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ORIGINAL PAPER
Received: 6 April 2013 / Accepted: 19 July 2013 / Published online: 20 August 2013
# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2013
Introduction
Shigar valley, located north of Skardu, is one of the most famous
valleys of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan as it is the
gateway for most of the expeditions to the K-2, the second
highest peak of the world. In recent years, this valley received
much attention due to gemstone occurrences. Pegmatites, which
are the hosts of gemstones, occur in Karakoram, Hindu Kush,
and the Himalayan Mountains. Pegmatite related gemstones
have also been reported from other localities of Pakistan such
as Shengus, Stak Nala, Garam Chasma by Kazmi et al. (1985)
and Laurs et al. (1998). In addition, there are many pegmatites
worldwide, which are famous among the mineral and gemstone
collectors for the occurrence of various gemstones (e.g.,
Rosenberg 1972; Shearer et al. 1984; London 1986; Vianna
et al. 2002b; Peretyazhkoa et al. 2004). Shigar valley is unique
in this regard as many gemstones occur in pegmatites and the
metamorphic rocks (Fig. 1). Hassan (2007) and Agheem et al.
(2011) have studied the Shigar valley pegmatites in detail.
According to them, the pegmatites of the area, on the basis of
mineralogy, internal structure, and texture, are complex and
zoned. Unzoned and simple pegmatites are also not uncommon
and are barren of the gemstones. The complex pegmatites show
both symmetrical and asymmetrical zoning. Each zone is lithologically, texturally, and compositionally distinct from other
zone(s). The outermost zone is fine-grained, an intermediate
coarse-grained, and central blocky zones. Gemstones occur in
the central parts of the intermediate zone and/or at the coremargin zone. Gemstones are generally found in cavities usually
rounded or ovoid in shape. The cavities are found tightly packed
with gemstones, usually surrounded by a light pink or white
clayey material.
As a common observation during geological fieldwork, it
was noticed that the size of the gemstone crystals was directly
proportional to the size of the cavity as described elsewhere
(e.g., London 1986, 1992). Various types of gemstones have
also been reported in different localities, including the Shigar
3802
Fig. 1 Location map of the
Shigar valley, Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan
3803
Table 1 EPMA analyses of various gemstones found at different localities of Shigar Valley
Beryl
Goshenite
Aquamarine
Locality
Yuno
Kashmol
Nyit
Sample
4A
16C
50
Grain
Core
Rim
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOt
65.13
0.00
17.98
0.14
65.35
0.00
18.24
0.28
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
Total
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.02
0.00
83.51
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.04
84.08
16B
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
65.02
0.00
18.00
0.20
63.91
0.00
17.31
0.69
63.55
0.00
17.28
0.77
63.64
0.15
17.63
3.92
65.33
0.07
19.91
0.50
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.12
0.00
0.03
83.45
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
82.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.04
0.00
82.03
0.13
0.01
2.34
0.00
0.14
0.02
87.98
0.06
0.11
0.48
0.16
0.42
0.00
87.04
12.04
0.00
3.84
0.10
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
11.98
0.00
3.84
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.01
0.00
11.51
0.02
3.76
0.53
0.02
0.00
0.45
0.00
0.03
0.00
11.69
0.01
4.20
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.00
Kashmol
Dassu
Sample
15M
20A
Grain
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOt
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
Total
33.51
0.26
32.80
13.52
1.05
0.13
0.66
2.16
0.05
0.00
0.01
84.15
34.75
0.29
33.11
14.66
1.00
0.00
0.17
1.86
0.10
0.00
0.05
85.99
35.06
0.22
33.79
14.37
0.58
0.21
0.04
1.88
0.02
0.03
0.07
86.27
34.52
0.08
34.30
13.05
0.67
0.00
0.04
1.31
0.01
0.03
0.04
84.05
33.16
0.07
34.92
14.02
0.54
0.00
0.16
0.97
0.03
0.00
0.11
83.98
33.47
0.01
34.64
13.78
0.71
0.00
0.05
1.27
0.03
0.00
0.04
84.00
34.25
0.08
34.50
15.03
0.80
0.01
0.06
1.24
0.02
0.00
0.02
86.01
33.55
0.27
34.87
15.02
0.68
0.06
0.11
1.39
0.02
0.00
0.02
85.99
20D
20F
3804
Table 1 (continued)
Structural formulas calculated on the basis of 24.5 oxygens
Si
5.68
5.75
5.80
Ti
0.03
0.04
0.03
5.77
0.01
5.58
0.01
5.63
0.00
5.65
0.01
5.54
0.03
Al
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Cr
Ni
6.76
1.64
0.10
0.00
0.01
0.43
0.00
0.00
0.01
6.92
1.77
0.08
0.00
0.03
0.32
0.01
0.00
0.01
6.86
1.74
0.10
0.00
0.01
0.41
0.01
0.00
0.01
6.70
1.86
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.79
1.87
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.54
1.72
0.15
0.03
0.12
0.71
0.01
0.00
0.00
6.46
1.83
0.14
0.00
0.03
0.60
0.02
0.00
0.01
6.59
1.99
