Vectors

Dessy Ariyanti, ST., MT

DEFINITION
Vector is measurements that require
more than a single quantity
to describe their attributes

P
P = initial point
Q = terminal point
= direction of vector
a = magnitude of vector

Vectors
Vocab

FREE VECTOR
A vector can be moved every where
in the coordinates with one condition:
the vector still have the same
direction and magnitude
A
A

UNIT VECTOR

Defined as a vector whose length

is 1 (the unit length).
x, y, z i, j, k

TWO EQUAL VECTORS

B
A

B
B

Two vectors are said to be equal, if they

have the same magnitude and the same
direction

VECTOR NEGATIVE
P

-P

Defined as vector with the same

magnitude and opposite direction

RESULTANT OF VECTORS
The resultant is the vector sum of two or
more vectors.
A

TASK
Find out the following resultant of
vectors:
B
3 cm

1 cm

C
5 cm

TASK
A Force was applied 40 N to the east and
30 N to the north, find out the
resultant

COMPONENT OF VECTORS
A1 = A1 . i
A2 = A2 . j

A = A1 . i + A2 . J

A
A2
A1

TASK
B = i + 4j and C = 4i + 2j
Find B + C and C - B

y
C
B
1

COMPONENT OF VECTORS

A
A3
A1

A2

A1 = A1 . i
A2 = A2 . J
A3 = A3 . k
A = A1 . i + A2 .j + A3 .k

COMPONENT OF VECTORS
OA = r = a . i + b .j + c .k

A
c

a
Task:
Find out the l, m, n of vector r = 4i 2j + 4 k

Product
Vectors

SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT

B

Denoted by

SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT

SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT

SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT

VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT

B

A
Denoted by

RIGHT HAND RULES

AxB

A
B

AxB=BxA

B x A = - (A x B)

Vector
Function

a mathematical function of one or more variables

whose range is a set of multidimensional vectors or
infinite-dimensional vectors.

Vector
Derivatives

, if t = 0

Vector
Calculus

VOCAB OF VECTOR CALCULUS

Vector
operator (del)
Gradient
(grad)

Divergence
(div)

Curl (curl)

GRADIENT
the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field that
points in the direction of the greatest rate of
increase of the scalar field, and
whose magnitude is that rate of increase.
Consider a room in which the temperature is given
by a scalar field, T, so at each point (x,y,z) the
temperature is T(x,y,z).
At each point in the room, the gradient of T at
that point will show the direction the temperature
rises most quickly. The magnitude of the gradient
will determine how fast the temperature rises in
that direction

DIVERGENCE
divergence is a vector operator that measures the
magnitude of a vector field's source or sink at a
given point, in terms of a signed scalar.
The divergence represents the volume density of
the outward flux of a vector field from an
infinitesimal volume around a given point.
For example, consider air as it is heated. If air is
heated in a region it will expand in all directions
such that the velocity field points outward from
that region. Therefore the divergence of the
velocity field in that region would have a positive
value, as the region is a source.

CURL
the curl is a vector operator that describes the
infinitesimal rotation of a 3-dimensional vector field.
At every point in the field, the curl of that field is
represented by a vector. The attributes of this vector
(length and direction) characterize the rotation at
that point.
The direction of the curl is the axis of rotation, as
determined by the right-hand rule, and the
magnitude of the curl is the magnitude of rotation. If
the vector field represents the flow velocity of a
moving fluid, then the curl is the circulation
density of the fluid.

TASK