Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Steel Design - Part 13 - Bracing PDF

    Uploaded by

    icehorizon88
    52 views10 pages

    Original Title

    Steel Design - Part 13 - Bracing.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    52 views10 pages

    Steel Design - Part 13 - Bracing PDF

    Uploaded by

    icehorizon88

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 10
    Steel Design Notes DESIGN OF BRACING SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS [All structures an all parts of the structure must be design to resist loads ffom any direction. ‘These loads include + Gravity loads ‘These loads canbe due tothe self weight ofthe structure or five loads fom cexterally applied forces within or onthe structure + Lateral loads Lateral loads can come from any direction and may be caused by wind, ( ‘earthquake, or dynamic loads such as those exerted by cranes or by vehicle ‘impact, In general they are resolved ito two orthogonal directions “along the length ofthe strcture and across the width ofthe sruczre, Planes of strength, “Mos sricural systems have planes of strength. These are planes within the structure where an identifiable structural system operates to transit the load ftom the structure tothe round plane of strength IF) plane of strength @ mss (© poral fame ‘Steel Design Notes Examples of these inclade: ‘portal srames which are very efficient at transfering gravity load and lateral loads inthe plane of the portal fame tothe ground using axial forees and momentsand ‘trusses which are particulary effective at transiting gravity loads to each end ofthe truss by use of an essentially planer system. ‘The direction out ofthe plane of strength isa direction of weakness, Both trsses and portal frames have lite strength insolation when subjected to loads that are not inte plane of strength. Some other structural system is required to resist the forces in the direction of ‘weakness and this i generally some kind of strucaal bracing. lateral loads to ground ‘Types of structural bracing The most common typeof structural bracing is a combination of compression members, and cross-braced diagonal tension members. This transfers loads throughout the structure using & ‘ruse action. The compression members and diagonal tension members generally function asa ttuss in one plane. This plane includes the direction of weakness ofthe other structural systems in the structure, “This type of system makes use of compression members forthe shorter members (ihe horizontal members connecting the structural components such as portal fares and trusses), and makes use of longer tension members across the diagonal. Generally each diagonal 236 Steet Design Notes member is designed only asa tension member and the fact that there are two give it the ability 10 carry loads in either direction The cross bracing can be used to square up the structre during construction. Ina building with # number of parle structural mponents such as poral ames the frst ones that are erected are generally to frames that ae separated by a braced bay. This enables the ‘constructor to use the bracing to square them up and be sue chet they are structurally sable daring construction. Design of bracing Loads for bracing members generally come from: © wind loads, «Intra erane loads, ‘+ eathguake loads. ‘The bracing provides load path ftom the point of application of those loads to the ground. ‘The loading depends on the the contbutory portion of the structure tet is used to derive the design loads for the bracing. For example, on the ends of portal fame buildings, particularly where the spans are large, the ‘rts do not have the ability to span the eatie width ofthe building, Vertical members are placed across the end bey to support the girs at about the same spacing asthe portal frame Spacing themselves. These members funtion as bending members and collect the load on the tend ofthe building and transfer it by bending, downwards tothe footings and upwards to the level ofthe roof ‘Without any bracing, ths load atthe level ofthe roof, causes minor axis beang onthe end portal frame, ‘The end portal s not usualy able to resist alone, so bracing i used to carry the lateral load through the structural skeleton to the ground. Where the vertical support for the gits meets the roof the load i transfered into the roof bracing system. Diagonal tension ‘members and compression members parallel to the ridge of the portal frame will ary that Toad tothe eaves ofthe building, From the eaves i is transfered by cross-bracing down to the ‘ase ofthe building to the footings, Generally if the non-tension diagonal inthe cross-bracing is ignore, the bracing itself forms a statically determinate structural system ich can be simply analysed by statis to determine th load in the individual members. The bracing members are designed as tension or compression members. Generally a braced bay shouldbe provided within the strctare every