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Deconvolution With Flac PDF
Deconvolution With Flac PDF
) Paper: 04-10
2006 Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, ISBN 0-9767577-0-2
E.M. Dawson
ABSTRACT: Design earthquake ground motions for dynamic analyses are typically specified as outcrop motions, which may have to be modified for input at the base of a FLAC model. Often a deconvolution analysis
using a 1-D wave propagation code, such as the program SHAKE, is performed to obtain the appropriate input motion at depth. This seemingly simple analysis is often the subject of considerable confusion. In this paper the theory and operation of the program SHAKE and input requirements of FLAC are reviewed, and the
application of SHAKE for adapting design earthquake motions for FLAC input is described. Numerical examples illustrating typical cases are presented, and several questions that commonly arise are addressed.
1 INTRODUCTION
Soil
Bedrock
Input
Motion?
For a compliant base simulation, a quiet (also referred to as absorbing) boundary is specified along
the base of the FLAC mesh. FLAC uses the viscous
boundary scheme developed by Lysmer & Kuhlemeyer (1969), consisting of two sets of dashpots attached independently to the mesh in the normal and
shear directions. Limiting discussion to the shear di-
s = Cs vs
(1)
where and CS are the density and shear wave velocity of the base material, and vS is the shearcomponent of particle velocity at the boundary. Note
that equation (1) is simply the relation between shear
stress and particle velocity in an elastic shear wave
(Kolsky 1963). The viscous dashpots of the quiet
boundary absorb downward propagating waves so
that they are not reflected back into the model.
At a quiet boundary, an acceleration time history
cannot be input directly because the boundary must
be able to move freely to absorb incoming waves.
Instead the acceleration-time history is transformed
into a stress-time history for input. First the acceleration is integrated to obtain velocity and then the
proportionality of stress to velocity in an elastic
wave is used, as in Equation (1).
FLAC input requires that a factor of two be added
to this relation because of the stress is absorbed
by the viscous dashpots. FLAC does not take care of
this numerical detail internally, but instead requires
the user to add the factor of two. Thus for application of a stress-time history through a quiet base, the
shear stress is given by
s = 2 C s v su
(2)
Layer 1
G1 1 1
Layer 2
G2 2 2
Layer n
(halfspace)
Gn n n
Downward propagating
Upward propagating
Figure 2. Layered system analyzed by SHAKE. Layer properties are shear modulus, G; density ; and damping fraction, .
2
The SHAKE model includes the three elastic layers and an elastic halfspace with the same properties
as the bottom layer. The FLAC model consists of a
column of 120 linear elastic elements. The target
earthquake is input at the top of the SHAKE column
as an outcrop motion. Then, the motion at the top of
the halfspace is extracted as a within motion
(shown in Fig. 5) and is applied as an accelerationtime history to the base of the FLAC model. The resulting acceleration at the surface of the FLAC
model is shown to be virtually identical to the target
motion in Figure 6. The SHAKE within motion is
appropriate for rigid base input because, as described above, the within motion is the actual motion at that location, the superposition of the upward
and downward propagating waves.
SHAKE
FLAC
Target earthquake
applied at surface as
outcrop motion
+0 m
vs = 150 m/sec
= 18 kN/m3
Computed acceleration
record at surface
-20 m
vs = 225 m/sec
= 19 kN/m3
-40 m
vs = 350 m/sec
= 22 kN/m3
-60 m
Halfspace
vs = 350 m/sec
= 22 kN/m3
acceleration (g)
1.0
0.5
0.0
Modified Kobe Earthquake
Scaled to PGA = 1.0 g
-0.5
-1.0
0
10
time (sec)
15
20
25
acceleration (g)
0.5
Within Motion
0.0
-0.5
0
10
15
time (sec)
20
25
acceleration (g)
1.0
Rigid Base
0.5
Target Motion
FLAC
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
0
10
time (sec.)
15
20
25
SHAKE
FLAC
Target earthquake
applied at surface as
outcrop motion
+0 m
vs = 150 m/sec
= 18 kN/m3
Computed acceleration
record at surface
-20 m
vs = 225 m/sec
= 19 kN/m3
-40 m
vs = 350 m/sec
= 22 kN/m3
-60 m
Downward propagating
motion absorbed by
quiet base
Halfspace
vs = 350 m/sec
= 22 kN/m3
acceleration (g)
0.5
Upward Propagating
0.0
-0.5
0
10
time (sec)
15
20
25
acceleration (g)
1.0
Compliant Base
0.5
Target Motion
FLAC
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
0
10
time (sec)
15
20
25
2.5
5% damped
2.0
1.5
1.0
Target Motion
FLAC: Compliant Base
FLAC: Rigid Base
0.5
0.0
0.01
0.1
period (sec)
10
SHAKE
FLAC
Non-linear soil
Non-linear soil
Target earthquake
applied at top of bedrock
as outcrop motion
A
Bedrock
B
Bedrock
Downward propagating
motion absorbed by
quiet base
Figure 11. Compliant base deconvolution procedure for a typical case encountered in practice.
SHAKE
FLAC
Non-linear soil
Non-linear soil
Linear soil
Linear soil
Downward propagating
motion absorbed by
quiet base
Bedrock
Target earthquake
applied at top of bedrock
as outcrop motion
Figure 12. Compliant base deconvolution procedure for another common case encountered in practice.
6.2 Embankment
7 CONCLUSIONS
Input of an earthquake motion into FLAC is typically done through either a rigid or compliant base.
For a rigid base, a time-history of acceleration is
specified at the base of the FLAC mesh. For a compliant base, a quiet (or absorbing) boundary is specified along the base of the FLAC mesh and the input
motion is applied as a stress-time history.
7
acceleration (g)
1.5
Rigid Base
1.0
Compliant Base
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0
10
15
20
25
time (s)
Figure 13. Computed acceleration at top of column for rigid base with 5% velocity mismatch.
Target Motion
Rigid Base
Compliant Base
5% damped
5/4 = H
3/4 = H
4
3
2
1
0
0.01
0.1
10
period (sec)
Figure 14. Response spectrum of surface motion for model with rigid base and 5% velocity mismatch.
Acceleration measured at
crest of embankment
Input motion deconvolved
so as to recover target
motion at free field
1.5
1
100 m
vs = 350 m/sec
100 m
vs = 350 m/sec
acceleration (g)
3
Rigid Base
Compliant Base
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
10
15
time (s)
20
25
12
Target Motion
Rigid Base
Compliant Base
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.01
0.1
10
period (sec)
REFERENCES
Itasca Consulting Group. 2005. FLAC Fast Lagrangian
Analysis of Continua, Ver. 5.0 Users Guide. Minneapolis:
Itasca.
Kolsky, H. 1963. Stress Waves in Solids. New York: Dover
Publications.
Lysmer, J. and Kuhlemeyer, R.L. 1969. Finite Difference
Model for Infinite Media. J. Eng. Mech., 95 (EMR), pp.
859-877.
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