Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................3
II. DESCRIPTION OF ANGOLA ....................................................................................................5
2.1 - GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC IINDICATORS................................................................................................. 6
III. POLITICAL SITUATION ...........................................................................................................7
IV. POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY .....................................................................................8
V. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................................9
5.1 GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC PROGRAMMES (MAIN OBJECTIVES, PROGRAMMES AND
RESULTS)............................................................................................................................................... 9
5.2 POLCIES AND PROGRAMMES OF THE ECONOMIC SECTORS .......................................... 11
5.3 PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT............................................................ 12
VI. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SECTORS ..........................................................................12
6.1 AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FORESTS.......................................................................... 12
a) Current Situation ........................................................................................................................... 13
b) Evolution of the Food Situation..................................................................................................... 14
c) Land Access and Availability......................................................................................................... 14
d) Distribution of Massive Technical Assistance and Assistance to Displaced Persons .................. 14
6.1.1 SECTORAL STRATEGY FOR FOOD SECURITY .................................................................. 15
6.1.2 POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES TO INCREASE FOREST PRODUCTION ......................... 16
a) Development of Institutional Capacity .......................................................................................... 17
b) Sustainable Use and Management of Forest Resources................................................................ 17
c) Production and Marketing of Forest Products .............................................................................. 17
d) Programmes Under Way ............................................................................................................... 17
6.1.2.1 Fighting Drought and Desertification .................................................................................. 17
6.2 FISHING AND THE ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................... 18
6.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR.................................................................................................... 21
6.3 INDUSTRY ..................................................................................................................................... 22
6.3.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................ 24
6.3.2 FOOD AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES ................................................................................... 25
6.3.3 PRIORITY FOOD AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES ................................................................ 25
a) Cassava Industrialization .............................................................................................................. 25
b) Maize Industrialization.................................................................................................................. 25
c) Wheat Flour Production ................................................................................................................ 25
d) Food Oil Production and Refinery ................................................................................................ 25
e) Sugar Manufacture ........................................................................................................................ 25
f) Manufacture of Canned Meat and Milk.......................................................................................... 25
g) Manufacture of Canned Fish ......................................................................................................... 26
6.4 HEALTH ......................................................................................................................................... 26
6.4.1 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES ................................................................................... 27
6.4.2 BREASTFEEDING AND WEANING NUTRITION.................................................................. 28
6.4.3 NUTRITIONAL SITUATION ..................................................................................................... 29
a) Acute and Severe Malnutrition ...................................................................................................... 29
b) Micronutrient Deficiency............................................................................................................... 29
c) Vitamin A ....................................................................................................................................... 30
d) Iodine Deficiency........................................................................................................................... 31
e) Iron Deficiency .............................................................................................................................. 31
f) Other Micronutrients...................................................................................................................... 32
6.4.4 NUTRIITON AND HIV/AIDS..................................................................................................... 32
6.4.5 TUBERCULOSIS......................................................................................................................... 32
6.4.6 WATER AND SEWAGE ............................................................................................................. 33
6.5 EDUCATION .................................................................................................................................. 34
6.7 ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL REINTEGRATION ....................................................................... 38
I. INTRODUCTION
The problems of hunger and food insecurity have a global reach and, to a
certain extent, tend to increase dramatically if we consider the staggering
population growth worldwide and the pressure placed on natural resources.
Conflicts, environmental degradation, natural catastrophes and the lack of a
stable political, social and economic enviro0nment, have contributed greatly to
food insecurity at various places across the planet.
Despite some improvement in recent years in certain countries, the worldwide
food and poverty situation is still a real concern. The main factors and causes
contributing to food insecurity remain, and at increasing levels. Some of the
many significant factors and causes include:
-
The World Food Summit five years later to be held in Rome from June 10 to
13, will bring together Heads of State or Government from throughout the world,
and its objectives include, among others:
(i) Review advances made in application of the Plan of Action from the 1996
World Food Summit;
(ii) Assess the situation in order to guarantee the necessary action is taken to
accelerate progress until reaching the objectives set and compliance with the
commitments made in the Rome Declaration and in the Plan of Action;
(iii) Mobilize the necessary political will and guarantee that the leaders in a
position to influence the sectors of economic life and groups from all of society
make timely decisions.
As a result, the Heads of State or Government will be invited to announce the
policies and programmes they are implementing to achieve the objectives set
by the Rome World Declaration on Food Security and the Plan of Action from
the World Food Summit , containing 7 (seven) commitments.
For organizational and structural reasons, Angola recently was experiencing
war and., accordingly, the other main factors contributing to malnutrition,
namely: degradation of the socio-economic situation, disease, poverty and, from
time to time, natural disasters. Intensification of the war in 1998 strongly
affected the overall application of the economic and social programmes aimed
at eradicating hunger and poverty.
Fortunately, the personal efforts undertaken by His Excellency, the President of
the Republic and by the Government culminated in a durable honorable peace
for all Angolans.
