Introduction to course:

Design process
Structural design process

13.122 Lecture 1

Primary Load: Bending Moment

and Shear Force

General course content:

13.122 Ship Structural Design
A. Loads on ship/offshore platforms
Calculation of loads
buoyancy, shear, bending moment
"hand" using excel
B. Review of bending, shear and torsion - open sections
C. Modeling a structure
Maestro
checking loads and moments
D. Development of limit states and failure modes
stress analysis of ship/ocean system structure
E. Design of section for bending
project
F. Matrix analysis (Grillage), FEM Introduction
Expected outcome: an ability to effectively use structural design tools
with an understanding of the underlying analysis.
Changes from previous years:
reduced 13.10 review (2002)
calculation of loads (bending moment and shear force) (2001)
introduce Maestro earlier for modeling and load analysis (2001)
introduce open section torsion
revert to earlier problem sets for mathcad limit state analysis (2001)

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

Sign Convention

y
My

In general, we will use "structural" sign convention

described in Shames: 10.2 page 286

An axial force or bending moment acting on a beam

cross-section is positive if it acts on a positive face
and is directed in a positive coordinate direction. The
shear force is positive if it acts in the negative
direction on a positive face.

Mz

(positive face defined by outward normal in positive

coordinate direction)
Moment of inertia is defined relative to the axis for

2
2
measuring distance: Iz = y dA ; Iy = z dA

T = Mx

x = xx

x =

xy = yx

etc.

M zy
x =

Iz

M yz

later .....

Iy

define f = load, positive in +y direction,

M + dM

dQ = fdx
Q

Q + dQ

Q = f( x) dx + Q(x = 0) = f( x) dx

dx

moments around right face =>

M + Qdx + f( x)dx

dx
2

M + dM = 0

Q=

=>

d
M
dx

M ( x) = Q( x) dx + M(x = 0) = Q( x) dx

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

Part 1: Calculation of loads

buoyancy, shear, bending moment
a) shear and bending moment from distributed force per length
b) shear and bending moment from point force
c) algorithms for calculation
a) shear and bending moment from distributed force per length

suppose we have a distribution of weight per foot w, constant over a distance 0 => 1
mathcad has an expression that handles the < and > relationships:
a > b = 1 if true, 0 if false
a := 1

b := 2

a>b= 0

b>a= 1

2
w := 3
2

for example: for i := 3 and x:= 0, 0.1.. 6

between i,0 => i,1

weight per foot

1
:= 2
4

1
2

5
6

w_plot( x) := w i , 0 < x i , 1
i

w_plot( x)

by superposition: for i := 0.. 4

4

w_plot ( x) :=

w i , 0 < x i , 1
i

i= 0

0
w_plot( x)

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

what is shear force from w i ?

0
x

shear( x) := w ( ) d
i

i, 0 > x

w x i, 0
i

i, 0 < x i, 1

w i, 1 i, 0
i

x > i, 1

for example: i := 2

)(

)(

shear( x) := w x i , 0 i , 0 < x i , 1 + w i , 1 i , 0 x > i , 1

i
i

shear( x)

again by superposition: i := 0.. 4 using

lower limit = ll:= 0 and upper limit = ul := 4
10

x
ul

shear( x) :=

i = ll

wi ( x i , 0) ( i , 0 < x i , 1) + wi ( i , 1 i , 0) ( x > i , 1)

shear( x)

for later comparison, let's rename this shear1 (x) := shear ( x)

note that shear curve starts and ends at 0; why??

wi(i, 1 i, 0) = 0
i

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

now what is bending moment from weight per foot as above?

x

bending_moment( x) := shear( ) d =

wi ( x i , 0) ( i , 0 < x i , 1) + wi ( i , 1 i , 0) ( x > i , 1) d
; x < i, 0

0 when

( i , 0) 2
x
2
= w
i , 0x
( i , 0)
i 2
2

w
when i , 0 < x < i , 1 or : =

)2 after simplifying

x i, 0

wi

( x i , 0) 2 ( i , 0 < x i , 1) using the notation above.

