I.

Khi nim, ngun gc

Zeolit l khong cht aluminosilicat ca mt s kim loi c cu trc vi xp vi cng thc
tng qut:
(Me+)x [(AlO2)x (SiO2)y] zH2O
Trong :
Me : l cation b tr in tch khung
z : l s phn t H2O kt tinh trong Zeolit: L thnh phn mt mng c s ca tinh th
y/x : l t s nguyn t Si/Al. T s ny thay i tu theo tng loi Zeolit. y/x > 1 ( theo
quy lut lowenstein ch ra rng ch c dng lin kt Si-0-Al; Si-0-Si m khng tn ti lin kt
Al-O-Al )
V d :

y/x=1 Zeolit A
y/x= 2 - 5 nh Zeolit Y, Mordenit
c bit Zeolit ZSM-11 c y/x > 10

Gn y ngi ta tng hp c cc Zeolit c thnh phn a dng , c t l s mol

SiO2/ Al2O3 cao. Thm ch c nhng loi c cu trc tng t Zeolit m khng cha cc
nguyn t Al nh Silicalit bng phng php kh Al
Zeolit c cu trc tinh th xc nh, c cc l xp vi kch thc nano u n. Trong
tinh th zeolit, cc t din SiO4 v AlO4 lin kt vi nhau qua nguyn t oxy. Khng gian bn
trong tinh th gm cc hc nh c ni vi nhau bng cc ng rnh c kch thc n
nh. Nh h thng l xp v cc ng rnh m zeolit c th hp ph nhng phn t c kch
thc nh hn kch thc l v y ra nhng phn t c kch thc ln hn.
Ngun gc lch s:
1756 khi nh khong hc Thy in Cronstedt khm ph ra 1 dng khong zeolite u
tin, khong stilbite. ng ta nhn ra rng zeolite l 1 loi khng cht mi cha cc tinh
th aluminosilicate ngm nc ca kim loi kim v kim th. Do cu trc tinh th ca
Zeolite trng phng ln khi c gia nhit trong 1 ng thu tinh nn Cronstedl t
tn khong cht l Zeolite, da trn 2 k t Hy Lp l Zeo ngha l un si v
Lithos ngha l hn .
1777, Fontana miu t hin tng hp ph ca than ci.
1840, Damour nhn thy rng cu trc tinh th ca zeolie c th hp thu nc m khng
c s thay i no trong cu trc ca n.
1862, St. Claire Deville a ra s tng hp loi zeolite u tin, levynit.
1896, Friedal pht trin tng v cu trc hp ph nc ca zeolite sau khi quan st
nhiu loi cht lng khc nhau nh: alcohol, benzene, chlorofoem b hp ph nc bi
zeolite.
1925, Weigel v Steihhoff a ra l thuyt v ry cao phn t

