Power Electnnus & Distributed Deneration GS a Kesture-1 x Distribution Systems —> Dekoils of disttibubion system 5 How bo dead wih faults — Parkechon strategy > Tslanding Dower Electronic Derign Issues = Covenits & Compornts fo D& applicahons ~ Loss and ePRetomug — Thermal olesign & weliabilihy = Modelng. & Control es Cantral Sewer plant Yyemerohon -u KV Kr _ Jao kv, Hoo kv eke Sub Gransmission- 182 kV, lo kv, 66 kV Distribuhon - 33 kV, kV Consurmphon (toad) kv, 41sv (Pq, PE &DG toss) The supe of D& is at He distmbuhon level ok the KW range 4 powerConsider a Sn as Choon csi fed x | ©04 — Clearng Fault supurss opening CBI & cB2 > PG Should nok veypiae a modihechon the euishny protuhon philosophy Design trade offs Coste Vs Reliability Cosk Vs EFlicienyy Power Quality Jesues — > Measurement oF power apa — lompersalion 4 VAw, unbalane , harmoncs. 5 Fheker, Sags, Swell , Frepuenny windows € hha contiderations — | ¢ Da Vs cPP — > Overall Piel to load cFhciory is of value —> Distane Prom load * yp > Here SG 92 yy deta Fruoer Sources DG gues imprued || — Solar prulevoltaic / Soler thermel ~ Gensel (Varvely oP Puls) — Wind eneagy - Micro husbines - Mier (0 ce hyd tid als = Tidal /Wave - Sang slorage sysltins = LeathermelSouree, fower of eat 8 DE/Ac Ac famels Mesh. ¢truture Solaw PV Sly Power Cebsonics ~~ Bor = Switch. gear 3 WOreng & Eruyy storage — Cost dominatid by cost of pans —> Pane life ao a0 ys , Cast § fan! - %_So,000/- jes kil Seer ee Soler thermal 9 Switlar de 0 thermal plank — Peck posses tracking — Highs | (225%) tron Solar PY ( ~ 14-15%) —> Very small rabry installahons are diffiedl Wind crorgy - fap wird Farms behave as CPP — Power im the aye & KW ds MW J lommercrad berbing in te 1-3 Mw oorge ') jr [Arathor | im d Augpisk or sliest Bite |G) —(n)} LS @ | Sar Bo 7pm. 1250 Sam 6 pfe pol Snes2) Doubly Ped mathina voith Slip eon recovery schumsts Reduced rode és) fra 3) PMSM vite Bull sald Lonverbers \9 Lect -8 fuel calls te Fuel cll] hiv stack — Chy/ Hy ase typical fuels — Higher capital cost Spoce Appl cahons —> Stacks of cells used db generole higher volkage.. Cally 7 Cell — Now neshangenble Pe dl = Recharge able electrochumucal Gnuspy Wonversion. citte Pr faud ae aw the energy castion in capadilrs > HT ore the ontegy conrler in ful cab Batkeries/ ups ~ Fyoheels — faod Aid (PH*/ H1,50y) = Ulhre copaitors — Ni- Metal - Hydride — He | compel in = Lithium Gon (Highea inhal tosh) Hye — W'] 30; is 6 mabure tubnslgy ~ Chasye ahirnhon — Chorgirg - Rechongung ale. VikeFnerkia Foose (3) onveter = Mechanical contidershons Rr -vpm. lit Ulteracapadtor _— Ability be ‘vopily charge asd discharge — Gopacily of Ha order of oF, asv fea cee laberal eet Casta a oe Zows - | Jone — Different zones have dubferent groaly oP prvledtons ~ Prtettion must be co-ordinated & selechuea4 —X—3¢— — Breakers — Sectionahcers Gaver Peeler — Reclosers VAv bom T r Soult -A porte ov total failure oF insulahon OF Continuily of a conduchoy Modeling FransPriner, lines, loads Tupicl Ly & Le md. L 4 MYA, Noee/i5 Vv Lee aah Ris) 1-3 Neo Ns L, >i0/. — PU S$), 18 more inbirtve Re Diol. = Distribuhon lines ave short in length, => lumped parameter model X! ratio Line length & A-4 ken in uxban aveat R S10 Km in Yuval avvess x talio 2S x Ap vunding (AN TT, 17) = Solid grounding Tmpedance. grounding - Multiple grounding pte} Type oP faults — LG fault (# 80h) - 3-4 foulb (= 52)hee 4 Power Sn - 3-5 eycles Fnstectaneow tp wer elechonies - 1o-Ib0 ns DG Power Converters Common power torvertey —> Syms fe = Xs X4,Xq —F Steady stati analysts — x), xX" > transient wnditions Xs SE pe X4 % bas pe Xqe os pe x we 02-08 pa x's ONS 02 pu XS wy 0-0! pa — Distribuhion sf, —> usually 4-wine gysteme Thus Xp is innpostent ~ Foduchen fe