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.01
Garnet
Analysis
Yuno
Dassu
Sample
20H
Grain
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
SiO2
TiO2
37.77
0.00
37.61
0.00
36.28
0.00
35.83
0.05
Al2O3
FeOt
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
Total
23.72
21.55
16.80
0.13
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
100.02
23.42
21.37
16.76
0.31
0.27
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
99.91
24.95
21.32
16.94
0.12
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
99.89
20.73
20.42
23.05
0.00
0.23
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
100.36
5.90
0.01
4.02
2.81
3.21
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
43.68
Andradite
Grossular
Pyrope
Spessartine
Uvarovite
0.00
0.60
0.00
55.51
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.63
46.38
0.00
0.00
0.97
0.57
46.36
0.00
0.00
0.97
0.58
46.48
0.00
3805
Table 1 (continued)
Apatite
Locality
Yuno
Sample
3M
Grain
Core
Kashmol
Rim
3C
9A
9B
Core
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOt
MnO
MgO
0.34
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.75
0.00
0.21
0.26
0.00
0.03
0.20
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.01
0.04
1.07
0.00
0.55
0.05
0.05
0.28
7.36
0.00
0.29
0.00
0.00
0.28
6.84
0.01
0.37
0.04
0.02
0.16
0.42
0.00
0.25
0.02
0.00
0.10
2.04
0.00
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
P2O5
Total
56.77
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.05
41.76
100.01
58.33
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
39.90
99.01
57.83
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.03
40.76
99.99
49.64
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.03
41.91
100.00
50.18
0.06
0.00
0.05
0.04
42.26
100.01
57.13
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.07
41.73
100.01
57.83
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.08
39.65
100.01
0.10
0.01
0.01
0.04
1.08
0.00
9.23
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.16
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
1.00
0.00
9.32
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
6.20
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.00
10.54
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
6.08
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.30
0.00
10.86
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
5.88
Yuno
Kashmol
Goyungo
Sample
19 M
29
Grain
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
SiO2
32.37
0.00
55.12
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.05
32.13
0.00
55.45
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
32.25
0.00
57.16
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.11
0.03
0.13
31.82
0.00
55.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
31.87
0.00
56.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
31.75
0.00
56.65
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOt
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
3806
Table 1 (continued)
Cr2O3
NiO
F
0.00
0.00
18.77
0.00
0.00
19.46
0.00
0.00
20.15
0.00
0.00
19.28
0.00
0.00
20.17
0.00
0.00
20.25
OF
Total
7.90
95.52
8.19
95.83
8.48
98.23
8.12
95.12
8.49
97.10
8.53
96.96
4.74
4.66
4.65
Ti
Al
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Cr
Ni
F
0.00
9.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
7.65
0.00
9.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.86
0.00
9.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.91
0.00
9.60
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
7.39
0.00
9.65
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.66
0.00
9.74
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
7.76
Fluorite
Locality
Yuno
Sample
1CM
Grain
Core
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
F
Total
Kashmol
1DM
Rim
Goyungo
18AM
Core
Rim
Core
21C
Rim
Core
26M
Rim
Core
Rim
0.28
0.14
0.21
0.13
0.20
0.26
0.34
0.18
0.30
0.17
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
52.12
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.00
48.41
101.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.00
51.42
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
48.25
99.95
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
51.91
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
48.62
100.90
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
50.29
0.04
0.00
0.06
0.00
47.38
98.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
51.71
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
48.63
100.67
0.10
0.07
0.00
0.01
0.00
52.61
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
47.91
100.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
51.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
48.35
99.98
0.17
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.00
51.71
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
48.84
100.98
0.09
0.10
0.01
0.00
0.00
51.75
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
48.69
100.98