 1927, Leonard s dng nhiu x tia X xc nh s b tr ca khong zeolite. Cu trc

tinh th Zeolite c xc nh vo nm 1930 bi Taylor v Pauling
1932, McBain xy dng khi nhim ry phn t c th nh ngha v vt liu xp,
ng vai tr nh 1 ci thang ca hp cht cao phn t.
Gia nhng nm 1949-1954, R.M.Milton v ng nghip ca ng l D.W.Breck khm
ph ra mt lng ng k cc zeolite c tnh thng mi cao. ng dng u tin l s
dng kh nng lm kh cc kh lm lnh v cc loi kh khc trong t nhin.
Nhng nm gn y, cc vt liu ry phn t ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong xc
tc cng nghip, c bit l Zeolit. N cng ngy cng thay th v tr cc loi xc tc trc
y, v th thu ht c s ch ca nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii ( Lng xc tc
Zeolit s dng trong nm 1978 v khong 474.000T/n cho nhiu qu trnh nm
1985:636.000T/n).
II. Phn loi
1. Theo ngun gc
Zeolit t nhin : km bn. C hn 40 loi v kt tinh tt nhng do thnh phn ho hc
khng c tinh khit cn thit, mt lin kt tinh th khng ng nht nn mt s rt t
cc zeolite t nhin c ng dng trong thc t nh: analcime, chabazite, mordenit,
Zeolit tng hp : ng dng trong cng nghip v c cu trc ng u, tinh khit, a
dng (hn 200 loi), v d: zeolite A, faujazit(X,Y), h ZSM-5, ZSM-1
2. Phn loi theo theo thnh phn ha hc .
Zeolit ngho silic (giu nhm) : c t s Si/Al 1. Loi ny cha hm lng cation b tr cc
i c dung lng trao i ion ln nht so vi cc loi zeolite khc.
Mt s loi tiu biu: 3A, 4A, 5A(faujazit) vi dng tng ng l 3A (K+A), 4A (Na+A),
5A (Ca2+A)
Zeolit giu silic: tng i b nhit nn c s dng nhiu trong iu kin lm vic khc
nghit, tiu biu l ZSM-5, ZSM-11.
Zeolit trung bnh silic: thc nghim chng t rng, t s Si/Alcng cao th kh nng bn nhit
ca zeolite cng cao. Cc loi thuc h ny gm: zeolite X, Y, Mordenit, Sabazite (t s Si/Al
1,2 - 2,5). T l ng kinh mao qun t 5,1 5,7 A0
Ry phn t silic: c cu trc tinh th hoc tng t nh Aluminosilicat tinh th nhng hon
ton khng cha Al, ch cha Si. Do vt liu ny khng cha cation b tr in tch khung
( hon ton khng c tnh cht trao i ion) v k nc.
Zeolit bin tnh: sau khi tng hp zeolite, ngi ta c th dung cc phng php tch nhm
khi mng li tinh th v thay th vo l Silic hoc cc nguyn t ho tr 3, 4
Vic phn chia t l Si/Al c coi l mt c trng quan trng nh hng n cu trc v
tnh cht ho l ca zeolite. S bin i tnh cht ca zeolite khi tng t l Si/Al t 1
3. Phn loi theo cu trc mao qun
Cc soladit ghp ni vi nhau to thnh cc khoang rng, cc ca s to nh khc nhau, h
m zeolit c cu trc xp. Tp hp khng gian rng tun theo mt quy lut nht nh s
to cu trc knh zeolit. Bn cht ca h mao qun trong zeolit l rt quan trng : xc nh
tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca zeolit.

C 3 h thng mao qun:

a. Zeolit c h thng mao qun mt chiu
Cc mao qun khng giao nhau ( Analcime )

b. Zeolit c h thng mao qun hai chiu ( Mordenit, Ferreirit )

c. Zeolit c h thng mao qun ba chiu

Dng 1: cc mao qun cng chiu, ng knh cc mao qun bng nhau, khng ph thuc
vo hng
V d: faujazit (X,Y) , Zeolit A

Dng 2: cc mao qun khng cng chiu, ng knh mao qun ph thuc vo hng ca
tinh th
V d: ZSM-5, ZSM-11

4. Phn loi theo t s Si/Al

T s Si/Al thp : Si/Al=1-1,5 nh zeolite A, X
T s Si/Al trung bnh : Si/Al=2-5 nh mordenit, chabazit, zeolite Y
T s Si/Al cao : Si/Al >10 nh ZSM-5, Silicalit

5. Phn loi theo cu trc SBU

Da trn c s hnh hc ca khung cu trc ca zeolite phn loi thnh 7 nhm n v
SBU. Mi SBU c trng cho mt cch sp xp ca t din TO4
Nhm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

n v cu trc th cp SBU
Vng 4 cnh n S4R
Vng 6 cnh n S6R
Vng 4 cnh kp S4R
Vng 6 cnh kp S6R
T hp 4-1, n v T5O10
T hp 5-1, n v T8O16
T hp 4-4-1, n v T10O20

6. Phn loi theo ng knh mao qun

Thng c xc nh t vng ca s mao qun c to nn t cc nguyn t oxi
Zeolit mao qun nh: 3-4 A0 ( vng 6-8 nguyn t oxi), nh: chabazit, zeolite A,
Zeolit mao qun trung bnh: 4,5-6 A0 ( vng 10 nguyn t oxi), nh: ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM22, ZSM-40,
Zeolit mao qun rng: 7-15 A0 ( vng 12-20 nguyn t oxi), nh: faujazit, offretit, mordenit,

7. Ry phn t
L loi vt liu c cu trc tinh th hoc tng t nh Aluminosilicat tinh th nhng hon
ton khng cha Al, c tng hp trn c sowrkhung mng tinh th bao goofmcasc t din
SiO4 ( lin kt Si-O-Si- ). Do vt liu ny khng cha cation b tr in tch khung
( hon ton khng c tnh cht trao i ion) v k nc. tu thuc vo nguyn t thay th
trong mng tinh th m c th phn chia thnh cc loi sau:
Thay th ng hnh nguyn t Alvafo mng silicat vi t l Si/Al khc nhau to thnh h ry
phn t aluminosilicat
H silicat kim loi c to thnh nh kt hp mt s kim loi vi mng tinh th silicat