STATISTIKA

Untuk Ekonomi
(untuk lingkungan sendiri STIE Muhammadiyah Bandung)

Oleh: Ia Kurnia, Drs., M.Pd

MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
oUkuran
oUkuran
oUkuran
oUkuran
oUkuran
oUkuran

Nilai Pusat
Pemusatan
Kecenderungan Sentral
Sentral Tendensi
Tendensi Sentral
Gejala Pusat

Measures of Central Tendency

SetSeSeSetelah mengikuti perkuliahan,
mahasiswa mampu::
Menjelaskan pengertian measures of central
tendency
Membedakan jenis-jenis measures of central
tendency
Menghitung jenis-jenis measures of central
tendency dan menafsirkan hasilnya.

Central Tendency :
Nilai Tunggal yang representatif bagi
seluruh nilai data.

Measures of Central Tendency

Jenis:
I Mathematical Averages
a.
b.
c.
d.

Arithmetic Mean
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
Quadratic Mean (Root Mean Square)

II. Positional Averages

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Median
Mode
Quartiles
Decciiles
Percentiles

ARITHMETIC MEAN x

Ungrouped Data

Grouped Data

i 1

n
n

xw

x w

w
i 1

x simple Average
x w Weighted Average
n Jumlah Observasi
w Bobot / Timbangan

md f

f
i 1

i i

md Midpo int Kelas

f Frekuensi Kelas

ARITHMETIC MEAN

xC

n x

n
i 1

xc Rata rata gabungan

ni Data sampel
x i Rata rata sampel

ARITHMETIC MEAN
Merits of Arithmetic Mean

The Arithmetic Mean is the most widely used measure of central

tendency,
Its definition is clear and precise. It corresponds to the centre of
gravity of the observation
It is simple to understand and easy to compute.
It use each and every item in the data
It has a determinate value and is rigidly defined
It can be subjected to further algebraic treatment and advanced
statistical theory is based on it
It can be found event if only the total of values is known and the
individual values are not known
It provides a good standard of comparison since extreme values
can cancel each other when the number of observation is large

The Arithmetic Mean is obtained by dividing the sum of

values of observation by the number of observation

ARITHMETIC MEAN

Demerits of Arithmetic Mean

It may be sometimes greatly influenced by unrepresentative values. The mean

of 49, 50, 51 is 50. But the mean of 49, 50, 51, 250 is 100. In such cases the
representative character of the mean is lost

It gives greater importance to larger and less importance to smaller values. It

has an upward bias

It cannot be calculated if one more items in the data are missing

It cannot be located by inspection (like the mode and median)

It may conceal facts and may lead to distorted conclusions.

Thus, if the performance of two students in three terms is given by
(a) 30%
40%
50% marks
(b) 50%
40%
30% marks
Although the mean are equal we cannot know from the means alone that one
students is showing improved results, and the other deteriorating. Similarly
inequalities of incomes are concealed by the per capita incomes and the
average result of a collage may tell nothing about the general performance of
the students.

GEOMETRIC MEAN
Ungrouped Data
(1)

Pt Po (1

x t
)
100

Untuk data yang perubahannya mengikuti atau dianggap mengikuti aturan-aturan

tertentu, misalnya pertambahan penduduk, perubahan modal/tabungan,
pertumbuhan bakteri dll.
Pt = Keadaan pada akhir periode
Po = Keadaan awal
X = rata-rata
t = jangka waktu atau lamanya periode

(2)

GM n x1 .x2 .x .....xn

Log x

Log GM

GM AntiLog

1
n

Log x

GEOMETRIC MEAN
Grouped Data

GM x1 x2 ......xk
n

f1

f2

fk

( f Log Md )

Log GM
i

Notes
Fi = Frekuensi Kelas
Mdi = Mid Point Kelas

1
GM AntiLog f i Log Mdi
n

GEOMETRIC MEAN

GEOMETRIC MEAN

Merits of Geometric Mean

Most of the properties and merits of GM follow the same lines as those of AM.
o The GM takes into account all the items in a series and condenses them
into one representative value
o It has a downward bias. It gives more weight to small values than to large
values
o It is determinate. For the same data there cannot be two geometric mean
o It balances to ratios of the values on either side of the data. It is ideally
suited to average rate of change such as index numbers and ratios between
measures and percentages.
o It is amenable to algebraic manipulations like the AM.
Demerits of Geometric Mean
It is difficult to understand and to compute
It is determined for positive values and cannot be used for negative values
or zero.

MEDIAN (Me)
Adalah sebuah bilangan yang bersifat bahwa setengah dari data (setelah
diurutkan) akan lebih kecil dari atau sama besar dengan bilangan itu, dan
setengahnya lagi akan lebih besardari atau sama dengan bilangan tersebut.

Ungrouped Data

Data diurutkan secara ascending

Median (Me)

n 1
2

Data ke

n = Banyak data

Grouped Data

n
Fc ( me 1)
Me LCBme Ci 2
Fme

LCBme = Lower Class Boundary Median terletak

Ci = Panjang Class Interval
FC(me-1) = Frekuensi Kumulatif sblm kelas median
Fme = Frekuensi Kelas Median

n = Jumlah Data Observasi

MEDIAN (Me)
Merits of the Median

It can be easily understood and its composition is simple

It can be computed even for incomplete data. It is concerned only
with a few central observation
It balances the number of items in a distribution. It is useful in
describing scores, ratios and grades
It is more useful in the case of skewed distributions like those of
incomes and prices
It can be used for qualitative data
In the case of open end classes the median can be calculated but
the Mean cannot
It can be easily determined graphically (see Ogives)

MEDIAN (Me)

Demerits of the Median

Rearrangement of data may be necessary to compute

the median
The median is not capable of algebraic manipulation.
As such it is not used in advanced studies
The empirical formula for the median based on
interpolation may not always give correct results
It may ignore significant extreme values
Weighting cannot be used in the case of the median.
The scope of operations is thus narrowed
It cannot be computed as exactly as the mean

MODE
Modus
Nilai data yang paling sering muncul atau nilai data yang
mempunyai frekuensi terbanyak.
Ungrouped Data
Dengan cara memilih nilai data yang paling sering muncul
Grouped Data

Mo LCBmo

( f mo f mo 1 )
Ci
( f mo f mo 1 ) ( f mo f m1 )

LCBmo = Lower Class Bounsary Mode terletak

Ci
= Panjang Interval Kelas
fmo
= Frekuensi Kelas Modus
fmo-1
= Frekuensi sebelum Kelas Modus
fmo+1
= Frekuensi setelah Kelas Modus