eight to ten bays along the length ofthe sruchre. This assist n keeping the building square during construction and ‘enables ll loads to be removed from the structure close to the point at which they are applied 'A numberof options exist forthe cross-bracng of moderately short buildings + Where there is orss-bracng at each end ofthe building, the braced ays canbe tied ‘together with tension members that run along the ridge andthe eves ofthe building, These ‘tension members wil transfer longitudinal load at any point toa braced bay. Steel Design Notes Where single braced bay isto be installed with building, it wil be placed near the centre ofthe structure and compresion members st each node point in the eross-raving are used ‘to transmit loads on either end of the building into the erossed-braced bay in the centre. wind bracing in plane of roof eaves tie ‘Bracing in the plane ofthe roof (sometimes called wind bracing) caries load fom the centre of the span to the top of the wall. Wall bracing carries the load from the top of the wall or eves level tothe ground, ‘Example Building bracing ‘A portal fame warehouse building (as in the example on page 201) has a centr ine span of 28 metres and a height atthe eaves of 8.0 metres and atthe ridge 8.73 mees, ‘wind bracing Inplane of of compression diagonals shown dotted 28 ‘Steel Design Notes ‘Three end wal columas will be used to recive the wind loads on each ofthe Western end Easter vals, Find the section requied for these columns andthe n design appropriate building bracing 10 cary the end vall loads o ground, The maximum wind pressure on the wall cladding will be 1.88 kPa into the building and 0.67 kPa out from the building © Design of end wall supports using grade 300PLUS UB sections Each ofthe end wall support beams (colimns) willbe 7 metres per. > Maximum wind loading on them willbe 88x 7= 616 kNim inwards, Forthe 8.73 metres long central column, the design moment under external pressure will be se 18° 89 sr ‘This bending moment wil have the outside ange (laterally restrained by te girs) in compression. It will probably be behaving smiarly toa fly Iatrally restrained member. $M,2-M* => 200UB223 has $M, = 653 Nm (152-5) Fora grade 300PLUS 200UB22.3 the distance between restraints for Full Lateral Restraint (FLR) is 0.821 metres, soit will not behave as though filly laterally restrained. It will have ‘an effete length for lateral torsional buckling of 1.2m (the grt spacing). (Notethat tere f,— 10_ the oad is ony sped tothe member by the grand sis spied ely athe segment ends) for L,= 12 m $M, = 609 KNm > 587 kNm ——(page211 of notes) Unde ie eu hwo wie 057 7= 459 et Forse 1 marly oma com sy oe rer ele sere 282 sy an “hisbeng oni info flag tay omni income. il pata hang anawenetty eae witty, oye ad Me MD sos me ts ie tr #25 a97 am mops mate 1,30 m3 “ant wo pnt mee with afly braceat every seconm git Z,= 24 m and 2M = 458 (153-5) ‘Thisis suicien even withan @, = 10 v Use grade 300PLUS 200UB22.3 with fly braces on every sevond git asthe end wall suppor. 239 Steet Design Notes Ino fly braces can be used on these members, a grade 300PLUS 310UB404 must be selected Tewitlhve $6305 with L,= 833 m 11535) (Design of wind bracing in plane of roof Loads transmitted by the wall support beams to the oof structure wil be the reaction st the top ofeach ofthe columns. This is approximately half of the column height times the pressure times the eolumn spacing for inwards pressure, mid-span column for inwards pressure, quarter-span column C Reaction = for inwards presure, portal at wall w tenia = #2 1 08 2601 Sh 7x ons = 258 EN A Resetion = 82 35x 088= 123 KN Aosta ‘ives largest compressive loadin AB sand largest tensile load in AD Length of AD = 9+ T= 114 m States gives the loads inthe members as 269+ 2258+ 2123 AB 516 ENO) (296 ap = (2S 25 49.7 NC) Member 8B ~compr 51.68N fective length 9m €250 gradeCHS 1143x5.5CHS $N,= 59 KN [vol2, DCT} 3 {or combined actions rade 300PLUS EA L 4 125R125IEA NV, = S83 KN [TS3-1C)] om for minor axis buckling 1S0x1S0K12EA N= 623 KN <6.3.3> Momber AD tension 49.72N ith MI6 bolts) grde2S0EA. S0KS0SEA. ON, = 642 KN (rr-220@)1 probably the smallest practical EA is TSx75xSEA N= 202 KN 17722) Boling MIG grade 8.8 bolts in single shear through treads, = 593 KN (9.130) cnly one bolt each ends needed ~ use two for practicality ‘Steel Design Notes for owwards pressure, idspencohinn Reaction = 823 75 067-= 205 kN forts rn, quaerapncokinn € Reon» #22 7% 067= 196 EN forovasprvmre, orale wat A Reston = #2 35% 067= 94 IN 94 yg Anco eis < _gives largest compressive load in. AB Sod lags ete lond in BC pow Legh of BC = oF# P= Tam © ‘Statics gives the loads in the members as 25+ 211964 2594 «99 wn 20.5 KN 2 “c) ca pe = (228, 196) 46 378 aN) 2th) 981 e Theft inthe wo nears les tn he ‘Scots see ste ona aie oan e Ades meni 755A (pn 20) | Jonginuinal members 114.3x5 ACA (grade C250) a for 150x150x12EA (grade 300PLUS) (ii) Design of bracing in plane of wall Loads caried by