.

.
.

{Founded in 1885 claiming that it had the objective of obtaining a

greater share in government for educated Indians was created to
form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians
with the British Raj #From Indian National Congress,Wikipedia}

. 1901

...
.
. 1930

.

.1930

The Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mohandas Gandhi and the Congress as the first struggle for complete
independence.(

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna_Swaraj)

1928

.(-

Purna Swaraj )

.1921

.1918-19

.
1922

.

1920

The calls of early political leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah (who later became
communal and hardened his stand), Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar
Tilak (Congress Extremists) for home rulewere accompanied only by petitions and
major public meetings. They never resulted in disorder or obstruction of
government services. Partly due to that, the British did not take them very
seriously. The non-cooperation movement aimed to ensure that the colonial
economic and power structure would be seriously challenged, and British
authorities would be forced to take notice of the people's demands.Here we should
know that many revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad were
supporters of this very movement but were really dissatisfied by the dismissing of
movement by Gandhi.
(Source- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement )

"

"

?
.

.1922

. 22
.
.

Contemporary historians and critics suggest that the movement was successful
enough to break the back of British rule, and possibly even result in the
independence most Indians strove for until 1947.
(Source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement )

" "

. 1931

23 Khudai Khidmatgar

.
.

.
.

700.

Gene Sharp, who has written a study of nonviolent resistance, describes the scene
on that day:
When those in front fell down wounded by the shots, those behind came forward
with their chests bared and exposed themselves to the fire, so much so that some
people got as many as twenty-one bullet wounds in their bodies, and all the people
stood their ground without getting into a panic. . . . The Anglo-Indian paper
of Lahore, which represents the official view, itself wrote to the effect that the
people came forward one after another to face the firing and when they fell
wounded they were dragged back and others came forward to be shot at. This state
of things continued from 11 till 5 o'clock in the evening. When the number of
corpses became too many, the ambulance cars of the government took them away.
(Source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_Bazaar_massacre)

()

.
"Royal Gharwal Rifles".

.
.

""

.
"

"

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as "Frontier Gandhi" or "Sarhadi Gandhi",
was not convinced by the two-nation theory and wanted a single united India as
home for both Hindus and Muslims. He was from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province,

in present-day Pakistan. He believed that the partition would be harmful to the

Muslims of the subcontinent.

(Source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory )

.-

( -great depression period)

The execution of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were reported widely by the press,
especially as they were on the eve of the annual convention of theCongress
party at Karachi.[72] Gandhi faced black flag demonstrations by angry youths who
shouted "Down with Gandhi".[12] The New York Timesreported: A reign of terror in
the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by
a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today
to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.[73]
(Source:-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh)

1939

(1575-1376)

199

. ?

""

.
? "

" .
.

. .

.1939

1940

"

Especially during the Battle of Britain in 1940, Gandhi resisted calls for massive
civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party,
stating he did not seek India's freedom out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain.
( Source:-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement )

1931

1940

.(

1922

).

. 1940

1940

.

.

 .
1942

. .
1945

1946 18

"

"

The White Ensign was lowered from the ships.Signs of liberation started to occur

in Flora Fountain. Vehicles carrying mail were stopped and the mail burnt. British
men and women going in cars and victorias were made to get down and shout "Jai
Hind" (Victory to India). Guns were trained on the Taj Mahal Hotel, the Yacht Club
and other buildings from morning till evening.
1000 RIAF men from the Marine Drive and Andheri Camps also joined in
sympathy. By the end of the day Gurkhas in Karachi had refused to fire on striking
sailors.

The strike soon spread to other parts of India. The ratings in Calcutta, Madras,
Karachi and Vizag also went on strike with the slogans "Strike for Bombay",
"Release 11,000 INA prisoners" and "Jai Hind".
On 19 February, the Tricolour was hoisted by the ratings on most of the ships
and establishments. By 20 February, the third day, armed British destroyers had
positioned themselves off the Gateway of India. The RIN Revolt had become a
serious crisis for the British government
(Source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny )

?
.(1946

The revolt was called off following a meeting between the President of the Naval
Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and Vallab Bhai Patel of the
Congress, who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis. Patel issued a
statement calling on the strikers to end their action, which was later echoed by a
statement issued in Calcutta by Mohammed Ali Jinnah on behalf of the Muslim
League. Under these considerable pressures, the strikers gave way. However,
despite assurances of the good services of the Congress and the Muslim League
widespread arrests were made. These were followed up by courts martial and
large scale dismissals from the service. None of those dismissed were reinstated
into either the Indian or Pakistani navies after independence.
(Source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny )

""

2,1946).

?
?

??
?

 1950

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_Bazaar_massacre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army

 :-
( .