBANG
PENDAHULUAN
September 2011
SUPANDI, ST, MT
supandisttnas@gmail.com
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
Jurusan
Prodi
Kode
Mata Kuliah
SKS
Semester
Waktu Perkuliahan
Dosen Pengampu
Sistem Perkuliahan
Penilaian
20%
Range Nilai
61
Contact Person
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
: Teknik Geologi
: Teknik Pertambangan Strata 1.
: AS7446P
: Geoteknik Tambang
: 2 SKS
: VII
: 2 x 50 menit
: Supandi ST. MT
:
: a. Tugas, presentasi dan Diskusi, Quiz,
b. Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 30%
c. Ujian akhir semester (UAS) 50%
: 0-20,9 = E ; 21-44 = D ; 45-60.9 = C ;
80 = B ; 81 100 = A
: supandisttnas@gmail.com
Slide 2
Oct - 2010
Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines fr Open
Pit Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van
Zyl, 2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition,
Rock Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering,
Institute of Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation
Methods, CRC Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 3
Oct - 2010
Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines fr Open
Pit Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van
Zyl, 2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition,
Rock Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering,
Institute of Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation
Methods, CRC Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 4
Sept- 2011
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
PENDAHULUAN
SUPANDI. ST. MT
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 5
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 6
Oct - 2010
The Challenge
Design must ensure that a level of safety is achieved which is
acceptable to the owner and Regulatory bodies.
Design must ensure security of the value embodied in the
orebody.
Design must be economically optimal so that maximum return
is obtained from the investment.
Reduced Waste $
$$$
Orebody
Increased Ore
Extraction $$$$
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 7
Oct - 2010
d o lla r s ( m illio n s )
60
50
benefits
40
slope instability c
30
net benefit
20
10
0
35
40
45
50
55
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 8
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 9
Oct - 2010
LATAR BELAKANG
PROSES PENGGALIAN MENYEBABKAN TERJADINYA
DISTRIBUSI TEGANGAN BARU
MUNCULNYA REKAHASN AKIBAT BERKURANGNYA
TEGANGAN DI SEKITAR PENGGALIAN
REKAHAN YANG TERBUKA MENYEBABKAN
BERKURANGNYA KUAT GESER UNTUK
MEMPERTAHANKAN DIRINYA
AIRTANAH YANG LEWAT MELALUI REKAHAN
MENURUNKAN TEGANGAN NORMAL EFEKTIF PADA
BIDANG YANG BERPOTENSI RUNTUH
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 10
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 11
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 12
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 13
Oct - 2010
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
Didalam industri pertambangan, terutama tambang dengan produksi skala
besar, perencanaan tambang memegang peran utama dari keseluruhan
proses penambangan dan kajian geoteknik memegang peranan yang
sangat besar dalam segala lini kegiatan perencanaan penambangan.
Eksplorasi
Pemetaan
geologi
Perencanaan
Tambang
Operasional
Tambang
Pengolahan
Bijih
Reklamasi
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 14
Oct - 2010
Perencanaan
Jangka Panjang
Menterjemahkan arah
strategi penambangan
menjadi target
tahunan,sekaligus
menjaga sumberdaya
sampai akhir umur
tambang
Membuat perencanaan
tambang tahunan sampai
akhir umur tambang,
kwartalan, dan bulanan,
Membuat disain pushback, melakukan
optimisasi dan menyusun
biaya operasi
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Perencanaan
Jangka Pendek
Perencanaan
harian,
mingguan dan
bulanan.
Pengawasan
terhadap operasi
harian dan
perencanaan
harian.
Penirisan
tambang, disain
jalan, dan kontrol
terhadap
penimbunan
batuan penutup.
Produksi
Peledakan,
pemuatan dan
pengangkutan
material.
Dispatching
system.
Slide 15
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 16
Oct - 2010
KEKUATAN BATUAN
STRUKTUR GEOLOGI
KONDISI HIDROLOGI
KONDISI HIDROGEOLOGI
ARAH LERENG TAMBANG
GEOMETRI LERENG
DISTRIBUSI BAHAN GALIAN
METODE PENAMBANGAN
PERATURAN YANG BERLAKU
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 17
Oct - 2010
PEMBORAN
PENGAMBILAN
CONTO
PERENCANAAN
TAMBANG
PENGISIAN BAHAN
PELEDAK
PELEDAKAN
LABORATORIUM
PEMASANGAN TANDA
BIJIH DAN
PENUTUP
STACKER
WANAGON
BAWAH
RUANG KENDALI
PENIMBUNAN
BATUAN PENUTUP DI
OHS-3
PENGANGKUTAN
PEMUATAN
MILL
REKLAMASI
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
PENIMBUNAN
BATUAN
PENUTUP
PENGIRIMAN
BIJIH KE ALAT
PENGHANCUR
Slide 18
Oct - 2010
RUANGLINGKUP :
Batuan
Struktur Geologi
Morfologi
Kebencanaan
Geologi Lingkungan
Air
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 19
Oct - 2010
Mine Geotechnical
Summary
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Management
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 20
Oct - 2010
DISCONTINUITIES
Water Level
WATER
MATERIAL
Ground
water
Bedding
Plane
Soil
Rain
Fall
Joint
Properties
Surface
Water
Fault
Rock
Rock
Type
Drainage
SLOPE
FAILURE
Static load
Excavation
Method
External
force
Seismic
Height, dip,
direction
Blasting
Dynamic
Load
Geometry
FORCE
Insitu
Stress
MINING
METHOD
Internal
force
Shovel &
truck
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 21
Oct - 2010
FAKTOR KEAMANAN
DALAM MERANCANG LERENG DIPERLUKAN
ADANYA FAKTOR KEAMANAN
BERFUNGSI UNTUK MENGANTISIPASI
KETIDAKPASTIAN DAN MENJAGA TINGKAT
KEPERCAYAAN YANG RENDAH TERHADAP DATA
YANG DIGUNAKAN
PADA UMUMNYA SEMAKIN RENDAH KUALITAS
PENYELIDIKAN LAPANGAN DIPERLUKAN FK YANG
LEBIH BESAR
PEMILIHAN FK BERGANTUNG KEPADA
PENGALAMAN, TINGKAT KEPERCAYAAN TERHADAP
DATA YANG DIMILIKI,FUNGSI, WAKTU
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 22
Oct - 2010
KEY
TUJUAN MEMPEROLEH
RANCANGAN LERENG
YANG OPTIMUM
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 23
Oct - 2010
DEFINISI
Bench - Benches: Level-level kegiatan penambangan dengan ketinggian
tertentu Semua kegiatan peledakan dan pertambangan akan mengikuti levellevel yang telah ditentukan. Kegiatan-kegiatan pertambangan berdasarkan
pada level yang telah dipilih dimaksudkan untuk mempertahankan kestabilan
lereng tambang permukaan.
