III.

1. Formic acid will undergo thermal decomposition to form CO and H2O without the
need for dehydrating it with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Formic acid will also decompose thermally to form CO2 and H2. Both mechanisms
will occur.
HCOOH -->CO(g) + H2O(g)
and
HCOOH -->CO2(g) + H2(g)
Questions:
1. Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid.
Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is
a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid.
Corrosive, penetrates latex gloves, do not inhale or ingest, use under a hood,
flammable or explosive if mixed with air at teperatures over 102 degrees
Fahrenheit, special storage conditions
2. BURNING PAIN IN THROAT, ESOPHAGUS, & STOMACH; VOMITING (OFTEN
BLOODY OR WITH COFFEE-GROUND APPEARANCE), INTENSE BURNING PAIN,
SEVERE PURGING; PULSE BECOMES WEAK, IRREGULAR, SOMETIMES
IMPERCEPTIBLE. HYPOTENSION AND USUAL SIGNS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
COLLAPSE APPEAR
3. a.) A naturally occurring acid found in vegetables such as beetroot, spinach,
and rhubarb. Oxalic acid also occurs in relatively high concentrations in tea,
chocolate, and other cocoa products.
b.) Tartaric acid occurs unripe fruit, including apples, cherries, and tomatoes,
and is used as a flavoring and in the aging of wine.
c.) It is obtained natually as a by-products of wine fermentation along with its
salts
4. Uses:
a.) Oxalic acid is rubbed onto completed marble sculptures to seal the
surface and introduce a shine.
b.) used in syntheses of vitamins B 1 and B 6, barbiturates, and numerous
other valuable compounds.
c.) sed for symptoms related to menopause such as hot flashes and
irritability. Succinate is also applied to the skin for arthritis and joint pain.
d.) acts as an important neurotransmitter and is involved in the synthesis of
other neurotransmitters, such as GABA
e.) important synthetic dicarboxylic acid annually produced, mainly used as a
precursor for the production of nylon

f.) used for making Maleate Salts of Bulk-Drugs like Pheneramine Maleate,
Chloropheneramine Maleate and others
g.) used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) from food.
h.) used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent.
i.) used in making candies and frostings for cakes. Tartaric acid is also used in
baking powder where it serves as the source of acid that reacts with sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda).
j.) used in many applications including canning, flavoring, cleaning, and even
photography development.
k.) used in baking to stabilize eggs and creams, as well as adding volume and
thickness to the final product.
l.) used to induce vomiting and in treatment of helminthic and fungal
infestations.
m.) can form a large variety of barbiturate drugs that behave as central
nervous system depressants.
n.) useful in sensitive acoustical and vibrational devices and used for
preparation from potassium bitartrate and sodium carbonate.
tartaric acid: all soluble
EXPT. 8

1.) Preparation of Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is the first member of the aldehyde series. It is present in green leaves of
plants where its presence is supposed to be due to the reaction of CO2 with water in
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
(1) Preparation
Platinised asbestos
(i) 2CH3 OH + O2 HCHO
300 - 400oC
Formaldehy de
K2Cr2O7
CH3 OH + [ O ] HCHO + H2O
H2 SO4
Cu or Ag
(ii) CH3 OH HCHO
300 - 400oC
Formaldehy de
Heat
(iii) Ca ( HCOO )2 HCHO
Calcium formate
Formaldehy de
H2
(iv) CH2 = CH2 + O3 HCHO
Pd