alse may be used \els ipa XR 01S -0-2 pa Thun initial fault currents could be & 5 pa Power Converter - Commonly turvent regulated — Modeled a4 0 current source ~ Rage grid transients causes converturs do Shut doon Protection equipraent — Over volkage x Surge arrestors — Over current pastechon # Fuss , CB/ relays % Thesmal , elestorragnehe , digital 4p use ~ Thermal to-ordinahon » Fuse mele cave = Low lost & Reliable- Single phasing team happen ~ Fue has do be ‘replaced whan blown Crreuit Breaker = Mot boge raking ~ Operating volkaye (280 V) — Lsolahon voltage ( 2x vated Volkage + 000 V) rms Current Yatrg vated curremk Por loading max breaking current Dsolator- Maintain load Relay - Senseo faut & given @ Command bo operat turret de civuiit breaker: Gutochr- Gan break load current - Tip all places , Host & Sensitive CB Gm break en — Complex protestion finchon Poul curvenk Sechonaliser - Sechonaliser operakia along with redboser — Sechonaliser counts the current pales - H a medoser ewith 2 veelosings is ustal, then the Seehonalitey locks out ole tounhny 2 lange Uarvent pulses- Serhoraliser oper on zero current altin meclorer opm the Secord hime - Heme th is low cost Time Over current dharacterishes nominal Leap * Fuse — min melt hime current = max clearing Eime - Cooling Lime constant * CBE Relays IDMT (Toverse Dehnite Mean Time) Chavactenshus — Taps when T> T peep M: 2. he topping, Mat Tpep Time to kop, b= A +8 Mi -1 Time te wemk, by = Tre Te Br Meo mre ~ eee Teee Cattle ver "hres => be Aw AL Mt we 7 Rr Mori & Bxo Moderately inverse Reverse tine chavactenshe Zz > Very inverse er overaurrent ely. SS Extremely inverseSrrailer te fuse) be AL le with pd = A me a B represents the efi. bine delay “fault Gleulahons = pu analysis = Hoult location p a = Faulk ype — Segue models fr unbalanud Faults ‘au — Fault levels fer unit caleslahons = Gdenti8y system components - Common bose Ry overall systom - All Voltage. levels ave combined Base gpankities Bg- MAL, Vp - KY Py Sole Tg» So Ze We 3Np Te (9,2 ITF, Ly> 2 C,> 6 5 8 5 8 R25 2: Zu 25 = Zn Zp 2p Ze (“ye ws 8 ex A il impedane on 1 MVA = Job inopedana om Io mvA oD. no kw , Ig -aspe Con A: 1 Km 0] line at hooV Izlera Vg: 400V Ig< 100A Ips oad Zag: 4 = Wak ShoCou 8 1km lime at #oveV 0025 p+ Yoon grey z, 2 IDA Yood, Shy Ze 4002 A Mle wmmpedane oF (kV bese = love impedance at lo0V base Consider the Im shown e120 MAL PCC Bink oP Common. Cou Bm ea ov ig Io mvA . eV OF bfous A —A a2MvA Coal is subse” OMA XH a connedid ak te PCC Rye lle - Need do design te rahrgs Rr the Rave & all the breakers * SC Capacily at the point 6 common Coxapling (| xh Real 1s used ute dlebamums [MA — Design nuds to be th, Sure im pedane ZB dont on a pu bass look nla the Pee 08 MVA Load : @ 084? HoVv Souree ~ feadey + Substahon XPmx + Upstream tinpedence Ti,+ Ro mvAls = ¢300A : _ KV/G kV Ag = Source, L300 e283 = (Os +j087) @ Souras tp MvA , 1 kV 4 lo MvAl3 2 520A v2 Zi: 4a hh in - Zou 4s ' ‘y 73, = lat =—— Fuse fi — t 2 aMvAls . IpoA To: G3 KA \> 22 kV WoesDistribution Xfmy 2 2 MVA Nto00/ai5 V Lys o1 kA Ly: 2800k eu) Ea Zeer) = Shima XLs aha a Rip O41D sOokpu RK, . Oot pu \p= ws = Quov Sg. Qui vA Tg: 4782 A pe 008612 (Lv sid’) = B35 KV AxiO VA oka bos 2 (AV side) Vee i pe Xer 9.87 605 6S hy the dims 22 WS = O1TaMaQ — be KX 2 01x07 |eTam2 line — Ring 2 02x 12> S44 ma J. xP 2 1:12. oa pa Be — Re ne 7 SHY z D-Oy pa bel Fos the lead: 0-8 MVA, Laat oxi = 440 8 Prag = 0-8 xd°8 Oy ag = O-6xOB 1 nag SSL PU 08 pP (leg) ,4H0V (Assume a pavally RL food) 105 kA @ 44oV 2 > 04 anos O-bh MVA eb Rie Ato * 0-B0as = O48 MVA op Xp. Huo” = 0-032 4 x10" pa Xing = Be — Dra te Single Donn diag vam.goer uy Vp Zs 0-008 “hoy a fault doton Stream 4 cB Tee \pu x 11-4 pu => 48 KA (oma) ¢* Spe P