2

and

= w i , 1 i , 0 x i , 1 +
i

simplifying =>

)(

1
2

i , 1 i , 0 i , 1 i , 0 x > i , 1 when

)(

) (

x2
( i , 0) 2
2
i , 0x
( i , 0)
2
2

i , 0x +

therefore; bending moment (x) = for lower limit: ll:= 0 and upper limit =

x > i, 1

(i , 0)2
2

(
2

ul := 4

ul

bending_moment( x) :=

)2

x i, 0

w 1 ( x ) 2 ( < x ) ...
i, 0 i, 0
i, 1
i 2

i = ll
1
+ wi ( i , 1 i , 0) ( x i , 1) + ( i , 1 i , 0) ( i , 1 i , 0) ( x > i , 1)
2

bending_moment( x)

for later comparison we will save this as bending_moment1 (x) := bending_moment ( x)

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

b) shear and bending moment from point force

now consider if load is concentrated at a point between i,0 and i,1;

define f := w i , 1 i , 0 when x = xx i. e. and we will define xx :=

i
i
i

(i , 1 + i , 0)
2

this is not necessary as xxi can be at any position (but usually between the end points).

In this case shear ( x) := f x xx

i

for example: i := 2 xx = 3 shear ( x) := f x xx

i

shear( x)

10

ul

as above total shear along beam with ll:= 0 and ul := 4

=> shear ( x) :=

fi(x xxi)
i = ll

let's compare this version with the earlier weight per foot shear1( x)
5

shear( x)

4
2

shear( x)
shear1( x)

0
2

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

now for bending moment: bending_moment ( x) := shear ( ) d; as above let's look first at bending moment

from each component: shear ( x) := f x xx

i

bending_moment ( x) := f x xx d =
i
i

)(

bending_moment ( x) := f x xx x xx
i

plotting shear and bending moment for i := 0 ; shear ( x) := f x xx and

)(

bending_moment ( x) := f x xx x xx
i

shear( x)
bending_moment( x)

and as above total bending moment is the superposition of all components:

ul

bending_moment ( x) :=

fi(x xxi)(x xxi)again comparing with the weight per foot from above
i = ll

4
bending_moment( x)
bending_moment1( x)

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

this doesn't look all that great, but we let a constant 3 span two intervals, what if we split it into two parts?

weight per foot

between i,0 => i,1

i := 0 .. 5
ll := 0

1
2

3
w :=
3
2

0
1

2
:=
3
4

1
2

xx :=

ul

bending_moment( x) :=

( i , 1 + i , 0)

i(

)(

f x xx x xx
i

i = ll

ul := 5

0.5
1.5

2.5
xx =
3.5
4.5

5.5

f := w i , 1 i , 0
i
i

3
bending_moment( x)
bending_moment1( x)

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

problem: distribution of point loads along length,

located at ~midpoint between xi and xi+1

c) algorithms for calculation

nsta := 7
ul := nsta 1

ll := 0

1
2

3
f :=
3
2

1
x := xs , xs + 0.01 .. xs
0
0
ul

j := 0 .. ul 1

1
2
xs := 3

4
5
6

xx :=

0.5
1.5

2.5

xx =
3.5
4.5

5.5

xs + xs
j
j+ 1

ul1

shear( x) :=

fi(x xxi)

i = ll

shear( x)

location

can represent by values at endpoint of stations: eliminates (x>xs) term

s := 0

i := 0 .. ul 1

i+ 1

:= s + f
i

1
3
s=0

3
1

1
2
xs = 3

4
5
6

shear( x)
s

x , xs

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

bm = shear( x) dx

bending moment algorithm: as above

bm x = xs = shear( x) dx =
i

xs

i 1

xs

xs

i
i

shear( x) dx +
shear( x) dx = bm x = xs
+
shear( x) dx

i 1
xs
xs

i 1

i 1

either model for shear =>

s
xs xs

i
i
i 1

shear( x) dx = shear xs + shear xs

i
i 1
2

xs

( )

( ))

i 1

si1 + si

xs xs
i
1
2 i

=> in index form:

bm := 0
0

i := 1 .. 6

bm := bm
i

i 1

si1 + si

xs xs
i 1
2 i

x := xs , xs + 0.1 .. xs
0

bbm( x) := shear( x) dx

ul

for comparison

6
4
bbm( x)
bm

2
0
2

x , xs

10

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd

this algorithm is amenable to iterative schemes such as could be done in excel:

load

station
location
0

shear
force
0

bending
moment
0

0.5

2.5

-3

2.5

-1

0.5

1
2
-3
-3
2
1

1
3
s=0

3
1

0.5
2.5

bm = 4

2.5
0.5

next we will develop the load from weight-buoyancy

11

notes_10_shear_bending.mcd