City planning has proven to be a vital part of the efficiency of urban spaces.

Many individuals,
including architects, professors, and historians, have explored how a city should be organized.
Following the widespread acceptance of automobiles and telecommunications, influential minds,
such as Lewis Mumford, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright and Kevin Lynch, all expressed their
ideas of how the modern city should evolve. Within the selected texts, each author asserts a
definition of city with a desire to guide their future shape.
In What is a City? by Lewis Mumford (1895-1990), Mumford defines cities through an analogy to
the performance arts: the city is above all else a theater of social action. He describes the need
for planning to effectively account for a citys relationship to the national environment and to the
spiritual values of the communities within it, more so than the physical designs and economic
functions. He spoke to the ever-changing, multi-dimensional personality of urban residents and
how they have transcended traditional displays of societal norms. Planners need to recognize the
social nucleus of cities as the inter-relationship of schools, theaters, community centers and the
like, because those are what lay the outlines of an integrated city. Mumford suggested limitations
on population, density and urban growth to promote efficiency; he championed Ebenezer Howards
Garden City ideal with his work on poly-nucleated cities.
Le Corbusier, born Chales-Eduouard Jeanneret (1887-1965) in a small Swiss town known for its
watch making. He became an architect and brought his revolutionary ideas to Paris, where his
spare cubist minimalism and focus on efficiency shaped the modernist movement, eventually
earning his own distinct architectural style, the International Style. Corbusier promoted elitist
values, in favor of a rigid class structure, and even went as far to present destroying Paris to
rebuild it. He describes cities as having separate regions for varying purposes, with lungs of open
green space surrounding each. He felt that cities should grow vertically and that there should be
complex roadways separated from pedestrian traffic to promote efficient transport between the
regions.
In contrast to Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) was the architectural embodiment of
the American spirit and democracy. According to many, for more than half a century he was the
only choice for the greatest American architect of all time. Wright built in a way that expressed the
nature of the materials and was the spokesman for organic architecture seen in the wondrous
Guggenheim Museum. His Broadacre City vision had ties to Emersonian and Jeffersonian virtues,
and called for a radical transformation of America. He wished to give every US citizen at least 1
acre of land so that the family homestead would become the basis of civilization. In this way the
Federal Government would be no more than an architect of land allotment and for the construction
of public facilities. Wright felt this would end class struggle and would help society become more
self-sufficient. He felt this was of the utmost importance as he predicted that the automobile and
the telephone would soon kill the modern cities.
Kevin Lynch (1918-1994) was a professor of urban studies and design at MIT. His work The Image
of the City, made use of many principles of the social sciences, such as psychology, as well as the
work of his former teacher, Frank Lloyd Wright. Lynch realized that certain areas of cities were
more legible than others and were thus more useful. He sought to understand and explain the
basis of cities and what attributes to their recognition, so that he could find the best way to plan

for urban inhabitants. After interviewing and studying in cities across the US, such as Boston, L.A.
and Jersey City, Lynch was able to identify five elements that all cities need into order to be useful
and efficient, elements that should be planned into all cities. Those elements were: paths, edges,
nodes, landmarks and districts. While each of the elements can take different shapes and forms,
he maintained that attractive cities were not just orderly and well-organized, they must also be
vivid and varied with texture and unique visual stimuli.

Course Information
MHC 250.00.002
Tuesdays, 2:10pm - 4:40pm
Hunter West 623

Contact
Professor Laxmi Ramasubramanian
laxmi [at] hunter.cuny.edu
Office hours: Tuesdays, immediately after class, or by appointment
Fiona Lee (ITF)
flee [at] gc.cuny.edu
Office hours: Wednesdays, 10am - 4pm, Honors lounge
Hunter ITF Calendar

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