The war not only destroyed the main agricultural production, industrial and
social infrastructures, but it also caused a massive displacement of rural
populations, turning millions of people into displaced persons depending on
domestic and international humanitarian assistance, with the number of
displaced persons currently estimated at 4 million.
Rehabilitation of agriculture, industry, fishing and the social sectors, the
eradication of hunger and poverty, and the protection of the environment require
a political will but also considerable internal and external financial resources,
the mobilization of which requires involvement on an international scale, at the
highest political level where political people participate from many countries and
international institutions, many of them potential donors and investors in
development and emergency projects and programmes.
With a view towards guaranteeing a favorable political, social and economic
environment for the eradication of poverty, the Government of Angola has
obtained a guarantee and reinforcement of peace, maintaining national integrity,
with the participation of all of the driving forces of the Nation, embodied in the
narrow strip from the Canda mountains to below N'dalatando, in small spots
from Malanje and Kwanza. South there are "laurisilva" type forests where the
coffee tree grows spontaneously.. Intermingled with the forest there are
savannas. Specifically, between Malange and Lunda the savannas occupy vast
areas. Much of the rest of the territory of Angola has pasture land and
savannas of various types; on the coast, there are various trees, most
significantly, the baobab, with its oversized trunk and thin branches, palm trees
with palm nuts and numerous cacti . In the inland plateau, dense forest brush
called "mato de panda" predominates, with various species. Over vast
expanses in the east, the "chagas de borrachas" [flood plains with trees and
low grasslands}] (Lunda) and anharas de ongote (Moxico and Bi) constitute
other physiognomies with rich Angolan vegetation. At much higher elevations
(Chela Mountain, Bailundo and others) terraces are predominant. The same
cover is found in lower areas, such as at the edge of the desert.
The fauna is rich and varied, with the presence of the rare giant saber antelope
(Hipotragus Niger Varianni) There are national parks such as Quissama,
Kangandala, Kameia and Iona, among others, for conservation of existing
resources.
The most important rivers descend from the interior, with deep valleys of
irregular river beds, with rapids and waterfalls, widening a great deal near the
ocean. Many times they end in wide estuaries, with cordons of sand on the
banks (river banks), running from south to north. Behind these are sheltering
bays and the best ports (Luanda, Lobito; Namibe and others). Among the main
rivers are Zaire, Kwanza and Cunene.
The combination of the latitude and the type of relief, the effects of the cold
ocean current and the continental factor provides significant climatic
diversification. The climate is tropical in the north and subtropical in the south,
and temperate in the highest elevation zones. There are two distinct seasons,
one hot and humid, when it rains more, and another colder and dry, called
cacimbo.
Considered one of the most beautiful countries in Africa, Angola has enormous
tourism potential, although tourism is almost nonexistent today.
2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC IINDICATORS
The population of Angola, its geographic distribution and the annual variation
rate are not known precisely due to a lack of complete, reliable censuses, with
the most recent one having been done in 1970. However, it is estimated that
Angola has a population of 14.6 million. This number indicates a population
density of approximately 11.7 people per square kilometer, considered low
compared to the average for the African continent (21 per square kilometer) and
the average for southern Africa (17 per square kilometer).
The vast territory of Angola contains a fairly unequal population, with densities
varying from 0.6 people per square kilometer in the Province of KuandoKubango to approximately 640 per square kilometer in the Province of Luanda.
All of the other provinces have population densities near or below 20 per square
kilometer.
It is believed that the annual growth rate increased from 1.6% in the 1950s to
2.8 to 2.9 percent in the 1990s. The increased annual growth rate can be
explained by the historical decline in the gross mortality rate from 34 per
thousand in 1950 to an estimated 19 per thousand in 1996.
Longevity, measured from life expectancy at birth according to the MICS
[Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey], is currently estimated at 42.4 years for the
general population, with 40.7 for men and 44.5 for women. Both levels are
clearly under the known averages of 51 years for sub-Saharan Africa and 62
years for developing countries.
As is generally the case on the African continent, the Angolan population is
young, with 45% under 15 years old, 70% under 30, and the average age being
19.
The war in Angola has had direct impacts on its demographic structure. A large
part of the population was forced to abandon its areas of origin, leading to a
major exodus of populations from the rural zones to the cities.
This population movement took place in two stages: The first, in which rural
population moved to the cities, took place gradually, and a second, more
accelerated stage, resulting from the outbreak of war at the end of 1992.
The urban population growth rate is estimated at approximately 6%, and that of
the rural population at approximately 0.8%. There are an estimated nearly 3.8
million people living in concentrated urban areas either seeking a more stable
social situation or seeking employment and physical security, some 2.5 million
of whom live in the city of Luanda, (approximately 70% in the outlying areas)
The ethnic groups of the Ovimbundos, Umbundos and Bakongos together make
up approximately three-fourths of the Angolan population, where there is little
homogeneity, since each ethnic group is subdivided into smaller groups with
varying dialects. In addition to these largest ethnic groups, there are various
small ones such as the Lundas-Chokwe, Nganguela, Kuanhama, Nyanecas,
etc., and a small white and mixed race community.