No - oxide
(v) CH4 + O2 HCHO
Catalyst
Formaldehy de
(vi) CO + H2

Elec. discharge
HCHO
Formaldehy de

Ch3oh+ 1/2 o2 ---> h2co+ h2o

2. ) C2H4O + 5/2O2 ----> 2CO2 + 2H2O, or get rid of the fractions to get:
2C2H4O + 5O2 ----> 4CO2 + 4H2O
3.) H2O + 2OH- + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ ---> CH2O2 + H2O + 2Ag +
5.) 2HCHO+2KOH(conc.) - CH3OH+HCOOK:
2 HCHO + KOH------------------------> HCOOK + CH3 OH
OTHER ALDEHYDE WHICH SHOW THIS REACTION ARE --------C Cl3- CHO, C6 H5 -CHO
NOTE ;---------- what is ALPHA HYDROGEN-------------the H atom attached to the C NEXT TO aldehyde functional gp i. e with C* -CHO
e. g these aldehyde DO NOT show CANNIZZARO reaction-[ CH3 -CHO, CH2Cl -CHO, CHCl2-- CHO, CH3 - CH2 -CHO ]
7.)
Reduction: C6H5CHO + 2H2O + 2e- ==> C6H5CH2OH + 2OHOxidation: C6H5CHO + 3OH- ==> C6H5CO2- + 2H2O + 2eOverall: 2C6H5CHO + OH- ==> C6H5CH2OH + C6H5CO2-

6.)
acetone: ch3c0ch3
8.)
Questions:
1.) Formaldehyde kills most bacteria, and so a solution of formaldehyde in
water is commonly used as a disinfectant. Formaldehyde based solutions are

used in embalming to disinfect and temporarily preserve human remains

pending final disposition
2.) used for the treatment of urinary tract infection. It decomposes at an
acidic pH to form formaldehyde and ammonia, and the formaldehyde is
bactericidal; the mandelic acid adds to this effect.

Structure:
3.) Obviously no country in the world would allow formaldehyde to be used as
food preservative mainly because it produces toxic chemicals when it reacts
with the chemicals inside our body. I heard one chemistry student that
accidentally mistook formaldehyde as water and drank it. He died minutes
after the intake of formaldehyde in a large amount can cause severe
abdominal pain, vomiting, coma, renal injury and possible death in humans.
Prolonged ingestion of formaldehyde in drinking-water caused stomach
irritation in experimental animals.
5.) Paraldehyde is an anti-epileptic medicine belonging to a group of
medicines called barbiturates. It is used to control repeated fitting in children
and works by stabilising the electrical nerve activity in the brain
4.) 2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH Ag2O (s) + 2 NaNO3 + H2O
Ag2O (s) + 4 NH3 + 2 NaNO3 + H2O 2 [Ag(NH3)2]NO3 + 2 NaOH
6.) because of its ability to undergo addition, oxidation/reduction, and
condensation reactions, acetone is used as a raw material in the chemical
synthesis of many commercial products
7.) Acetone, -hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are three types of
ketone body that may be found in the breath, blood, and urine.
We measured the concentrations of acetone in the breath using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry and -hydroxybutyrate in fingertip blood
collected from 99 patients with diabetes assigned to groups 1 (), 2 (), 3
(+), 4 (++), or 5 (+++) according to urinary ketone concentrations. Results.
There were strong relationships between fasting blood glucose, age, and
diabetic ketosis. Exhaled acetone concentration significantly correlated with
concentrations of fasting blood glucose, ketones in the blood and urine, LDLC, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Conclusions. Breath testing for
ketones has a high sensitivity and specificity and appears to be a

noninvasive, convenient, and repeatable method for the diagnosis and

therapeutic monitoring of diabetic ketosis.
8.) Autoxidation is any oxidation that occurs in open air or in presence of
oxygen (and sometimes UV radiation) and forms peroxides and
hydroperoxides. A classic example of autoxidation is that of simple ethers like
diethyl ether, whose peroxides can be dangerously explosive.
9.) Addition requires a nucleophile to come and attack the electrophlic carbon
(the C with the double bond O) of an aldehyde. Formaldehyde is a special
aldehyde in that both groups attached to the electrophilic carbon are
hydrogens. Since hydrogens are small compared to carbon group,
nucleophiles have no trouble coming in to attack the electrophilic carbon
since nothing is really blocking it.
However, other aldehydes have a carbon group and a hydrogen instead of
two hydrogens. The carbon atom + other atoms attached to the carbon uses
a lot more space. This will block and prevent nucleophiles from coming in to
attack the electrophilic carbon, and thus reduce the rate of the reaction.