CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. B. R. Chahar
Professor
Office:
Phone:
Email:
Web:
~chahar

Block V 324
1187
Chahar@civil.iitd.ac.in
www.chahar.tk
http://web.iitd.ac.in/

CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

Contact Schedule
LTP 2-0-2 3 Credit course
Prerequisite CEL251
Lect. 9 - 10 AM Venue IV Lt-2
Tuesday
Wednesday
Design

Friday

2 - 4 PM
Venue -V-317
Gr. I - Mon
Gr. II - Tue
Gr. III - Wed
Gr. IV Thu
Gr. V Fri

INTRODUCTION
Why study Hydraulic Structures?
Development of water resources of a region
Requires
Conception
Planning
Design
Construction
Operation
of various facilities to utilise and control water, and
to maintain water quality.

INTRODUCTION
Water Resources Engineering
Utilisation of water
Control of water
Water quality management
Utilize/Need water
Domestic & Industrial uses
Irrigation
Power generation
Navigation
Other purposes

INTRODUCTION
Water is controlled and regulated
Flood control
Land drainage
Sewerage
Bridges
Not cause damage to property, inconvenience to the
public, or loss of life
Water-quality management
Required quality of water for different uses
Preserve Ecological balance
Contamination of Groundwater/Surface water

INTRODUCTION
Water Resources development projects are planned
to serve various purposes
Main Purposes
Domestic & Industrial uses, Irrigation
Power generation, Navigation, Flood control
Secondary Purposes
Recreational, Fish and wild life, Drainage control,
Watershed management, Sediment control,
Salinity control, Pollution abatement
Miscellaneous Purposes
Employment, Accelerate development etc
Single-purpose and Multi-purpose

INTRODUCTION
Main source of water is Precipitation
Precipitation is not uniform over space and time
Monsoon, North East, Himalaya, W. Ghat
Store water at surplus location during surplus
period Storage structures Reservoirs
Transport water Demand Point - Gravity

INTRODUCTION
Water Resources projects Two Main Steps
First step How much water is available?
Knowledge of Hydrology
Precipitation average
Abstraction Losses
Runoff, Yield of basin
Flood Peak runoff
Reservoir sizing Mass curve

INTRODUCTION
Second step How to utilise and control water?
Require various structure
Hydraulic Structures
Types of Hydraulic Structures
Storage
Diversion
Transportation
Regulation
Control

CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

COURSE Contents
1. Introduction
2. Gravity Dams Site selection, Forces,
Stability analysis.
3. Diversion Works Weirs and Barrages
4. Head Regulators and Cross regulators
5. Canals Design and Canal Falls.
6. Cross Drainage Works

CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

GRADING CRITERIA

The weightage likely to be as

20%
20%
40%
20%

Minor I
Minor II
Major
Quiz/ Assignment/ Design Class
Attendance

CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

LESSON PLAN
Lecture 1,2
Lecture 3,4,5

Gravity Dams: Introduction

Gravity Dams: Forces
MINOR I TEST

Lecture 6,7,8
Lecture 9,10

Gravity Dams: Stability Analysis

Gravity Dams: Elementary & Practical
Profile
MINOR II TEST

Lecture 11-15

Diversion Works: Weir & Barrages

MAJOR TEST

CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

Text Books
1. Hydraulic Structures; P. Novak, AIB Moffat, C. Nalluri, and R.
Narayanan: Taylor & Francis, New York
2. Engineering for Dams, Vol I & Vol II; Creager, Justin and Hinds; John
Wiley
3. Water Resources Engineering; JB Franzini, DL Freyberg, G
Tchobanoglous; McGraw Hill
4. Design Textbooks in Civil Engineering Irrigation Engineering Vol VI
Dams; L Leliavsky; Chapman & Hall
5. Design of Small Dams; USBR; Oxford & IBH.
6. Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering; Bharat Singh; Nem Chand.
7. Irrigation and Water Power Engineering; BC Punmia, BBL Pande; Laxmi
Pub.
8. Irrigation, Water Power and Water Resources Engineering; KR Arora;
Standard Pub.
9. Theory and Design of Irrigation Structures; Varshney, Gupta, Gupta; Nem
Chand.
10. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures; SK Garg; Khanna Pub.

CEL351: Design of Hydraulic Structures

IS Codes
IS Code 6512: Criteria for Design of Solid Gravity Dams
IS Code 1893: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
IS Code 4410 : Part 22 : 1994 Glossary of terms relating to river valley
projects: Part 22 Barrages & weirs
IS Code 6966 : Part 1 : 1989 Guidelines for hydraulic design of barrages and
weirs: Part 1 Alluvial Reaches
IS Code 7349 : 1989 Guidelines for operation and maintenance of barrages
and weirs
IS Code 7720 : 1991 Criteria for Investigation, Planning and Layout for
Barrages and Weirs
IS Code 11130 : 1984 Criteria for Structural Design of Barrages and Weirs
IS Code 14955 : 2001 Guidelines for Hydraulic Model Studies of Barrages and
Weirs

INTRODUCTION
Storage Structures

Store water at surplus location during surplus

period Storage structures Reservoirs
Dam and Reservoir coexist
Dam solid barrier across river
Reservoir artificial lake u/s of dam