V. ECONOMY
5.1 GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC PROGRAMMES (MAIN OBJECTIVES,
PROGRAMMES AND RESULTS)
Macroeconomic management was difficult in 2000 due to the poor security
situation, the even more insufficient control of public spending in view of the
inadequacy of mechanisms being used, and the monetary expansion.
Furthermore, high inflation levels and high currency depreciation rates continue
to characterize the macroeconomic environment. The inflation rate reached
329 percent in 1999 and 268 percent in 2000.
After the market price Gross Domestic Product [GDP] increased by 3,4 percent
over prior year at constant prices, there was a 3.1 percent deceleration in 2000.
The sectors of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the manufacturing industry and
construction showed growth rates of 1.3; 7.1; and 5.0 percent, respectively, in
1999, with higher growth rates in 2000: 9.3; 8.9; and 7.5 percent, respectively.
Considering the low production levels in these sectors, however, these growth
rates seem even worse.
Food production in the agricultural sector, traditionally provided to a great extent
by rural production (household farm businesses), has been affected by the
instability in the rural environment due to the war, which has prevented the rural
population from having the settled life needed to develop agricultural and fishery
activities. On the other hand, in those cases in which it is possible to develop
said activity, problems related to movement of people and property impact the
possibility of raising production above subsistence levels.
The inadequacy of the macroeconomic policies lead to development of an
informal economic sector strengthened with the deepening of the economic and
social crisis. The existence of an environment fostering short-term applications,
associated with bureaucratic constraints on formalizing the exercise of
economic sectors, leads to expansion of the informal goods and services trade
sector. In addition, given the high concentration of population in urban centers,
arriving in search of security, and unable to be absorbed into the public
administration or formal business sector, development of informal business
activities is the only opportunity for employment.
To revitalize and increase the supply of goods and services, there are projected
investments under EGSC [Global Strategy to End the Crisis] for the
rehabilitation of roads, irrigation canals, water and power supply systems, the
construction and rehabilitation of health units and schools with projects involving
central government and provincial government responsibility. These actions are
intended to ensure better living and health conditions for the population and to
reduce the private sector transaction costs in the productive activity.
In the last four years, because of inland migration to the cities, resulting from
the outbreak of way, there was growth in the informal sector absorbing a vast
proportion of the population concentrated in outlying urban areas, with minimum
subsistence managers prevailing over small business. Under the Self
Employment Development Programme, 18,000
jobs were created, with
approximately 60 percent of the employees having had on-the-job professional
training or training at specialized centers over the past three years.
With establishment of the Fund for Economic and Social Development [FDES]
the Government intends to provide the productive sector with a source of
resources to finance its investments, which are medium- and long-term, which
do not currently qualify for credit under the banking system. In this manner, 17
projects have already been financed backed by approximately USD 6.74 million,
approximately USD 4.67 million of which were awarded by FDES.
Separate from the structural constraints noted during the Investment
Programme are some noteworthy actions taken in the area of economic
services and the infrastructures:
10
"
"
Reconversion of the sugar cane production units for horticulture and fruit
processing in Bom Jesus and Caxito, in the Provinces of Luanda and
Bengo; and water supply for agriculture in the Bero and Giraul valleys, in
Namibe;
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
11
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
12
13
massango and massambala was up from 44,412 to 148,016 tons in the 19992000 and 2000-2001 crop years, respectively.
This pattern continues over the past five crop years. Some of this production
increase can be explained by the population growth index combined with other
factors, such as the increase in total and average areas per family, greater
availability of seeds, fertilizers and production tools, among other things.
b) Evolution of the Food Situation
In the 1999-2000 crop year, the estimated cereal deficit was 693,448 tons, or
57% of needs, and then the supply, approximately 532,614 tons, would be
enough to exceed 43%. The maize with a supply of approximately 409,607 tons
was to cover 56% of the need for the product.
c) Land Access and Availability
In recent years, a substantial overall improvement has been seen in availability
of and access to land, due mainly to the improvement in security, more
aggressive action by the Central Government in handling the issue, more
consistent programmes for land leasing at the province level and joint
intervention between the NGOs and the Province Government structures.
Overall, there was an increase in total farmed area and in average area held by
resident and displaced person families. Government approval of a tool to
regulate distribution of land to displaced person populations also affected this
matter, since in recent crop years there was greater national sensitivity about
the importance of land in food security; a clearer policy from the Central
Government about this matter, decentralization of resources to the provinces,
leading to greater sensitivity by the province governments regarding availability
of land for the populations; formulation of specific provincial programmes for
land leasing; effective and efficient hiring of NGOs connecting the distribution of
inputs and land access.
d) Distribution of Massive Technical Assistance and Assistance to
Displaced Persons
There are still problems in terms of availability and accessibility of inputs and
agricultural tools to displaced persons. This fact has more to do with
management and distribution than with scarcity itself.