Bench Face Angle (BFA): Sudut kemiringan lereng yang diukur dari daerah
horisontal di antara catch bench yang berurutan; lebih dikenal dengan istilah
sudut kemiringan batter. c. Catch Bench: Cut bench pada buatan atau
kemiringan tanah. Tujuan kemiringan adalah untuk menangkap material
lepas yang jatuh sehingga material tersebut tidak terus jatuh ke kaki lerengan
tanpa terhalang. Lebar catch bench yang dianjurkan didasarkan pada simulasisimulasi kehilangan lebar catch bench sebagian akibat backbreak di sepanjang
joint set yang merembes. d. Crest: Bagian pinggir atas suatu lereng; bagian
dimana lereng bagian atas yang bertemu dengan bench.
Interramp Slope Angle (ISA): Sudut kemiringan, yang diukur dari daerah
horisontal, di antara ramp yang berurutan atau jalan pengangkutan (haul road).
Interramp slope terdiri dari serangkaian permukaan jenjang dan catch bench
dan diukur dari crest-ke-crest atau toe-ke-toe.
Toe: Bagian paling bawah dari lerengan; tempat dimana lereng bawah
bertemu dengan bench
Crest : Bagian paling atas dari sebuah lereng; ujung dari catch bench.
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 24
Oct - 2010
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 25
Oct - 2010
Final Wall Blasting: One of the final pit wall excavation methods that utilizes a
special or modified blasting techniques with primarily targeting to minimize the
damage to the pit walls. Common final wall blasting used for final pit wall excavation
comprises of modified production blast, buffer row blast, trim blast, pre-splitting, etc.
Final Blast Rows: one or two rows closest to the designed wall.
Production Blast Rows: Blast rows that are laid out in front of final blast rows and
usually facing out of the wall and has a free face.
Stand-off Distance: A certain distance from blast rows closest to the designed toe of
the wall. This distance will be varying depending on the rock type forming the slope. In
this steepening trial, the distance will be determined based on the quality result of final
wall blasting.
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 26
Oct - 2010
Slope Failure: Gradual or rapid downslope movement of rock forming the slope
under gravitational stress; often as a result of man-caused factors; e.g.,
removal of material from the base of a slope.
Failure Material/Debris: Any surficial accumulation of loose material detached
from rock masses by alteration and mechanical means.
Over Digging: Machine (Shovel/loader) that excavates over the slope design limit.
Under Cutting Slope: The process of cutting under the slope face/toe with a
shovel or other machines, so the slope can be shot down readily or causing to
fall.
Loose Rocks/Ground: Broken, fragmented, or loosely cemented bedrock
material that tends to slough downslope.
Scaling Face: The plucking down or Removal of loose overhanging rocks from the
bench face.
Bench Drainage: A drainage system constructed along the benches to divert the
surface run-off out of mining area.
Back Slope: Gentle slope surfaces that tip to the wall. In bench drainage, the
back slope is commonly tipping of 1-2%.
Berm/bund: For this SOP, berm/bund is an artificial ridge of earth that is built at
the outer edge of the bench.
STTNAS Yogyakarta
2010
Slide 27
Oct - 2010
Slope Failure: Gradual or rapid downslope movement of rock forming the slope
under
gravitational stress; often as a result of man-caused factors; e.g., removal of
material
from the base of a slope.
Slope Support: Materials placed in slope face to reinforce or to counteract or to
protect
the slope from potential rock fall and loose ground. The common reinforcement
materials utilized are rock bolting, rock fences, wire mash.
Trenching Slope: For this SOP, trenching is a cut immediately below crest line (2m
deep) constructed along the bench and narrow is made for utility line
Major Structure Model: Defined as resulting from geological interpretation of major
structures based on geological bench mapping of major structures (those individual
structures of greater than 15m continuity). The model carries no attributes of
structural thickness or mechanical character and the position of any structure is
indicative.
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2010
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