Reservoir

Dam

Reservoir

Dam

Spillway

RESERVOIRS
Types of Reservoirs Single-purpose and Multi-purpose
Storage (or conservation) reservoirs
Flood control reservoirs
Multipurpose reservoir
Distribution reservoirs
Balancing reservoirs
Flood Control runoff exceeding safe capacity of
river is stored in the reservoir. Stored water is
released in controlled manner
Detention and Retarding

RESERVOIRS
Detention Reservoirs regulated by GATES

Adv: More flexibility of operation and better control of

outflow; Discharge from various reservoirs can be adjusted
Disadv: More expensive; Possibility of human error

RESERVOIRS
Retarding Reservoirs UNGATES

Adv: Less expensive; Outflow is automatic so possibility of

human error
Disadv: No flexibility of operation; Discharge from various
reservoirs may coincide heavy flood

RESERVOIRS
Multipurpose Reservoirs
Serve two or more purposes. In India, most of the reservoirs
are designed as multipurpose reservoirs to store water for
irrigation and hydropower, and also to effect flood control

Distribution Reservoirs
Small storage reservoirs to tide over the peak demand of
water. The distribution reservoir is helpful in permitting
the pumps to work at a uniform rate. It stores water
during the period of lean demand and supplies the same
during the period of high demand. As the storage is
limited, it merely helps in distribution of water as per
demand for a day or so and not for storing it for a long
period. Distribution reservoirs are mainly used for
municipal water supply but rarely used for the supply of
water for irrigation.

RESERVOIRS

Balancing Reservoirs
A balancing reservoir is a small reservoir constructed d/s of
the main reservoir for holding water released from the
main reservoir.

RESERVOIRS
Storage Capacity of Reservoirs
Storage capacity of a reservoir depends upon the topography of
the site and the height of dam.
Engineering surveys
The storage capacity and the water spread area at different
elevations can be determined from the contour map.
In addition to finding out the capacity of a reservoir, the
contour map of the reservoir can also be used to determine
the land and property which would be submerged when the
reservoir is filled upto various elevations.
To estimate the compensation to be paid to the owners of the
submerged property and land. The time schedule, according
to which the areas should be evacuated, as the reservoir is
gradually filled, can also be drawn..

RESERVOIRS
Storage Capacity of a Reservoir
Area-Elevation Curve
from contour map An
elevation-area curve is
then drawn between
the surface area as
abscissa and the
elevation as ordinate.
Elevation-Capacity
Curve: is determined
from elevation-area
curve using diff
formulae.
Both the elevation-area curve and the elevation- storage curve on
the same paper. Abscissa - areas and volumes - opposite directions

RESERVOIRS
Storage Capacity calculation formulae
1. Trapezoidal formula
2. Cone formula
3. Prismoidal formula
4. Storage Volume from cross-sectional areas

RESERVOIRS
Basic Terms and Definitions
1. Full reservoir level (FRL): is the highest water level to which
the water surface will rise during normal operating
conditions. Also called the full tank level (FTL) or the normal
pool level (NPL).
2. Maximum water level (MWL): is the maximum level to which
the water surface will rise when the design flood passes over
the spillway. Also called the maximum pool level (MPL) or
maximum flood level (MFL).
3. Minimum pool level: is the lowest level up to which the water
is withdrawn from the reservoir under ordinary conditions.
It corresponds to the elevation of the lowest outlet (or
sluiceway) of the dam. However, in the case of a reservoir for
hydroelectric power; the minimum pool level is fixed after
considering the minimum working head required for the
efficient working of turbines.

RESERVOIRS
Basic Terms and Definitions

RESERVOIRS
Basic Terms and Definitions
4. Useful storage: volume of water stored between the full
reservoir level and the minimum pool level. Also known as
the live storage.
5. Surcharge storage: is the volume of water stored above the
full reservoir level upto the maximum water level. The
surcharge storage is an uncontrolled storage which exists
only when the river is in flood and the flood water is passing
over the spillway. This storage is available only for the
absorption of flood and it cannot be used for other purposes.
6. Dead storage: volume of water held below the minimum pool
level. The dead storage is not useful, as it cannot be used for
any purpose under ordinary operating conditions.

RESERVOIRS
Basic Terms and Definitions

RESERVOIRS

Basic Terms and Definitions

7. Bank storage: If the banks of the reservoir are porous, some

water is temporarily stored by them when the reservoir is
full.
8. Valley storage: The volume of water held by the natural river
channel in its valley upto the top of its banks before the
construction of a reservoir is called the valley storage. May
be important in flood control reservoirs.
9. Yield from a reservoir: Yield is the volume of water which can
be withdrawn from a reservoir in a specified period of time.
The yield is determined from the storage capacity of the
reservoir and the mass inflow curve.
10 Safe yield (Firm yield): is the maximum quantity of water
which can be supplied from a reservoir in a specified period
of time during a critical dry year. Lowest recorded natural
flow of the river for a number of years is taken as the critical
dry period for determining the safe yield.

RESERVOIRS
Basic Terms and Definitions
11. Secondary yield: is the quantity of water which is available
during the period of high flow in the rivers when the yield is
more than the safe yield. It is supplied on as and when basis
at the lower rates. The hydropower developed from
secondary yield is sold to industries at cheaper rates.
12. Average yield: is the arithmetic average of the firm yield and
the secondary yield over a long period of time.
13. Design yield: is the yield adopted in the design of a reservoir.
Fixed after considering the urgency of the water needs and
the amount of risk involved. The design yield should be such
that the demands of the consumers are reasonably met with,
and at the same time, the storage required is not unduly
large.