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
52.42
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
48.24
101.00
Zoisite
Locality
Alchuri
Sample
11AM
Grain
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOt
39.89
0.06
31.17
1.89
39.67
0.04
30.09
2.23
39.88
0.00
32.64
2.40
39.65
0.03
32.54
2.16
11BM
3807
Table 1 (continued)
MnO
MgO
CaO
0.00
0.02
25.28
0.00
0.00
26.93
0.02
0.09
24.56
0.11
0.00
25.42
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
Total
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.06
98.45
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
98.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
99.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
99.96
2.97
0.00
2.87
0.12
0.01
0.00
2.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Clinozoisite
Locality
Alchuri
Hashupa
Grain
10C
Grain
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
Core
Rim
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
Total
40.36
0.09
27.78
7.44
0.15
0.00
22.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
98.12
40.72
0.21
27.55
6.88
0.02
0.05
22.59
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
98.08
39.48
0.14
27.48
7.29
0.05
0.10
23.44
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
98.03
38.98
0.18
26.08
8.73
0.23
0.00
24.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
98.90
39.11
0.15
27.57
7.54
0.14
0.14
23.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
98.02
39.21
0.14
26.85
7.49
0.14
0.00
23.98
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
97.85
3.15
0.01
2.48
0.53
0.02
0.00
2.14
0.00
0.00
3.16
0.01
2.62
0.46
0.01
0.02
2.02
0.00
0.00
3.18
0.01
2.56
0.46
0.01
0.00
2.08
0.01
0.00
13C
22
3808
Table 1 (continued)
Cr
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Axinite
Locality
Alchuri
Hashupa
Sample
12A
Grain
Core
Rim
Core
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Cr2O3
NiO
Total
43.93
0.00
17.89
10.10
0.38
0.82
19.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
92.89
42.58
0.00
17.05
10.46
0.28
0.92
20.54
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.11
92.00
42.58
0.07
17.40
9.25
0.21
1.13
21.33
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
92.00
12F
12G
12H
Rim
43.30
0.00
17.99
10.68
0.65
1.08
19.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
93.13
43.04
0.00
17.34
11.02
0.80
0.99
20.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
94.03
43.12
0.02
17.09
10.21
0.63
0.93
19.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
91.97
44.64
0.00
17.56
9.24
1.04
1.58
21.91
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
96.05
9.03
0.00
4.42
1.67
8.96
0.00
4.25
1.73
9.12
0.00
4.26
1.62
9.07
0.00
4.20
1.41
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Cr
Ni
0.11
0.34
4.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.31
4.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.29
4.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.18
0.48
4.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.25
4.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12D
0.05
0.29
4.67
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.36
4.84
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
Methodology
Forty crystals of different gemstones were collected from the
Shigar valley and identified with the help of their physical and
optical properties. In order to confirm their nomenclature, spot
chemical analyses were performed using the Jeol Super probe
Model JXA-8600 electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA)
with wavelength dispersive system at the Naruto University
3809
Mineral chemistry
The representative chemical analyses of cores and rims
(margins) of individual gemstones from the Shigar valley are
given in Table 1. Based on EPMA and the XRD data
(Table 2), various gemstones have been identified, which are
described below.
Beryl
The gem-quality beryl of the Shigar valley includes light to
dark blue aquamarine and colorless goshenite. The occurrence
of transparent light blue aquamarine crystals (51517.5 cm)
from the Dassu pegmatites was reported earlier (Middlemiss
and Parshad 1918). According to Kazmi et al. (1985), aquamarine crystals up to 16 cm long and 7 cm wide from the
Dassu pegmatites have been included in the James A. Gibbs
collection. The light blue aquamarine and goshenite crystals,
ranging in size from 1 to 3 cm, are common in zoned pegmatites (Fig. 3a). Although largely concentrated in the cavities at
the core-margin zone, the gem-quality aquamarine crystals
may occasionally occur in the coarse-grained intermediate
zone within the host pegmatites. Albite, muscovite, and tourmaline are commonly associated with aquamarine as matrix.
The EPMA and XRD data of all the analyzed crystals of
beryl are given in Table 1 and 2, respectively. Due to the
Table 2 XRD data of the gemstones of different localities of Shigar
Valley with three major d values
Sample No.