Starting in 2000 there has been significant improvement in the supply of
agricultural inputs. The Government, through the National Programme for
Emergency Humanitarian Assistance, PNEAH, decentralized funds for the
provinces to assist displaced persons, especially in providing agricultural tools
and inputs. With the assistance of the main Donors, the NGOs improved their
interventions in this area significantly, a total of 2,126.5 tons of maize, 1,273
tons de beans, 37.7 of massango, 527.4 of massambala and 468.6 of
groundnuts were distributed, with approximately 204,655 families receiving
assistance.
14
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
15
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Lack of credit;
Insufficiency of rural infrastructures;
Displacement of populations from their zones of origin;
Absence of economic activities outside of farming in the rural
environment;
Limited capacity of support institutions.
The basic principles followed in defining the policies, strategies and plans of
action for development of the agricultural, forest and pasture sector and for
improvement of the food security sector are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
The development objectives for the rural sector seek to increase production and
sale of cereals, rice and tubers, legumes, coffee, and other items, as well as
livestock species within the framework of the poverty reduction strategy, the
implementation of which must be stratified according to the short-, medium- and
long-term, over a horizon of three, five and over ten years respectively. As with
promotion of conservation and sustainable management of the environment, the
promotion of pilot activities to create conditions to address other productive
sectors with microfinancing, irrigation, milk production, hog raising, , poultry
farming, continental fishing and beekeeping.
6.1.2 POLICIES
PRODUCTION
AND
PROGRAMMES
TO
INCREASE
FOREST
16
demand, to increase the value through transformation and sale of the products,
to increase the volume of exchange income and recouping of investments.
The forest resources, being renewable, must be managed in a sustainable
manner compatible with environmental conservation. The following actions are
being taken in this vein:
a) Development of Institutional Capacity
1 Development of adequate institutional tools and structures in the political
and planning, legislative, extension and research aspects;
2 Development of human resources through training at the various levels.
b) Sustainable Use and Management of Forest Resources
1 Development of actions seeking knowledge of the forest potential through
inventorying;
2 Putting into effect research seeking management planning and use of forest
resources in view of better exploitation;
3 Development of programmes seeking the participation of all stakeholders,
including the rural populations, in actions related to forests, taking into
consideration their local needs and cultural values;
c) Production and Marketing of Forest Products
Increased participation by private sector in forest sector programmes;
Guarantees and creation of a favorable environment for investment in the
sector, over the short, medium and long term;
Maintenance and/or creation of plantations and development of the primary
and secondary wood manufacturing industry;
Creation and application of financial incentive mechanisms for investment in
the sector;
d) Programmes Under Way
National tree planting programme
Programme to plant community forests for production of fuel wood.
6.1.2.1 Fighting Drought and Desertification
Desertification is a process of environmental degradation that depends on a
multiplicity of factors, and it can lead to irreversible environmental degradation
17
Over the last five years the increase in the catch from 131,815 tons to 232,356
tons was the cause of greater availability of fish to the population with
consumption indexes of approximately thirteen kilos per inhabitant. It also
contributed to the national economy in terms of employment with 50,000 jobs,
23,000 of which were in artisan fishing.
18
PROVINCE
CABINDA
ZAIRE
BENGO
LUANDA
K.SOUTH
BENGUELA
NAMIBE
SUBTOTAL
ARTISAN FISH.
TOTAL
1996
1.703.9
400
259.0
27,0692.5
10,925.,5
27,501.5
18,333.6
86,815.5
45,000,.
131,815.5
1997
548.3
734.5
1,026.1
34,023.0
8,799.0
28,860.8
26,312.0
100,303.7
40,000,.
140,303.7
U.M:TON
1998
1999
2000
645.6
619.1
536.4
560.2
256.4
314.0
167.0
87.4
1.814.0
42,796 59,723.0 42,722.0
5,109.3 10,714.1 15,906.6
29,017.5 29,249.7 29,531.4
54,489 38,194.8 101,637.0
132,617/6 138,844.5 192,461.4
24,531.2 30,954.9 39,889.8
157,148.8 169,799.4 232,351.2
19
An effort has been made to guarantee the quality of the fishing products and
their byproducts, observed through joint regulations from the Fishing and
Environment and Health Ministries about the quality of the products and their
entry onto the market, regulated by Joint Executive Decrees 13/99 and 14/99
dated January 15 and by Law 20/92. To guarantee food safety, labs are being
built to be equipped with modern equipment for the various kinds of analysis.
There were also standards regulated about the preparation and distribution of
salt for human consumption, with the incorporation of iodine to eliminate
diseases caused by iodine insufficiency mainly in the inland areas of Angola,
where many populations suffering from this condition live. A major investment
was made to expand the production and salt iodization capacities, the values of
which went from 34,143 tons in 1998 to 47,169 tons in 2000.
In view of better use of the abundant fishing resources and the low commercial
value, the Marine Research Institute has conducted studies on the incorporation
of these products into other foods products of high protein and nutritional value.
The participational and sustainable policies and practices of fishing
development, in high and low potential areas, have allowed adequate and
secure growth of food provisions at a household and national level embodied in
implementation of the Cone of Conduct for Responsible Fishing, including the
participation of industrial and artisan riggers and respective local associations,
in application of legislation pursuant to exploration of natural resources within
the limits of biological sustainability.
A programme is being studied to replace harmful fishing practices, such as
beach trawling, among others, to avoid catching young specimens and
overfishing.
An investigation vessel is to be purchased for better understanding of the
fishing resources and to study the Angola ocean shelf resources, while creating
conditions to improve oversight and inspection of the fishing activities, including
satellite monitoring.
For food products and commercial policies in general to contribute towards
supporting food security for all through a fair, market-oriented commercial
system, the fishing sector, together with other sectors, has sought to modernize
and expand the commercial circuit, including inland zones.
Sale of the fish products and byproducts on the export market is done in
accordance with the international standards and guidelines and in consideration
of the worldwide market prices ands fluctuations.
Regional cooperation has been developed with neighboring countries,
especially Nambia and South Africa, in view of common management of the
shared fishing resources. In this vein, two regional programmes are going to be
implemented to study the Benguela ecosystem, thus increasing the technical
and scientific capacities nationally and regionally, taking into account the need
for joint management of shared resources.
20
21
and
6.3 INDUSTRY
Light industry, as with other areas of the economy, is strongly affected by the
instability in Angola at present, and production over the past decade is
characterized as follows:
UM
1991
1992
1993
1994
Ton
ton
ton
Ton
82121
2378
18949
21157
39637
53373
984
10257
14833
27299
12564
193
2476
543
9352
25794
109
4831
8392
12462
1996
1997
1998
1999
70663 248654
133
206
12528 25349
1070
1133
56932 221966
1995
219555
39302
3334
176919
254348
417
35164
164
218603
272586
500
23047
1133
247906
22
Beverages
Beer
Tobacco
Processed
tobacco
products
Textiles
Cloth
Shoes
Leather
shoes
Chemicals
Soap
Cement
Metal
and
elect. prod
Electrodes
Elec.wiring
Batteries
Radios
Source: MIND
Htl
Ton
1243
813
2056
319
103
522
556
440
457
M2
5626
5626
99
6096
6096
54
4463
4463
9
3169
3169
46
781
781
3
3200
3200
11
1790
1790
5
946
946
8
848
848
5
99
54
46
11
4741
4741
4920
4920
1519
1519
446
446
386
386
3528
3528
209643
8298
201345
303224
6688
296536
185029
2664
182365
58498
33916
12946
6189
1395
2503
2614
2491
50
112
6428
51958
223
4228
29465
70
4437
8439
62
6127
0
41
1354
0
5
2478
0
42
2572
0
64
2427
0
50
0
0
Mpa
Ton
Ton
Ton.
Ton
Und
Und
In the period under analysis, emphasis is on the food and chemicals areas:
Food shows signs of recovery since 1993, up by approximately 15.8% and
7.2%, during the periods 1997-1998 and 1998-1999; respectively
Among the various productions, bread and vegetable oil stand out due to their
performance over the past three years, although the 500 tons of vegetable oil
produced in 1999 only represents 21% of the 1992 production levels, while
bread also showed the highest production in the decade in 1999, representing a
5255% increase over the 1992 level. In chemicals, only soap and cement were
recorded, with cement showing better results.
Soap, after seeing its lowest level of production in 1995 with 386 tons, or barely
8% of production recorded in 1991, began an "illusory recovery process" in
1996 and the following year recorded the highest production of the decade with
8298 tons, representing an increase of approximately 75% over the beginning
of the decade under analysis, witnessing an ongoing process of a significant
drop in production in 1998 and 1999.
In the areas of tobacco, textiles, shoes and material and electrical products, the
table shows the dire situation of the industry. The nonexistence of steel
production should be noted.
In the extraction industries, except for the oil industry, there was almost no
participation in contributing to the national product, despite the known mining
potential. This is due basically to the political and military situation in the areas
in question.
Very low installed capacity and a drop in industrial employment due in large part
to the prolonged conflict, inadequate economic policies, physical and technical
obsolescence of the equipment, unavailability of spare parts, insufficient supply
of raw materials, poor hygiene conditions and weak labor environment.
23
"
"
24
25
1996
93
-ND
206
ND
1,133
25,349
221,966
191
503
213
2,739
1997
121
11,138
ND
1,119
3,334
39,302
179,919
206
379
66
6,096
1998
5
15,986
417
816
164
35,164
218,603
154
90
260
6,556
1999
24
16.625
500
185
1.133
23.047
247,906
68
49
198
3,476
2000
2
24,398
0
788
1,101
14,408
257,398
32
2
224
3,854
6.4 HEALTH
Over the past 20 years the food situation in Africa has been gradually declining,
affecting children in particular . The level of food production continues to
decline, mainly as a result the political and economic instability, natural
disasters and the civil and military conflicts.
26
27
The majority of the population does not have access to health care services at
their place of residence, which explains the persistence of high birth weight, and
mother and infant mortality rates, among others. Out of live births in 2000,
approximately 17.3% had low birth weight, according to the report from the
Health Ministry Research, Planning and Statistics Office.
6.4.2 BREASTFEEDING AND WEANING NUTRITION
The new Infant Disease Care Strategy promotes breastfeeding exclusively up to
six months and weaning by 2 years old. This strategy addresses the five main
causes of death in children under 5 (acute respiratory disease, acute diarrhea,
malaria, sweeter malnutrition, anemia and measles) in order to reduce morbidity
and mortality in this age group. Depending on the specific characteristics of the
country, these diseases could include tetanus and HIV/AIDS.
Breast milk has positive effects on the nutritional status of children, their growth,
physical and psycho-affective development, and immune status and in reducing
infant morbidity and mortality.
In Angola a high percentage of children (90%) are breastfed, starting after birth
upon demand. (MICS), however, the continuing practice of introducing other
liquid and semi-liquid foods continues to be an obstacle to exclusive
breastfeeding prior to 4 to 6 months of age. Just over 12% of children are
breastfed exclusively up to 3 months and 6-7% up to 6 months.
The breastfeeding rate up to 20-23 months is 49% and the prevalence of the
use of bottles remains high, at 23%. The differences between the duration of
breastfeeding in urban and rural areas is small, with children from urban areas
breastfeeding for two months fewer (MICS). Urbanization generally has a
negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding.
28
29
30
Data on routine distribution of Vitamin A are still lacking but the strategy is
based on incorporating Vitamin A into the PAV, distribution at the Therapeutic
Nutritional and Supplemental Centers and in the immediate periphery.
d) Iodine Deficiency
In 1990 at the World Conference for Children held in Geneva with the
participation of 70 countries, the commitment was made to eliminate iodine
deficiency disorders by the year 2000 with implementation of Universal Salt
Iodization Programmes.
In 1995 a preliminary salt iodization programme was developed nationally with
the support of UNICEF. The Government of Angola, in compliance with the
project, and to address the serious situation it was experiencing, approved in
March 1996 Executive Law 24/96 on Standards for Processing and Selling
Iodized Salt for human and animal consumption.
On the basis of this executive law, the National Technical Salt Iodization
Committee [CNTIS] was created in 1997 by Interministerial resolution number 7
-8/97 from the Ministries of Fishing and the Environment, Health, Agriculture
and Commerce, salt producers and UNICEF, with the main role of coordinating
and supervising all of the iodized salt production, distribution, promotion and
utilization activities throughout the territory of Angola. In the process of
implementing the project, provincial commissions [CPTIS] were formed in
Benguela, Huambo and Namibe.
The average gross sale production is approximately 40,000 tons with a
maximum peak of 75,000 tons in 1990. This situation may be due to natural
disasters, deficient saltworks infrastructures, obsolete production equipment
and poor management of available resources. The production of iodized salt
has varied, reaching a maximum peak of 9,757 tons in 2000,representing
approximately 1/5 of the national needs.
The impact of the National Salt Iodization Programme is reflected in the
increased production and consumption of iodized salt according to the results of
the surveys done in Huambo.
e) Iron Deficiency
The current iron deficiency situation in the general Angolan population is not
well known, but the high indexes of the prevalence of malaria and other
infectious, contagious and parasitic diseases, together with the low purchasing
power of the population, food penury mainly for the refugee population, growth
in the deficient level of knowledge about food, lead one to think that the problem
is serious.
Data from the Assessment of Vitamin A Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia
in Chidden under 5 in Angola reveal a global prevalence of anemia of 29.7%,
31
32
group. According to statistical data from the 2001 Annual Report, 83% of the
new cases are in people aged 15 to 54, with 60% bacciferous. (data attached)
The high seral prevalence of HIV/AIDS in diseases such as tuberculosis, almost
4 times higher than in the general population, is one of the main factors
responsible for worsening the situation.
Expansion of the DOTS [Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course] strategy is
the major challenge facing the Health Ministry, to control the situation, allowing
for high cure rates and cutting off the chain of transmission of the disease.
6.4.6 WATER AND SEWAGE
According to MICS, the great deficits in basic sewage and in basic
infrastructures in addition to the poor coverage of the potable water supply
systems allow one to say that the social situation of the population is a concern
In addition to water treatment before drinking, an important factor in the health
of the population, another component is basic sewage for displaced persons.
As in the sectors, there are great limitations and deficiencies at the level of
water supply and sewage, and those services experienced a negative evolution
since independence (1975), worsening as of 1992 with the renewed outbreak of
civil war (after the elections), causing destruction of many water catchment
systems and the exacerbated migration of the population, from the inlands to
the major cities, with the resulting abandonment of many water supply systems
or bridges and the overloading of others, most with already saturated capacity
The coverage rates tend to decrease in view of the population growth and the
lack of bulk investments in the sector, and the overall water supply situation can
be considered a largely deficit situation, since barely 16% of the total
households receive piped water. In Luanda, the tank and the tank truck are the
main sources of water supply (42%) and only 25% of households have piped
water.
Compared to other urban areas only 8.5% of households have access to
potable water, with the source used most often being an unprotected well and a
public watering place. For rural areas, the water supply is from man-mane
and/or natural sources, with 36% of the population using the river or a pool as
their main source of water supply.
Estimates from DNA/MINEA currently indicate total coverage of the population
(estimated for 2000 at 13.5 million people) with potable water and sewage, 33%
and 39% respectively.
Until 1987 the main urban water supply systems were run by Empresa Nacional
de gua and Saneamento [ENAS], at which point that company ended and was
transformed into Empresa Provincial de Agua de Luanda [EPAL], promoting the
creation of state companies in the provincial environment, which, in practice,
never worked, and since then the various systems have been run by
Directorates in the respective provinces.
33
6.5 EDUCATION
The Angolan education system is divided into three subsystems: basic
education, technical vocational education and higher education, in addition to
pre-school education.
Basic education covers eight years of education, subdivided into three levels
level one (4 years), level two (two years) and level three (2 years):
There is also an abbreviated version of basic education (6 years) intended for
adults attending night school.
Technical vocational education offers three options to students who completed
basic education successfully: pre-university (3 years); technical studies (4
years); and teacher training (4 years). Until 1992 technical studies could be
pursued at approximately 10 institutes and teacher training at 13 institutes,
located throughout Angola.
Higher education can be pursued at 3 universities and one Higher Institute of
Educational Sciences. Lasting from four to six years, higher education offers
programmes in the fields of education, medicine, economics, engineering, law,
agricultural sciences, etc..
The Angolan education system has always had major problems in operations.
The quantitative and qualitative scarcity of teachers, the insufficient facilities
and the lack of financial resources to provide an adequate education, are
factors contributing to the problems achieving normalcy in much of the Angolan
education system.
The outbreak of war in 1992 and destruction of the national infrastructures
exacerbated the problems, resulting in a severe blow to the system. The
schools that survived the war could not escape the indirect repercussions of the
34
conflict. After a massive exodus of populations towards the urban areas, many
schools fell victim to looting and sabotage. The vast majority of existing schools
have no equipment and are in an advanced state of disrepair and/or
destruction.
As for the socio-educational structures of the kindergartens and pre-school
centers, accessibility is limited since only about 1% of children of pre-school
age have access to these centers. In the 1998 school year the Angolan school
age population from 6 to 14 years old was estimated at approximately
2,811,000 children, only some 30% of whom were in level one, that is, nearly
70% of the population in this range was running the risk of illiteracy. As for
Basic Education levels two and three, they showed enrollment rates of only
6.5% and 3.5% respectively, meaning that the overwhelming majority of
children between 5 and 18 years of age are in the primary classes of basic
education.
The level of lack of academic success measured by the failure and dropout
rates is very high. more than 50% in level one, 50% and 42% in levels two and
three of basic education, leading to the conclusion that only 4.35% of school
age children complete level three of basic education (8th year).
The illiterate population was estimated in 1998 at 4.9 million people (42% of the
population), 2.8 million of whom are women.
Despite the fact that in recent years there have been significant improvements
in the supply of education in response to a growing demand, the national
education system still has various structural problems limiting quality service
and acceptable patterns of efficiency and effectiveness. The various rates
characterizing the situation in this important sector that shapes our national
human capital are very low. The primary and secondary enrollment rates
(34.7% and 31.2% respectively) that translate into an enormous negative
investment of the school age population and a failure to take advantage of the
productive potential. In the same vein of wasted potential in Angola is the gross
school enrollment rate combined, barely totaling 25%.
The adult illiteracy rate is still very high (nearly 58%, 75% of whom are women),
constituting a severe handicap to the growth of productivity and to the
introduction of new production technologies to increase the Angolan
competitiveness index.
The education sector, despite its importance for the sustained development of
Angola, has not had a budget worthy of its role in shaping human capital. The
scantiness of the allocations (2.0% of the GDP and no more than 4.8% of the
total budgetary expenditures) has not allowed for the conditions necessary to
meet the growing demand for education at every level. The private supply of
education is occupying a given segment of the market in place of the State, only
in many cases without the guarantee of quality and efficiency.
The national education system is suffering from weaknesses and dysfunctions
that have significantly affected its management and administration:
35
"
"
"
"
Since 1995 the Education Ministry had a National Plan to Rebuild the Education
System to cover the period from 1995 to 2000. This document, prepared
according to a programme hierarchy, sought to govern activities in the national
educational system and identified various key principles:
"
"
"
Technical and vocational education play a key role in meeting the needs
of the industrial sectors and in increasing productivity in the rural
economy;
"
"
It is in this context that the Education and Culture Ministry has defined the
following sectoral objectives over the next three years:
Expand access to basic education, projecting that by the year 2000 the
liquid enrollment rate will reach 58.5% for young men and 57.5% for young
women;
36
Increase the literacy index until reaching 58.5% for men and 40% for women
by the year 2000;
Expand access to basic vocational training for young people, adults, and
people demobilized and displaced due to war;
37
38
39
negative impact on the neediest people. Thus, Angola has the lowest health
indicators of all African countries.
Various initiatives have been instituted to try turn the situation around, such as
implementing the First Aid Health Care policy, where the family planning
mother-infant service is one of the priorities.
With the socioeconomic crisis, the goal is to adopt different strategies to the
current situation in an attempt to guide the peoples actions in a difficult
situation, pregnancy and children under 5 years of age.
Despite difficult living conditions for Angolan women, we also believe it is
possible to develop a broad-based campaign to protect her health, her family
and their community.
6.8.1 INSTITUITONAL MECHANISMS FOR PROMOTION OF WOMEN
The Angolan Constitution guarantees the same rights and responsibilities to
men and women.
Among the governmental actions aimed at guaranteeing the functions of women
and on April 11, 1997, the Government issued the Statute of the Office of the
Secretary of State to the Ministry of Women, and on September 1 of the same
year designated the Ministry of the Family and Promotion of Women
[MINFAMU], where the Minister sits on the Cabinet.
For development of its activities, the Ministry works in partnership with NGOs,
associations, churches, state organizations and other partners.
The formation of a Coordination Board is planned, the objective of which will be
coordination of actions related to civil society.
It should be noted, however, that the available resources to carry out its activity
are not sufficient to achieve the objectives of the Ministry of the Family and
Promotion of Women.. Aid from some partners allows for other opportunities
and the participation of team members in various events in the interior or
exterior of Angola, in view of their training.
6.8.2 MAIN PROGRAMMES
The priority actions of the Ministry comply with the following
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
40
6.8.3 ACTIONS
-
In June, 1998, the gender unit of SADC was created with the Secretariat of
Gaberone- Botswana the Government and NGOs also created the gender focal
points, with a representative of this Ministry having been named a focal point of
the Government.
In December 1998, the meeting of Ministers responsible for gender issues
concluded among many things that each member should create as coordination
board at a national level with their partners, including United Nation agencies,
the media, individuals, etc., to exchange experiences, information, and
suggestions about gender questions at a national level. This board will report on
gender activities in the country to be presented in the annual meeting of
Ministers.
6.8.4 WOMEN AND POVERTY
In accordance with the war on poverty, a multisector commission was created
for formulation of a national programme and strategy for implementation of
microcredit projects seeking to create a framework for access to credit for the
poorest segments of the population, especially women. This programme is
under way in its experimental phase, having already benefited a total of almost
1,500 families in the Luanda, Bengo and Cabinda provinces and gender actions
resulting from various provinces in Angola at the initiative of local Government.
6.9 ENERGY
In the energy sector Angola has substantial hydroelectric power and is rich in
petroleum and natural gas reserves.
Petroleum has been the main support for the Angolan economy since 1983
when Angola was second in petroleum production in Sub-Saharan Africa after
Nigeria. On the African continent, in 1994 Angola was in fifth position following
Nigeria, Libya, Egypt and Algeria.
41
VII. ANNEXES
Provisional Table of General Indicators
Population
Estimated Population in 2000......................................................................................14,6 million
Growth ............................................................................................................................2,9
Female Population...............................................................................................................51%
Population 15 and older. .....................................................................................................55%
Rural Population (1992) ........................................................................................................ 73%
Population 0-4 years old...........................................................................................................18%
Population 5-14 . .................................................................... ........................................27%
Active Population .................................................................................................................51%
Population Density................................................................................11.7/square kilometer
Administration
Number of Provinces ................................................................................................................18
Number of Municipalities..........................................................................................................163
Number of Communities.......................................................................................................... 532
Public Officials (1998) ............................................................................................220.460
Economy
Economic Growth, 1992-1999 ................................................................................................. 8 %
Other Indicators
People displaced by war.....................................................................................4,.7 million
General Poverty Index (pop.) ...............................................................................................67%
Absolute poverty.. (pop.) .........................................................................................................26%
At risk children .......................................................................................+ 100,000
Orphans and abandoned children......................................................... ..........................+ 50.000
Physically challenged due to landmines.............................................................. .+ 120,000
Human Development
H.D.I. (1999) ....................................................................... 0,430
(Education)
School enrollment, basic education (1999) ................................................ ..........................46%
42
(Health)
Life Expectancy at Birth.. .......................................................................................... 42.4 yrs
Fecundity for mother .............................................................................................................6.8 f
Birth.. ..............................................................................................................................49%
Mortality. .............................................................................................................................19%
Maternal mortality. ............................................................................................................... 2%
Infant mortality. ................................................................................................................17%
Mortality under 5 years if age. ..........................................................................................29,2%
Malnourished children.............................................................................................................35%
Rural pop.w/ access to potable water ( 1996) .....................................................................31.2%
43
44