Zot 24 : CBIl Trated = B800A Veoted = 415 V Zouih = 4S kA Vics © 2kV CB2: Tyated = boo A Veehd = 205 V Tpwik = He eA Vig @ AkV “hr a Paull ak te load, we IDG pL BATH kA & Ree-7 Phase shift in _transformers -YY &hA as bs CsHee A gs Yo by a0 Conduclr proteshon. Energy dussipation Mm the conductor — Wire damage ~ Damage be insulahon, Conduclis, mounting point(ive Aven = A (rt) layne = bn) Spake heat Gpaty = ¢ Gigi) Resithuly, © P (2) Density = A Cg ip ) Let Poulk current lod = T, (A) Faull: durotion,, ts (tee) —> Deberaiud by the proterbie desic 2 Reon * tt Eps TR, Weight: AAL Temp nse = Tog + Wyn C Considemeg Troy <€ Tenax hr PVC at Insulahon , Tray = EE ERY a) Co) max:T# |boe AARC Te Ty = Ta OM 2 Kea e % The protective devin should have a lower value of Tp Te. Co-ordination Yy an upstream & down steeara _bseaker ° Zone ° Done-2 6 , Sok Co- ordinehon => ~ Fault nm Zoe-2 ean by CBR - CBI ob as backup hy CBa — Zore-2 Foult should wet tmp CB) - “Faulk in gone-3 bedked up by cB2Bus — Use CB with def tana debary. 4 2 cyclen (40 m4) andl extremly inverse chonadtoristin - Rert trae = 80 See Tt for conclutor mm Zorn! = Qxidt A’s ” ” Zom-2 > aol as CBI: pea B-o-o4s A=S0s CBa: ped Bevous Ass s S 3 2) dec-8 CB- definite Lime delay (uo ms) “daule in zone-1 CBI t= 30 40.04 O-84S at Tp (400 y 1 as, “fault in zore-2 CBAs t, 2 085 S@loooA 2 ah SMA ———— CBI as backup 4 CBA: bee CBee 22) = WHS Lig (Tam 22) =Ad noo CB2 teips @ o&8ss CBr bas @ hous At Go0A cBa tops @ 2378 CBI tmp@ AGS ee DP cpa fails , Pb = roots [eoxit ¢2xit = botxha = | texwt caxi “or Pale in zone S$, CB2 48 a backup bey C Fen 2s) = 35 (2) -! 150 ty (Dee, 2s) = 38 (2j- 150 Lk @ book = &sxw ¢ ix @ 1soA= g-dx < IxI0! +0-04= A315 L + 004s - Crask cw-ordinahon. may rot be possible aloays wohen foul current levels in different ones ave overlay ping = Reclsers also nud Lo be cw-ordinitel Sith downstream breakess 6 3 hee-4 — Co-ordination of a recloser with downstream breakey tm ® Zon os Co- ordination =p Faulk fr yore-1 cared by R - Temporary Faulk in gore-2 chaud by rudlorirg- = Permanent Ruulk in guur duared by Cee before 2 Coder open— Co ordinaion Pa veeloser with upstreom fuse / cB © @ 6 - ronan. | Zone @)— a = “ (o- ordinahon => ~ “foul in gyne-t leased ly f — Temporary. Fault in gore-2 Chased by verdosing — Fis rok damaged by permenime Rutt im gone-2 Cre dead by R) Digitally contnlld breakers com Lave multiple trip chaacteiishes Pddition of DG@ ube distribuhon System BL — Wm 6) — DG sore added at bu © - Tempo of venous Rultr nud dp be considered: — Addition of He 06 changes tte Bull current lnc: Oa Recto — Addibon ef D6 ray decree or increase ov not aMeck the full levels. — Psibilly of misc oxdination - Sectonaliser may operali ak non gore wursemk Ls Jsenerally opens on gap wurrenkSeas Rapd distmushon of Do whom a ghd full oxurs — Use of power electronic Dor with low fault contribution Gonsumption_ & Distvibuhon. Lprounding — Ungrounded - Solidly grounded 5 fous resistance / fou reactance - Tin pedame grounducl VC high 7esistane / kh veactarue. Not nl Common grounding unfyuiahors tammy = Source is Wyh vesistene grounded ond the losal Prame i conned do Terra (arth) sat TN Source connedid so earth Q neutral distnbstid bo loads 7 ~ Source and load tonnedid bo Turra ra [ea] - (bea) val * — BD line sho ground Poult shll nods do be debidd and isclalid — Becoue a Second Faulk cam nro be destmstie O—t oo x TN ho Ls Load-1— Saporat. rasta & power caste com be used (TNS) ito dishnguwh bho unbalanw and ground faubk crvents . Buk this increases the cost S \ we heel I hy ~ igh priority Br wontinithy oP service IN No - avoids possiblity of long durakon overcurrent | 82 ih @ gh cb! — a) OS es an cB4 ae | cos, get Da Gonsidor a foul fas