d1
d2
d3
Gemstone
4A
16B
16C
50
15M
20A
20B
5
Yuno
Yuno
Kashmol
Nyit
Kashmol
Dassu
Dassu
Yuno
2.85
2.84
2.85
2.88
3.45
3.45
3.45
2.54
3.24
3.22
3.23
3.27
2.57
2.56
2.56
2.83
7.89
7.89
7.89
7.92
6.32
6.33
6.32
1.51
Beryl
Beryl
Beryl
Beryl
Schorl
Schorl
Schorl
Almandine
20H
3M
6
19
1CM
21C
26M
11AM
13C
10C
22
Dassu
Yuno
Yuno
Kashmol
Yuno
Kashmol
Goyungo
Alchuri
Alchuri
Alchuri
Hashupa
2.56
2.78
2.92
2.91
3.13
3.13
3.13
2.68
2.87
2.88
2.57
1.56
3.41
3.02
3.17
1.92
1.96
1.92
2.02
2.78
2.66
3.96
1.54
2.71
3.65
3.65
1.64
1.64
1.64
4.03
2.65
2.59
2.88
Almandine
Apatite
Topaz
Topaz
Fluorite
Fluorite
Fluorite
Zoisite
Clinozoisite
Clinozoisite
Clinozoisite
Tourmaline
Tourmaline is an ubiquitous mineral in the gem-bearing pegmatites of the Shigar valley. It is scattered in the entire
groundmass of the pegmatite veins and dykes but mostly
concentrated either at the core-margin zone or in the border
zone of the host pegmatites. A gem-quality tourmaline crystal,
measuring 41 cm, was found in a pegmatite exposed at
Kashmol village (Fig. 3b). It is black in color with welldeveloped faces of trigonal crystal system. Numerous striations are found parallel to the prismatic faces. Good quality
specimens of this kind are commonly associated with albite,
muscovite, aquamarine, and quartz (Hassan 2007). On the
basis of EPMA (Table 1) and XRD (Table 2) data, these
tourmaline crystals are classified as schorl having 1315 %
FeO. These are generally homogenous both physically and
chemically. The total of the analysis of schorl crystals is 13
16 % less than the typical analysis of schorl as B2O3 and H2O
could not be determined by EPMA. However, all the other
main constituent oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, and FeO and
minor oxides (Table 1) are consistent with the typical analysis
of schorl (Deer et al. 1966).
Garnet
The occurrence of gem-quality garnet as large crystals is rare;
however, minute crystals (<2 cm) of this sort do occur in the
gem-bearing pegmatites in the Dassu and Yuno areas of the
Shigar valley. These pegmatites are extensively mined for
well-developed euhedral crystals of garnet and other gemstones (Fig 3c, e). The gem-quality garnets collected during
the fieldwork are usually >0.5 cm in diameter, translucent, and
reddish brown in color and display the typical dodecahedral
form of cubic crystal system. The chemical analysis of the
studied gem-quality garnet crystals along with their endmember compositions are given in Table 1. The relative
proportions of the calculated end-members suggest that the
studied garnets are generally almandinespessartine with
3810
3811
enriched in Cr, Co, Mn, and V and the blue color topaz is
enriched in Ni while the colorless topaz is without these
impurities (Rosenberg 1972). Therefore, due to the negligible
amount of Mn, Cr, and Ni in the studied topaz crystals, these
are colorless in nature. The XRD data (Table 2) also confirmed that the analyzed crystals are of topaz (Table 2).
Fluorite
Apatite
Pink and light pink apatite occurring in the Shigar valley
pegmatites is of gem quality (Fig. 3d, e). On the basis of
chemical analysis of the studied apatite crystals, these
have been classified as apatite and mangano-apatite
(Table 1). Their EPMA data (Table 1) confirm that the
apatite crystals are stoichiometrically pure, and the sum of
the reported weight percent oxides is about 100 without
including chlorine, fluorine, hydroxyl, and carbonate
thereby signifying that the latter components may occur
in trace amounts if present. One apatite crystal from
Kashmol is enriched in MnO (up to 7.36 wt%) and therefore is classified as mangano-apatite (Table 1). However,
apatite crystals of Kashmol are having higher amount of
MnO and FeOt as compared to that of Yuno (Table 1). The
EPMA data further suggest that the studied apatite crystals
are chemically homogenous. The XRD data (Table 2) also
confirmed that the studied crystals are of apatite.
Zoisite
Topaz
The occurrence of two varieties of topaz (i.e., colorless and
light yellow) is reported from pegmatites at Yuno, Kashmol,
Dassu, Nyit Bruk, and Goyungo in the Shigar valley (Kazmi
and Donoghue 1990). However, during this study, only three
colorless crystals of topaz (1 3 cm), one each from
Kashmol, Yuno, and Goyungo were collected (Fig. 3f).
These topaz crystals are usually associated with albite
quartzmuscovite matrix.
The EPMA analysis of the studied topaz crystals are given
in Table 1. Stoichiometrically, the chemical composition, especially the amount of F (19 wt%), of the analyzed topaz is
analogous to the typical topaz found in miarolitic pegmatites
(Colombo et al. 2009). The higher amount of F in the studied
topaz is also the characteristic of topaz found in rhyolites
(Foord et al. 1990). Among the trace elements Ti, Fe, Mn,
Mg, Ca, Cr, and Ni are either in negligible amount or below
the detection limit while K reaches to 0.13 wt% (Table 1). The
studied topaz crystals from all the three localities are similar in
chemical composition and are homogenous in composition as
no significant chemical difference is noticed between their
cores and margins (Table 1). Light yellow topaz is relatively
Clinozoisite
Various varieties of gem-quality clinozoisite were collected
from the Alchuri and Hashupa areas in the Shigar valley.