the rof bracing tothe eaves line must be transmitted bythe wall bracing to ‘the ground. The applied load atthe top of the wall bracing ie the loadin the eaves srt for inwards pressure, loed inthe eaves strut = 51.6 KN (C) S16KN > A B Length of KB =F 8 = 120 m Statics gives the load in the agonal as kp = sis2— 01h Member AB compr 31.68N om previously designed Member AD tension 69.0 6X previously sized member has ample capacity 7Sx7SxSEA N,= 202 RN (17-22(2)] ‘Steel Design Notes ‘or outwards pressure load in the eaves strut = 38.3 KN (C) 3931N Statics gives the loads inthe diagonal as as = 39325 so4 wwe sm Member AS-tension 52:4 BN previously sized member has ample capacity TSXISGEA §N,= 202 KN [T7-22(2)] Member restraints Inthe design of structural members, particularly compression members and bending members, ithas been seen that lateral resiraialscan be used to alter the effective length of those ‘members that may prove susceptible to buckling, In some cases the reduction in effective length ean cause an increase inthe efficiency of the member and hence allow a reduction inthe member size Restraint is often effective in improving performance of * Axial compression members + Laterally unesrained bending members (bending about the major axis). Restraint of axial compression members $e Axial compression members can be restrained at any point on the cross section ofthe member. ‘+ Tho estrint may be an existing member which has been askod to provide resrint against axial buellingas well sto ress other exernally applied forces. This means that wind bracing the plane of the roof canbe utilised alo asa lteral restraint. In some cases puslins ‘and git can alo function es lateral restraints inspite of the fact that they are required to resist out-of plane loads onthe wall cladding, + They may be specifically designed restraints with a single Rinetion to change the effective length of the compression member that they are retaining ‘They must be designed to cary + any forces appliod externally to the restraint PLUS + 0.025 x the axel compression inthe member that they are restraining, <6.6.1> ‘Where the restraints are closer than they have to be to enblethe restrained member to cary its ‘Steel Design Notes rinimom number of restraints required to enabe the resrained member to cary its design ail compression oad og setual numberof restrain onthe restrained member. ‘Restraints fora numberof parallel compression meabers carry forces from not just one compression member, but alarger number. The probability ofall ofthe members taining ‘their ultimate load simultaneously is very remote. sa result, resirints fora number of parallel compression members are tobe designed for reduced loads per member. The code ecuies the design tobe performed for <5 63> 0.025 x losdin one member + 000125 x loadin upto ix more compression members For more than seven compression members, the restraint is stil effective i restraining all of them and allowing all of them to be designed with a reduced elective ngth. But the loads on ‘only seven are used to calculate the design load forthe restrain Restraint of bending members 54> “The philosophy of restrain of bending members is very sinilar to that ofthe restrain of ‘compression members “However, itis important tha the eitcal flange ofthe bending member be identified and the restraints only effective fit provides lateral and in some eases torsional restrain tothe ciitical flange. tis the force in the critical Bangeof the restrained member under its design ‘moment 1M* that must be controlled. The design of restrain for bending members is based om + any forces applied externally plus + 0.025 x the force inthe critical ange ofthe retrained meer. Again where restraints are closer than needed to provide sufficient lateral restraint ofthe ‘ending member to alow itto sasfctorily resist the bending moment M* ~ then a reduction in the foros that the restraint must be designed for canbe allowed. ‘Where the restraints ae closer than they have tobe to enble the restrained member to cary its design moment - an appropriate model is the use of. 002575 (flange force in the restrained member) $43. sinimaam numberof restraints required to enable the restrained member 10 cary its design momen. Mou tual number of restraints onthe retrained member ‘The force inthe critical lange can be found by finding the leural stresssin the ange and lily tb the aren of the Mange 23 ‘Steel Design Notes ‘With muple bending members restrained against lateral torsional bucking, similar philosophy to that for the compression members is used. The restraints onthe bending members are designed to cary 543.35 0.025 x load the eitcal flange in one member + 0.0125 the ange lod in up to six more This recognises that atte instant of overloading of one bending member, the others wil be carrying # slightly reduced moment. Note All restraints also have a miaimum stiffness requirement. But in the past these have rarely

    You might also like