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4. TCP is considered a reliable transport protocol. Briefly explain the three basic operations
of reliability of TCP. 3 marks
The three basic operations of reliability of TCP are:
a) Tracking transmitted data
b) Acknowledging received data
c) Retransmitting any unacknowledged data
This requires the processes of Transport layer of the source to keep track of all the data
pieces of each conversation and then retransmit any of the data that were not
acknowledged by the destination. The Transport layer of the receiving host must also
track the data as it is received and acknowledge the receipt of the data.
5. UDP is considered a best-effort transport protocol, described in RFC 768. List and
describe four main features of UDP. 2 marks
The four main features of UDP are:
Connectionless Does not create a session between the source and destination, i.e.;
the source host doesnt send notification to the destination host before transmission,
and then the destination host also doesnt send acknowledgement to the source after
receiving data.
Unreliable delivery does not retransmit lost or corrupt data if no acknowledgement
tracked.
No ordered data reconstruction does not reconstruct numbering and sequencing
of segments on the destination host to the original data as intended by the source host.
Stateless protocol does not keep track of the sessions established.
6. Briefly describe the three different types of port numbers. 3 marks
Well Known Ports (Numbers 0 to 1023) - These numbers are reserved for services
and applications. They are commonly used for applications such as HTTP (web
server) POP3/SMTP (e-mail server) and Telnet. By defining these well-known ports
for server applications, client applications can be programmed to request a connection
to that specific port and its associated service.
Registered Ports (Numbers 1024 to 49151) - These port numbers are assigned to
user processes or applications. These processes are primarily individual applications
that a user has chosen to install rather than common applications that would receive a
Well Known Port. When not used for a server resource, these ports may also be used
dynamically selected by a client as its source port.
7. What command shows you which active TCP connections are open and running on your
host? Show a screen capture of your active TCP connections shown in your command
prompt. 2 marks
The command used to show my active TCP connections which are open and running is
netstat.
Chapter 8 IP Addressing
1. IP addresses allow devices to communicate in internetworking.
a) Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long. However, these 32 binary bits are divided into 4
groups of 8 bits called octets, separated with dots and converted into decimal
values, for easy understanding and representation. These decimal values in each
octet are the sum of every individual bit values in each particular octet.
E.g.
(http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=330807&seqNum=2)
The diagram clearly illustrated the steps used to convert IPv4 address.
b) Describe the structure of an IPv6 address.
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and can cater for 340 undecillion addresses. They
are represented by hexadecimal values. It is therefore larger than IPv4 addresses,
introduced to resolve the depletion of IPv4 addresses as the number of host
machines increased rapidly.
2 marks
2. What is the difference between a private IP and a public IP address in IPv4 addressing?
Private IP addresses are a block of usable host addresses used within a Local Area
Network to communicate. However, for security purpose, these Private addresses cannot
be used in an internetwork communication. Instead, the Default gateway router uses a
different address block called the public or shared address provided by the ISPs to route
packets outside of a particular LAN.
00001010.10011100.00101111.10110101
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
00001000.10011100.00000000.00000000
10.156.0.0
2 marks
5. Calculate the Network, Broadcast, First Usable Host Addresses for the address/prefix
numbers as given below.
2 marks
a) 172.90.157.157 /23
172.90.157.157
10101100.01011010.10011101.10011101
/23
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
ANDing
10101100.01011010.10011100.00000000
Address type
Last octet network prefix
Last octet (dec)
Network
.00000000
.0
Broadcast
.11111111
.255
st
1 host
.00000001
.1
Last host
.11111110
.254
b) 172.120.107.249 /28
172.120.107.249
/28
ANDing
Address type
Network
Broadcast
1st host
Last host
10101100.01111000.01101011.11111001
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
10101100.01111000.01101011.11110000
Last octet network prefix
Last octet (dec)
.11110000
.240
.11111111
.255
.11110001
.241
.11111110
.254
6. The IETF has created various protocols and tools to help network administrators migrate
their networks to IPv6. The migration techniques can be divided into three categories, list
these categories and briefly explain each one.
1.
Dual stack - Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network. Devices run
both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously.
2.
3.
An unspecified address is used as a source address when the device does not yet
have a permanent IPv6 address or when the source of the packet is irrelevant to
the destination.
5. Unique Local
Similar to private addresses for IPv4
Used for local addressing within a site or between a limited number of sites.
In the range of FC00::/7 to FDFF::/7
6. Embedded IPv4
Used to help transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
6 marks
Chapter 9 Subnetting Exercise
1. Given a Class B address of 164.112.0.0 and a requirement to have 120 subnets ,
a) What is the subnet mask?
IP binary representation: 10100100.01110000.00000000.00000000
Class B subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
S/M Binary representation: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
2n>=120
27=128 subnets (7 bits borrowed)
New subnet mask = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
New S/M decimal =255.255.254.0
b) How many hosts per sub net will be possible?
Number of host per subnet = 2number of bits remained for host portion
= 29-2
=510 hosts per subnet.
c) What is the network address of sub net 67?
10100100.01110000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
10100100.01110000.00000000.00000000 (First Sub network ID)
=164.112.0.0
Network count = 2 x 67
=134 + 164.112.0.0
=164.112.134.0
d) What is the host address of the lowest numbered host in subnet 54?
2x54=108
=108 + 164.112.0.0
=164.112.108.0
Therefore, last host address = broadcast address-1
=164.112.108.255 - 1
=164.112.108.254
e) What is the IP address range of hosts in subnet 30?
2x30=60
=60 + 164.112.0.0
=164.112.60.0 (network ID) 164.112.60.255 (broadcast address)
Network range = 164.112.60.1 to 164.112.60.254
f) What is the subnet number and subnet address of the host whose IP address is
164.112.221.84?
10100100.01110000.11011101.01010100
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
10100100.01110000.11011100.00000000 (subnet address)
=164.112.220.0
220/2(network count)
= subnet 110
g) What is the broadcast address of subnet 120?
2x120 = 240
=240 + 164.112.0.0
=164.112.240.0
h) If a broadcast message to the entire network (all sub nets) was sent, what would its
destination IP address be?
255.255.255.255
2. Given a Class C address of 194.112.89.0 and a requirement to have 14 subnets,
a) What is the subnet mask?
S/M: 255.255.255.0 (default class C).
=11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
2n>=14
24=16 (4 bits borrowed from host portion)
New subnet mask = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
= 255.255.255.240
b) How many hosts per subnet will be possible?
24- 2=14 host per subnet
c) What is the network address of subnet 9?
11000010.01110000.01011001.00000000 (ip)
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 (S/N)
11000010.01110000.01011001.00000000 (First network address)
Network increment number = 16x 9th subnet.
= 144 + first network address
=144 + 194.112.89.0
Therefore, the 9th sub network address is:
194.112.89.144
d) What is the host address of the lowest numbered host in subnet 4?
4x16 = 64
64 + 194.112.89.0 = 194.112.153.0
Lowest address = broadcast address 1
= 194.112.153.255 1
Therefore, last host address is: 194.112.153.254
e) What is the IP address of host number 12 in subnet 3?
3x16 = 48
48+ 194.112.89.0 = 194.112.137.0
Host 12 IP address is 194.112.137.12
f) What is the subnet number and host number of the host whose IP address is 194. 112.89.
111?
11000010.01110000.01011001.01101111 (IP)
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 (S/N)
11000010.01110000.01011001.01100000 (sub network address) =194. 112.89. 96
96/16 =
If a broadcast message to the entire network (all subnets) was sent, what would its
destination IP address be? 255.255.255.255