Clinozoisite occurs as veins and fracture-filled material within
the metamorphic rocks (Fig. 3). The color and size of the
collected crystals are variable. Most of the crystals are dark
brown and opaque but transparent to translucent greenish
brown to light brown or yellowish green varieties are also
common (Fig. 3j, k). The EPMA data of the studied crystals of
clinozoisite are given in Table 1. The chemical data suggest
3812
that these are stoichiometrically pure clinozoisites. These contain SiO2 (37.7540.78 wt%), Al2O3 (25.8928.92 wt%),
CaO (20.5824.68 wt%), and FeO (5.078.73 wt%) and a
number of other oxides which occur in insignificant amounts
(Table 1). The insignificant nature of chemical variation within individual crystals indicates their homogenous nature. The
same crystals were also analyzed on XRD, which has confirmed these as clinozoisite (Table 2).
Axinite
Axinite occurs at Alchuri and Hashupa areas as veins in
greenschist to epidoteamphibolite facies metamorphic rocks
in the Shigar valley (Fig. 1). Their color varies between light
pink and brown (Fig. 3l). The chemical analyses of various
crystals of axinite are given in Table 1. Due to limitation of the
EPMA analysis, the Be2O3 and H2O could not be determined
which resulted in the lower total (91.9796.05 wt%). The rest
of the major oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, FeOt, MnO, MgO,
and CaO have similar concentration as of typical axinite. The
chemical analyses indicate that all the studied crystals of
axinite have Ca>1.5 and Fe>Mn which can be classified as
ferroaxinites (Pringle and Kawachi 1980). In terms of chemical composition, the studied ferroaxinites are very similar to
those reported from Sri Lanka (Hanni and Gunawardene
1982), New Jersey (Pohl et al. 1982), and New Melones
Lake, California (Cummings 1983).
Discussion
Mineralogical and geochemical studies play a vital role in
understanding the petrogenesis of any rock type. In case of
pegmatites, especially the granitic pegmatites generally have a
very complex mineralogy and internal structure (ern 1982,
1991). The granitic pegmatites have been classified on the
basis of various parameters such as the occurrences of rare
metals, gemstones, presence or absence of cavities or vugs,
and zoning and relationships with the nearby plutonic bodies
(ern 1982, 1991). Geochemically, the Shigar valley pegmatites are granitic and belong to the two main categories, i.e.,
the simple and complex pegmatites (Hassan 2007). Further,
on the basis of presence of cavities and vugs, the complex
pegmatites are classified as gemstone-bearing miarolitic
pegmatites.
The variation in the color of beryl generally reflects variation in composition (Hammarstrom 1989). The blue color in
aquamarine is more commonly caused by Fe+2 (Vianna et al.
2002a, b; Mihalynuk and Lett 2003; Beal and Lentz 2010),
but variable Fe+3/Fe+2 ratio in aquamarines has been reported
by Figueiredo et al. (2008). Therefore, the blue color of the
studied aquamarine, containing relatively high FeO, can be
3813
Conclusions
A variety of gemstones having homogeneous chemical composition are found in the Shigar valley. These are mainly
confined to the cavities and vugs within the zoned pegmatites
and hence appear to be of hydrothermal or pneumatolytic
origin. Those gemstones which are not confined to the zoned
pegmatites are considered to be formed due to metamorphism
and or metasomatism. The compositions of studied garnets
indicate that these are almandinespessartine garnets and are
magmatic in origin rather than being xenocrysts due to assimilation from the host rock. Gemstone assemblage of the Shigar
valley pegmatites suggest that the source rock was significantly enriched in B, F, Cl, H2O, and other volatiles and was
depleted in Li because no lithium-bearing mineral (e.g., lepidolite, zinnwaldite, spodumene) has so far identified these
pegmatites.
Acknowledgments All the authors say thanks to Director NCE in
Geology, University of Peshawar for the financial support during field
and laboratory work. The first author says special thanks to the administration of the University of Sindh, Jamshoro for granting the study leave
for Ph.D., and we also extend our thanks to the Department of
Geosciences, Naruto University of Education, Japan for availing their
analytical facilities. Mr. Mohammad (driver) is highly thanked for nicely
driving in such a hard mountainous terrain during field.
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