shown (SLG) Fooly Te = Ted pa Without D& conneeted dy 2 they pu ~ CBE may gh tnpped SP CBI opened , while CBB is till dosed , the Zewo Sey. nf IS now open onel hence 6 » 3 3= Thus with cai open ard 683° doted, Hae systion cam hil operati. without ovevcurres in coe § a SLh Faull: ~ Origine? Sin is Solie grounded , but aPker CB1 brippng tt beswmas Gn ungrounded Systim - > Raesiviy oP overvolige. ( {8 times) — Thus if CBI opens CBS alno har Uo open te avoid oves voltage condihons + JP this dos not happen, i is Called unint enhonal islanding. Lslanding ~ an important considerahon wo Lee- 12 Electrical island — part of the electrical No that is disconnected Prom the main grad dua do open vent Satenhonal sland SS Unintentional > Fnterkonal slanting cam be wind sto provide good porey qpelily ee a dedivalid lood * Power Qually—y Outages , Voltage Jonge ouk romina) (410-20), ~eNolbage imbalance (28%), Freywmey oubside acceptable. (48H 2- so-sHz) ~ High levels oP avnonics (THD 42a He AM ToS aS \ APs Ol fe (3 Ap = APXAE X30 Rood 1 *@ Keoda = 180) —> ‘Thu on redloting tase ds a phase Ae feet This con Sead Sh overcurrents in ta Look (IM), Sudden torque changes beading Ry broten shalts ake, Yesonank overvoltages — > TEE IS41- veeommends that Dar Should detec that upstream breaker has tripped and isolati thu systinn tn lew dan 2 Seconds. Methods Br detechon oF unintenhonal islanding — Passive — Achve — Signaling / Communseehon—» Passive aah islanding — Based on measurement of Voltage , anrvenk = Does not inkerac with D& control — May nk be aliooys efpestioe: — Restnchons on oferahon: —> Active ank-islandimg — Adjust D6 operation based on measurementi ~ Destobilise the Islanding operatry point leading ut» Voltaye / Freq, Ging oultde the Nominal ramge. - Reliability is lower them passive truthod — > Communieakion based / Sgralling rnethad — Inkrmahon From Substahon dd Da tommunteated — need inPormahon on statis & upstream device. Non deleckon gon) ——> Ant islanding is nat Peshve —A gerd method thould have muna non- detechon Zone Srmpibed disteibshon system rnodel — > When S, opens, S, Should detect this and open S —> Assume D4 operating ab apP (re Q7°)Oo-~r i Pog —b AP Or Ae WE «+ AQz0 @ 4¢- Ris the quay fetor Mir 4 de> Qe = IGel Fat od Thus f y is high , Pag WB AP RDG ax kote to 3Zer0, tren opening tha. sicikh S, dees nok affect the load greatly Awan islanding debechon methods cit VAF bated methods doer not work very wl ASSIGNMENT- 4‘Sample Homework 1: Topics in Power Electronics and Distributed Generation 1. A GGKV sub-transmission line is terminated at a substation by a bank of two delta-star trans- formers. Each 66/11 kV, 10/VA transformer has an impedance of 8% (reactive) on the individual transformers rating as indicated in the Figure below. The 3-phase fault level on the substation transformer primary is 1500./V A, with the ratio of X/R = 4. The zero sequence impedance is twice the positive sequence impedance as seen from the 6BAV trans former primary. The 11kV star point of the transformers are solidly grounded. Eight 2M VA, L1kV distribution lines that are 4ém long emanate trom the LIkV secondary bus of this transformer. The distribution feeder line impedance is (0.5 + j0.5)Q/km. Zero sequence impedance is three times the positive sequence impedance for these 11kV lines. YQ ‘6okV; 3ph fault 1500MVA; XwRe = 4; Z07Z+=2 ZS sstieeiky war cube IOMVA, XI = 8% each or I TRV Be oz] fe} + 2 v + TARY: MA 4 ams Zescose] oayam 202+—3 (a) What is the fault current fora 3-phase fault at the transformer primary? (>) Draw the sequence networks corresponding to the 66/V’ source side SLG fault of the substation transformer, What is the fault current for a SLG fault at the transformer pri- mary?