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Plastic Analysis of Plastic Analysis of Beams PDF
Plastic Analysis of Plastic Analysis of Beams PDF
1
Continuous Beams
Increasing the applied load until
yielding occurs at some locations
will result in elastic
elastic-plastic
plastic defor
deformations that will eventually reach
a fully plastic condition.
Fully plastic condition is
defined as one at which a
sufficient number of plastic
hinges
g are formed to transform
the structure into a mechanism, i.e., the structure is
geometrically
t i ll unstable.
t bl
1
Additional
Addi
i
l loading
l di applied
li d to
the fully plastic structure
would lead to collapse.
collapse
Design
g of structures based on
the plastic or limit state
approach is increasingly used
and
d accepted
t db
by various
i
codes
d off
practice, particularly for steel
construction Figure 1 shows a
construction.
typical stress-strain curve for mild
steel and the idealized stressstrain response for performing
plastic analysis.
2
rupture
x
y
idealized
y
Figure 1. Mild Steel StressStrain Curve
y = yield stress
y = yield strain
ULTIMATE MOMENT
Consider the beam shown in Fig.
2. Increasing the bending
moment results in going from
elastic cross section behavior
(Fig. 2(a)) to yield of the
outermost fibers ((Figs.
g 2(c)
( ) and
(d)) and finally the two yield
zones meet (Fig. 2(e)); the
cross section
i in
i this
hi state is
i
defined to be fully plastic.
M p = 12 y A (yc + y t )
(1)
6
M y = y St
(2a)
M y = y Sc
(2b)
PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A
SIMPLE BEAM
If a load P at the mid-span of a
simple beam (Fig. 3) is
increased until the maximum
mid-span
id
momentt reaches
h the
th
fully plastic moment Mp, a plastic
hinge is formed at this section
and collapse will occur under
any further load increase. Since
this structure is statically determinate, the collapse load PC can
easil be calc
easily
calculated
lated to gi
give
e
PC = 4M p / L
(3)
9
P
L
2
L
10
12
We = Wi
L
L
PC
= M p (2)
2
PC = 4M p / L
13
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF
FIXED ENDED BEAM
FIXED-ENDED
Consider a prismatic fixed-ended
beam subjected to a uniform
load of intensity q (Fig. 4(a)).
Figure 4(b) shows the moment
diagram sequence from the yield
moment My
2
q
L
y
I
M y = y S( ) =
c
12
qy =
12 M y
2
(a)
L
Mp
(b)
My
My
Mp
Mp
qC
(c)
15
q CL L
2
= M p (
+ 2
+ )
2 4
16 M p
qC =
2
L
Sequence off Plastic
S
Pl i Hinge
Hi
Formation:
(1) Fixed-end
Fi d d supports maxii
mum moment (negative)
(2) Mid-span
Mid
maximum
i
positive
iti
16
moment
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Next consider
N
id the
h three
h
span
continuous beam shown in Fig. 5
with each span having a plastic
moment capacity of Mp. Values
of the collapse
p load correspondp
ing to all possible mechanisms
are determined; the actual
collapse
ll
load
l d is
i the
th smallest
ll t off
the possible mechanism
collapse loads.
loads
17
Mp = constant
L
2
L
3
B
L
(a)
D
F
L
PC1
1
(b)
PC2
2
(c)
+
L
PC1
= M p ( + 2 + )
2
PC1 = 8M p / L
19
L
PC2
= M p ( + +)
3
2L
L
= 2 =
3
3
=
2
55M p
L
PC2
=
2
3
PC2 = 15M p / 2L
20
M < Mp
A
C
E
-M > -Mp
-Mp
Collapse BMD
21
qL = P
L
2
(a)
q
2
2Mp
Mp
PC
(b)
qC
2
(c)
L1
23
Mechanism 1:
PC L
We = PC 1 =
2
Wi = 2M p + 2M p (2) + M p
= 7M p
We = Wi
PC =
14M p
L
(A)
Mechanism 2:
2
2
We = q C L1
+ q C (L L1)
2
2
2
= qCL
2
24
Wi = M p + M p ( +
)
L1 = 2 = (L L1)
L1
=
L L1
2L L1
M p
Wi =
L L1
We = 1 q C LL1
2
We = Wi
2 2L L1
qCL =
M
(B)
p
L1 L L1
25
d(q C L)
2L1(L L1)
=
Mp
2
2
dL1
(L1) (L L1)
= 0
(L1) (L L1)
Mp
(C)
26
8L (8L) 2 4(8L2 )
L1 =
4
= 2L 2 L
= 0.5858L
( )
(D)
qCL =
11 66 M p
11.66
L
(E)
27
M < 2Mp
L1
Mp
-M
M > -2M
2Mp
-Mp
Direct Procedure to
Calculate Positive Moment
Plastic Hinge Location for
Unsymmetrical Plastic
Moment Diagram
g
Consider any beam span that is
loaded by a uniform load and the
resulting plastic moment diagram is
unsymmetric. Just as shown
above the location of the maximum
positive moment is unknown. For
example assume beam span B
example,
C is subjected to a uniform load
and
a
d tthe
ep
plastic
ast c moment
o e t capac
capacity
ty at
end B is Mp1, the plastic moment29
L1
-Mp2
L
30
a=
b=
(M p1 + M p3 )
2
L1
2(M p1 + M p3 )
L1
32
(iv) x = L:
M = -Mp2 = aL2 + bL + c
= -(Mp1+ Mp3)(L/L1)2
+ 2(Mp1+ Mp3) (L/L1) - Mp1
0 = -(M
(Mp1+ Mp3)(L/L1)2
+ 2(Mp1+ Mp3) (L/L1)
- Mp1+ Mp2
Solving the quadratic equation:
33
L
=1
L1
M
+
M
p1 p3
L1 =
L
M p1 M p2
1+ 1 M + M
p3
p1
34
EPILOGUE
The process described in these
notes and in the example problems uses what is referred to as
an upper bound approach;
i.e., any assumed mechanism can
pro ide the basis for an anal
provide
analysis.
sis
The resulting collapse load is an
upper bound on the true col
collapse load. For a number of
trial mechanisms, the lowest
computed load is the best
upper bound. A trial mechanism is the correct one if the
corresponding moment
diagram nowhere exceeds the
plastic moment capacity.
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