Chapter 14: Gears

Just stare at the machine. There is

nothing wrong with that. Just live with it
for a while. Watch it the way you watch a
line when fishing and before long, as
sure as you live, youll get a little nibble,
a little fact asking in a timid, humble way
if youre interested in it. Thats the way
the world keeps on happening. Be
interested in it.
Robert Piersig, Zen and the Art of
Motorcycle Maintenance

Image: An assortment of gears.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Spur Gear Drive

Figure 14.1 Spur gear drive.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.1, page 616

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Helical Gear Drive

Figure 14.2 Helical gear drive.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.2, page 616

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Straight Tooth Bevel Gear Drive

Figure 14.3 Bevel gear drive with straight teeth.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.3, page 616

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Worm Gear Drive

Figure 14.4 Worm gear drive. (a) Cylindrical teeth; (b)

double enveloping.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.4, page 618

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Spur Gear Geometry

Figure 14.5 Basic

spur gear geometry.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.5, page 620

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Gear Tooth Nomenclature

Figure 14.6 Nomenclature of gear teeth.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.6, page 621

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Preferred Diametral Pitches

Class
Coarse
Medium coarse
Fine
Ultrafine

Diametral pitch,
pd, in.-1
1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
12, 14, 16, 18
20, 24, 32, 48, 64,
72, 80, 96, 120, 128
150, 180, 200

Table 14.1 Preferred diametral pitches for four tooth classes.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 14.1, page 621

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Diametral Pitches

Figure 14.7 Standard diametral pitches compared with tooth size.

Full size is assumed.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.7, page 622

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Addendum, Dedendum and Clearance

Parameter

S ymbol

Addendum
Dedendum
Clearance

a
b
c

Coarse Pitch
(pd<20in-1)
1/ pd
1.25/ pd
0.25/ pd

Fine pitch
(pd 20in-1)
1/ pd
1.200/ pd+0.002
0.200/ pd+0.002

Metric module
system
1.00 m
1.25 m
0.25 m

Table 14.2 Formulas for addendum, dedendum, and clearance

(pressure angle 20, full-depth involute.)

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 14.2, page 623

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Pitch and Base Circles

Figure 14.8 Pitch and base

circles for pinion and gear
as well as line of action and
pressure angle.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.8, page 624

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Involute Curve

Figure 14.9 Construction of involute curve.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.9, page 625

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Contact Ratio

Figure 14.10 Illustration of parameters important in

defining contact ratio.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.10, page 629

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Line of Action

Figure 14.11 Details of line of

action, showing angles of
approach and recess for both
pinion and gear.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.11, page 629

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Backlash

Figure 14.12 Illustration of backlash in gears.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.12, page 632

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Recommended Minimum Backlash

Center distance, cd , in.

Diametral
pitch
pd , in. -1

18
12
8
5
3
2
1.25

8
Backlash, bl , in.

16

32

0.005
0.006
0.007
-

0.006
0.007
0.008
0.010
0.014
-

0.009
0.010
0.012
0.016
0.021
-

0.014
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.034

0.028
0.033
0.042

Table 14.3 Recommended minimum backlash for coarse-pitch gears.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 14.3, page 633

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Externally Meshing Spur Gears

Figure 14.13 Externally meshing spur gears.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.13, page 635

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Internally Meshing Spur Gears

Figure 14.14 Internally

meshing spur gears.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.14, page 635

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Simple Gear Train

Figure 14.15 Simple gear train.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.15, page 636

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Compound Gear Train

Figure 14.16 Compound gear train.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.16, page 636

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Example 14.7

Figure 14.17 Gear train used in

Example 14.7.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.17, page 637

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Allowable Bending Stress vs. Brinell Hardness

Figure 14.18 Effect of Brinell hardness on allowable bending stress for

two grades of through-hardened steel [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols, American
Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.18, page 638

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Contact Stress vs. Brinell Hardness

Figure 14.19 Effect of Brinell Hardness on allowable contact stress for two grades of
through-hardened steel. [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definition of Terms with Symbols, American Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.19, page 639

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Forces on Gear Tooth

Figure 14.20 Forces acting

on individual gear tooth.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.20, page 640

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Bending Stresses

Figure 14.21 Forces and length dimensions used in determining bending

tooth stresses. (a) Tooth; (b) cantilevered beam.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.20, page 641

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Lewis Form Factors

Number of
Teetch
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32

Lewis form
Factor
0.176
0.192
0.210
0.223
0.236
0.245
0.256
0.264
0.270
0.277
0.283
0.292
0.302
0.308
0.314
0.318
0.322

Number of
Teeth
34
36
38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
150
200
300

Lewis form
factor
0.325
0.329
0.332
0.336
0.340
0.346
0.352
0.355
0.358
0.360
0.361
0.363
0.366
0.368
0.375
0.378
0.382

Table 14.4 Lewis form factors for various numbers of teeth (pressure
angle 20, full depth involute).
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 14.4, page 642

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Spur Gear Geometry Factors

Figure 14.22 Spur gear geometry factors for pressure angle of 20 and fulldepth involute. [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definition of Terms with Symbols, American Gear Manufacturing
Association, 1990.]
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.21, page 643

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Application Factor
Driven Machines
Power Source

Uniform

Uniform
Light shock
Moderate shock

1.00
1.20
1.30

Light shock
Moderate shock
Application factor, K a
1.25
1.50
1.40
1.75
1.70
2.00

Heavy shock
1.75
2.25
2.75

Table 14.5 Application factor as a function of driving power source and driven
machine.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 14.5, page 643

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Size Factor

Diametral pitch pd,

in.-1
5
4
3
3
1.25

Module, m,
mm
5
6
8
12
20

Size factor, Ks
1.00
1.05
1.15
1.25
1.40

Table 14.6 Size factor as a function of diametral pitch or module.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 14.6, page 644

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Load Distribution Factor

Figure 14.23 Load distribution factor as function of face width

and ratio of face width to pitch diameters. Commercial quality
gears assumed. [From Mott (1992).]

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.23, page 645

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Dynamic Factor

Figure 14.24 Dynamic factor as function of pitch-line velocity and

transmission accuracy level number.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.24, page 645

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Helical Gear

Figure 14.25 Helical gear. (a) Front view; (b) side view.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.25, page 651

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Pitches of Helical Gears

Figure 14.26 Pitches of helical gears. (a) Circular; (b) axial.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.26, page 652

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Gears Inside Industrial Mixer

Figure 14.27 Gears

inside industrial mixer.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.27, page 655

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Motor Torque and Speed

Figure 14.28 Torque and speed of motor as function of current for

industrial mixer used in case study.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 14.28, page 655

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid