HandsOnRelaySchool

TransformerProtectionOpenLecture

HandsOnRelaySchool
TransformerProtectionOpenLecture

ClassOutline
Transformerprotectionoverview
Reviewtransformerconnections
Discusschallengesandmethodsofcurrent
differentialProtection
Discussotherprotectiveelementsusedin
transformerprotection

ScottCooper
EasternRegionalManager
MantaTestSystems

scottc@mantatest.com
(727)415-5843
204 37th Avenue North #281
Saint Petersburg, FL 33704

TransformerProtectionOverview
TransformerProtectionZones

TypesofProtection
MechanicalProtection
AnalysisofAccumulatedGases
Looksforarcingbyproducts

SuddenPressureRelays
Orificeallowsfornormalthermalexpansion/contraction.Arcing
causingpressurewavesinoilorgasspaceoverwhelmingtheorifice
andactuatingtherelay.

Thermal
Causedbyoverload,overexcitation,harmonicsandgeomagnetically
inducedcurrents
Hotspottemperature
TopOil
LTCOverheating

TypesofProtection
RelayProtection
InternalShortCircuit
Phase:87HS,87T
Ground:87HS,87T,87GD

SystemShortCircuitBackUpProtection
PhaseandGroundFaults
Buses:50,50N,51,51N,46
Lines:50,50N,51,51N,46

TypesofProtection
RelayProtection
AbnormalOperatingConditions

OpenCircuits:46
Overexcitation:24
Undervoltage:27
AbnormalFrequency:81U
BreakerFailure:50BF,50BFN

PhaseDifferential
Overview

Whatgoesintoaunitcomesoutof
aunit
Kirchoffs Law:Thesumofthe
currentsenteringandleavinga
junctionis(shouldbe)zero
Straightforwardconcept,butnot
thatsimpleinpracticewith
transformers

I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1

UNIT

I3

I2

PhaseDifferential
Overview
Ahostofissuespresentsitselftodecreasesecurityandreliabilityoftransformer
differentialprotection
CTratio causedcurrentmismatch
Transformationratio causedcurrentmismatch(fixedtaps)
LTCinducedcurrentmismatch
Deltawye transformation ofcurrents
Vectorgroupandcurrentderivationissues
Zerosequencecurrentelimination forexternalgroundfaultsonwye windings
Inrushphenomena anditsresultantcurrentmismatch
Harmoniccontentavailabilityduringinrush periodduetopointonwave
switching(especiallywithnewertransformers)
Overexcitationphenomena anditsresultantcurrentmismatch
Internalgroundfaultsensitivity concerns
Switchontofault concerns
CTsaturation,remnance andtolerance

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
Compensation(2)
ChangeinCTRatio
1:1, Y-Y
4:1, 3Y

1:1, 3Y
Ia, Ib, Ic

IA, IB, IC
IA', IB', IC'

Ia', Ib', Ic'

IA'*4 = Ia'
IB' * 4 = Ib'
IC' * 4 = Ic'

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

Compensation(3)
TransformerRatio

2:1, Y-Y

1:1, 3Y

1:1, 3Y
Ia, Ib, Ic

IA, IB, IC
IA', IB', IC'

Ia', Ib', Ic'

IA' = Ia' / 2
IB' = Ib' / 2
IC' = Ic' / 2

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
Compensation(2)
ChangeinCTRatio

Ia, Ib, Ic

IA, IB, IC
IA', IB', IC'

There must be an easier way..

Ia', Ib', Ic'

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

100MVA
IN

100MVA
OUT

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

Tap Calculation with Wye CTs

WindingTap =

TransformerVA
VL L CTR 3

Tap Calculation with Delta CTs

TransformerVA
WindingTap =
VL L CTR

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

Each measured current is divided by the winding Tap. The

result is a percent of rating. These percent of ratings can be
compared directly.

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

ABconnecteddeltawye transformer

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

Subtracting Vectors: Subtract from reference phase vector the

connected non-polarity vectorin our example Ia-Ib

-b

Can be repeated for B & C, or you can assume 120 and 240
displacement from A for B&C respectively
Ib Ic and Ic Ia would be the vectors

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

ACconnecteddeltawye transformer
Ia-Ic

Ia
Ic-Ib
Ia

Ia

Ib-Ia

Ic

Ib

Ib

Ib
Ia

Ic-Ib

Ic
Ib-Ia
Ic

Ic

Ib

Ia-Ic

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

Subtracting vectors: Subtract from reference phase vector the connected nonpolarity vectorin our example Ia-Ic

-c
Can be repeated for B & C, or you can assume 120 and 240
displacement from A for B&C respectively
Ib Ia and Ic Ib would be the vectors

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
AngularDisplacementConventions:
ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy

Eurodesignationsuse30 incrementsofLAGfromtheX1bushingtothe
H1bushings
Dy11=X1lagsH1by11*30=330
or,H1leadsX1by30

Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees

0
11

1
2

10

3 Dy1 = X1 lags H1 by 1*30 = 30, or

H1 leads X1 by 30 (ANSI std.)

4
7

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

US Standard Dy Example:
H1 (A) leads X1 (a) by 30
Currents on H bushings are delta quantities
Assume 1:1 transformer

PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
US Standard Yd Example:
H1 (a) leads X1 (A) by 30
Currents on X bushings are delta quantities
C

Assume 1:1 transformer

PhaseDifferential
Overview

Appliedwithvariable
percentageslopesto
accommodateCTsaturation
andCTratioerrors
Appliedwithinrushandover
excitationrestraints
Setwithatleasta20%pickup
toaccommodateCT
performance
ClassCCT;+/ 10%at20X
rated

IfunitisLTC,addanother+/
10%
Maynotbesensitiveenough
forallfaults(lowlevel,ground
faultsnearneutral)

PhaseDifferential
EMRelayApplication

CTratiosandtapsettingsareselectedto
accountfor:
Transformerratios
Ifdeltaorwye connectedCTsare
applied
Deltaincreasesratioby1.73
DeltaCTsmustbeusedtofilterzero
sequencecurrentonallwye transformer
windings
Dy transformerconnectionscompensated
byydCTconnectionstomakethecurrents
applestoapples.

PhaseDifferential
EMRelayApplication
Zerosequenceelimination:InEMrelayswithwye connectedtransformers,
deltaconnectedCTsareusedtoremovethegroundcurrent.

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Settingscompensateforthefollowing:
Transformerratio
CTratio
Vectorquantities
Whichvectorsareused
Wherethe1.73factor(3)isapplied
Whenexamininglinetoline
quantitiesondeltaconnected
transformerwindingsandCT
windings

Zerosequencecurrentfilteringfor
wye windingssothedifferential
quantitiesdonotoccurfrom
externalgroundfaults

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

*1
*1
*2
*2

Angulardisplacement(IECandSEL)
IEC(Euro)practicedoesnot
haveastandardlikeANSI
Mostcommonconnectionis
Dy11(lowleadhighby30!)
Obviouslyobservationof
angulardisplacementis
extremelyimportantwhen
parallelingtransformers!

*1 = ANSI std. @ 0
*2 = ANSI std. @ X1 lag H1 by 30,
or high lead low by 30

DigitalRelayApplication

All wye CTs shown, most can retrofit legacy delta CT applications

BenefitsofWyeCTs
Phasesegregatedlinecurrents
Individuallinecurrentoscillography
Currentsmaybeeasilyusedforovercurrent
protectionandmetering
Easiertocommissionandtroubleshoot
Zerosequenceeliminationperformedby
calculation

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Zerosequenceelimination:Indigitalrelayswithwye connected
transformersandwye connectedCTs,groundcurrentmustberemovedfrom
thedifferentialcalculation.

3I0 = [Ia + Ib + Ic]

I0 = 1/3 *[Ia + Ib + Ic]

Used where filtering is

required, such as wye
winding with wye CTs

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

2nd and 4th

Harmonics
During
Inrush

TypicalTransformerInrushWaveform

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

HarmonicallyRestrainedDifferentialElement
InrushDetectionandRestraint
Inrushoccursontransformerenergizingasthecoremagnetizes
Sympathyinrushoccursfromadjacenttransformer(s)energizing,fault
removal,allowingthetransformertoundergoalowlevelinrush
Characterizedbycurrentintoonewindingoftransformer,andnotout
oftheotherwinding(s)
Thiscausesthedifferentialelementtopickup
Useinrushrestrainttoblockdifferentialelementduringinrushperiod

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

InrushDetectionandRestraint
2nd harmonicrestrainthasbeenemployedforyears
Gapdetectionhasalsobeenemployed
Astransformersaredesignedtoclosertolerances,both2nd harmonic
andlowcurrentgapsinwaveformhavedecreased
If2nd harmonicrestraintlevelissettoolow,differentialelementmay
beblockedforinternalfaultswithCTsaturation(withassociated
harmonicsgenerated)

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

InrushDetectionandRestraint
4th harmonicisalsogeneratedduringinrush
OddharmonicsarenotasprevalentasEvenharmonicsduringinrush
OddharmonicsmoreprevalentduringCTsaturation
Use4th harmonicand2nd harmonictogether
M3310/M3311relaysuseRMSsumofthe2nd and4th harmonicas
inrushrestraint
Result:Improvedsecuritywhilenotsacrificingreliability

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

OverexcitationRestraint

Overexcitationoccurswhenvoltsperhertz
levelrises(V/Hz)
Thistypicallyoccursfromloadrejectionand
malfunctioninggenerationAVRs
Thevoltageriseatnominalfrequencycauses
theV/Hztorise
Thiscauses5th harmonicstobegeneratedin
thetransformerasitbeginstogointo
saturation
Thecurrententeringthetransformerismore
thanthecurrentleavingduetothisincreasein
magnetizingcurrent
Thiscausesthedifferentialelementtopickup
Use5th harmonicleveltodetectoverexcitation

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
2.0

1.5

1.0

TRIP
87T Pick Up
with 5th Harmonic Restraint

Slope 2

87T Pick Up
RESTRAIN
0.5

Slope 2
Breakpoint
Slope 1
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

87TPickUp

ClassCCTs,use20%
LTC,add10%
Magnetizinglosses,add1%
0.3to0.4pu typicallysetting

Slope1
Usedforlowlevelcurrents
Typicallysetfor25%

Slope2breakpoint
Typicallysetat2Xratedcurrent
Thissettingassumesthatanycurrentover2Xratedisa
throughfaultorinternalfault,andisusedtodesensitizethe
elementagainstunfaithfulreplication

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Slope2
Typicallysetat70%

InrushRestraint(2nd and4th harmonic)

Typicallysetfrom1520%
Employcrossphaseaveragingblockingforsecurity

OverexcitationRestraint(5th harmonic)
Typicallysetat30%
Raise87Tpickupto0.60pu duringoverexcitation
Nocrossphaseaveragingneeded,asoverexcitation is
symmetriconthephases

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Unrestrained87HPickUp
Typicallysetat810puratedcurrent
Thisvalueshouldbeabovemaximumpossibleinrushcurrent
andlowerthantheCTsaturationcurrent
C37.91,section5.2.3,states10puanacceptablevalue
Canusedatacapturedfromenergizations tofinetunethe
setting

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

CTIssues:
Remnance:Residualmagnetismthatcausesdcsaturationofthe
CTs
Saturation:Errorsignalresultingfromtoohighaprimarycurrent
combinedwithalargeburden
Tolerance:ClassCCTsarerated+/ 10%forcurrentsx20of
nominal
Thrufaultsandinternalfaultsmayreachthoselevelsdependingonratio
selected

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

CTIssues(cont.)
BestdefenseistousehighClassCvoltagelevels
C400,C800
Thesehavesuperiorcharacteristicsagainstsaturationandrelay/wiring
burden

Uselowburdenrelays
Digitalsystemsaretypically0.020ohms

Useavariablepercentageslopecharacteristictodesensitize
thedifferentialelementwhenchallengedbyhighcurrentsthat
maycausereplicationerrors

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

PointonWaveConsiderationsDuringEnergization

Asmostcircuitbreakersaregangedthreepole,eachphaseisclosedata
differentangleresultinginlessharmonicsononephaseandmoreonthe
others
Lowlevelsofharmonicsmaynotprovideinrushrestraintforaffectedphase
securityrisk!
Mostmodernrelaysemploysomekindofcrossphaseaveragingschemeto
compensateforthisissue

Providessecurityifanyphasehaslowharmoniccontentduringinrushoroverexcitation
Thiscanoccurdependingonthevoltagepointonwavewhenthetransformerisenergizedfora
givenphase
Crossphaseaveragingusestheaverageofharmonicsonallthreephasestodeterminelevel

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

ImprovedGroundFaultSensitivity:
87Telementistypicallysetwith2040%pickup
ThisistoaccommodateClassCCTaccuracy
duringafaultplustheeffectsofLTCs
Thatleaves2040%ofthewindingnotcoveredfor
agroundfault
Employagrounddifferentialelementtoimprove
sensitivity(87GD)

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

SwitchontoFault:
Transformerisfaultedonenergizing
Harmonicrestraintonunfaulted phasesmaywork
againsttripdecisionifcrossphaseaveragingisused
Unfaultedphasewillhavenoharmonics,otherphases
mayhavehighvalue

Employ87HStoprotectwindingthatisbeing
energized
Employ87GDoncoupledwindingifitiswye

PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

SwitchontoFault(cont):
Employ87HStoprotectwindingthatisfirstenergized
87HSissetaboveinrushcurrent
Iffaultisnearthebushingendofthewinding,thecurrentwillbehigher
thaninrush
Typically912pu thrucurrent

87HSdoesnotemployharmonicrestraint
Fasttrippingonhighcurrentfaults

GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Use87GD
IA + IB + IC = 3I0
Iffaultisinternal,
oppositepolarity
Iffaultisexternal,same
polarity

IA
IB

IC
IG

GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

IG

IA

IA

IB

IB

IC

IC
IG

Internal

External

GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

RestrictedEarthFaultTripCharacteristic

87GDPickUp
Elementnormallyusesdirectionalcomparisonbetweenphase
residualcurrent(3I0)andmeasuredgroundcurrent(IG)
Nousersetting

Pickuponlyapplicablewhen3I0 currentisbelow140mA(5A
nom.)
Pickup=3I0 - IG

If3I0 greaterthan140mA,elementuses:
3I0 * IG * cos.Itwilltriponlywhenthedirectionsofthe
currentsisopposite,indicatinganinternalfault
Usingdirectioncomparisonmitigatestheeffectsofsaturationon
thephaseandgroundCTs

GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

IA
IB

Residual current
calculated from
individual phase
currents. Paralleled
CTs shown to
illustrate principle.

90

IC
IG

IG

3I0

180
-3IO

270

IG

GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

90
-3IO
IG
0

180

270

OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Fuses
Smalltransformers(<10MVA)
Shortcircuitprotectiononly

Overcurrentprotection
Hside
Throughfaultprotection
Differentialbackupprotectionforhighsidefaults

Xside
Systembackupprotection
Unbalancedloadprotection

OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Hsideovercurrentelements:
Protectionagainstheavyprolongedthroughfaults
TransformerCategorybynameplatecapacity
IEEEStd.C57.1091985Curves

Cat.2&3
FaultFrequency
Zones

ThroughFault
Category1

ThroughFault
Category2

ThroughFault
Category3

ThroughFault
Category4

OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

XsideOverCurrent
Elements
Usedtoprotect
againstuncleared
faultsdownstream
ofthetransformer
Mayconsistofphase
andground
elements
Coordinatedwith
lineprotectionoff
thebus

51
51
G

Failed Breaker

OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

XsideOverCurrentElements:
Negativesequenceover
currentusedtoprotect
againstunbalancedloads&
openconductors
Easytocoordinate

46

OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Overexcitation:
Respondstooverfluxing;excessivev/Hz
Continuousoperationallimits
ANSIC37.106&C57.12
1.05loaded,1.10unloaded

Inversecurvestypicallyavailableforvaluesoverthe
continuousallowablemaximum

OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements
Causes:
GeneratingPlants
Excitationsystemrunaway
Suddenlossofload
Operationalissues(reducedfrequency)
Staticstarts
Pumpedhydrostarting
Rotorwarming

TransmissionSystems
VoltageandReactiveSupportControlFailures
CapacitorbanksONwhentheyshouldbeOFF
ShuntreactorsOFFwhentheyshouldbeON
Generatorunittransformerconnectedtolonglinewith
noload(Ferrantieffect)
RunawayLTCs

OverexcitationCurve

Thisistypicallyhowtheapparatusmanufacturerspecsit

Overexcitation Curve

Thisishowprotectionengineersenterthev/Hzcurveintoaprotectivedevice

References:
ANSI/IEEEC37.91,GuideforProtectiveRelayApplicationsforPowerTransformers
ANSI/IEEEC57.12,StandardGeneralRequirementsforLiquidImmersedDistribution,
PowerandRegulatingTransformers
ProtectiveRelaying:Principalsandapplications,ThirdEditionByJ.LewisBlackburn
andThomasJ.Domin
DigitalTransformerProtectionfromPowerPlantstoDistributionSubstations,CJ
Mozina
GeneralElectricTransformerConnectionsincludingAutotransformerConnections
GET2J,Dec,1970

87
T

High Side

Low Side

50

51

51
G