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Valuation of Shares & Business Chapter Objectives
Valuation of Shares & Business Chapter Objectives
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter you will be able to
INTRODUCTION
There are a number of different ways of putting a value on a business, or shares
or bonds and it is preferable to use several methods of valuation, and to compare
the values they produce.
REASONS FOF BUSINESS/SHARE VALUATION
Given quoted share prices on the Stock Exchange, why devise techniques for
estimating the value of a share? A share valuation will be necessary:
(a) For quoted companies, when there is a takeover bid and the offer price is an
estimated 'fair value' in excess of the current market price of the shares.
(b) For unquoted companies, when:
i) The company wishes to 'go public' and must fix an issue price for its
shares
ii) There is a scheme of merger
iii) Shares are sold
iv) Shares need to be valued for the purposes of taxation
v) Shares are pledged as collateral for a loan
For subsidiary companies, when the group's holding company is negotiating the
sale of the
subsidiary to a management buyout team or to an external buyer.
(d) For any company, where a shareholder wishes to dispose of his or her
holding. Some of the valuation methods we describe will be most appropriate if a
large or controlling interest is being sold. However even a small shareholding may
be a significant disposal, if the purchasers can increase their holding to a
controlling interest as a result of the acquisition.
(e) For any company, when the company is being broken up in a liquidation
situation or the company needs to obtain additional finance, or re-finance current
debt.
Using this method of valuation, the value of a share in a particular class is equal
to the net tangible assets divided by the number of shares. Intangible
assets (including goodwill) should be excluded, unless they have a market value
(for example patents and copyrights, which could be sold).
$
160,000
80,000
20,000
260,000
20,000
Goodwill
Current assets
Inventory
Receivables
Short-term investments
Cash
Current liabilities
Payables
Taxation
Proposed ordinary dividend
80,000
60,000
15,000
5,000
160,000
60,000
20,000
20,000
(100,000)
12% bonds
Deferred taxation
NET ASSETS
Ordinary shares of $1
Reserves
4.9% preference shares of $1
60,000
340,000
(60,000)
(10,000)
270,000
80,000
140,000
220,000
50,000
270,000
REQUIRED:
Calculate the value of an ordinary share using the net assets basis of valuation
Solution
If the figures given for asset values are not questioned, the valuation would be as
follows.
$
$
Total value of assets less current liabilities
340,000
Less intangible asset (goodwill)
20,000
Total value of assets less current liabilities
320,000
Less: Preference shares
50,000
Bonds
60,000
Deferred taxation
10,000
120,000
Net asset value of equity
200,000
80,000
$2.50
EPS
Market price per share
x 100
This method is effectively a variation on the P/E method (the EY being the reciprocal
of the P/E ratio), using an appropriate earnings yield effectively as a discount rate to
value the earnings:
Market value = Earnings
EY
Exactly the same guidelines apply to this method as for the P/E method. Note that
where high growth is envisaged, the EY will be low, as current earnings will be low
relative to a market price that has built in future earnings growth.
We can incorporate earnings growth into this method in the same way as the
dividend growth model as follows.
Market value = Earnings (1 + g)
(K - g)
EXAMPLE:
A company has the following results.
Profit after tax
6.0
2011
$m
6.2
2012
$m
2013
$m
6.3
2014
$m
6.3
= 12%
6.3
=3
- 1 = 0,0164 or 1,64%
6.0
D0 (1 + g)
MV (ex div) =
+
(1 + Ke)
(1 + Ke)2
D0 (1 + g)
+.. =
Ke - g
D1
=
Ke - g
Target paid a dividend of $250,000 this year. The current return to shareholders of
companies in the same industry as Target is 12%, although it is expected that an
additional risk premium of 2% will be applicable to Target, being a smaller and
unquoted company. Compute the expected valuation of Target, if:
(a) The current level of dividend is expected to continue into the foreseeable future or
(b) The dividend is expected to grow at a rate of 4% pa into the foreseeable future
(c) The dividend is expected to grow at a 3% rate for three years and 2% afterwards.
THE SUPER PROFITS METHOD
This method is a combination of net assets and income methods. Super profits are
the excess of average annual profits and the fair return on the net worth.
EXAMPLE:
The Statement of Financial Position of Q Ltd on 31 December 2013 was as follows:
ASSETS
Tangible Non Current Assets
Goodwill
Net Current Assets
EQUITY & LIABILITIES
Ordinary Share Capital of $1.00 each
$
4 500 000
750 000
1 750 000
7 000 000
4 000 000
General Reserve
Retained Profits
1 650 000
1 350 000
7 000 000
The net profits after tax for the next 5 years are expected as follows:
31/12/2014
31/12/2015
31/12/2016
31/12/2017
31/12/2018
$
1 700 000
3 150 000
2 200 000
2 450 000
2 680 000
$
7 000 000
750 000
6 250 000
1 562 500
Average annual profits [(1 700 000 + 3 150 000 + 2 200 000
+ 2 450 000 + 2 680 000)]
= 12 180 000 =
2 436 000
5
Super Profits = Average annual profits - Fair return on adjusted net worth
= (2 436 000 1 562 500) = 873 500
Super Profits year ended 31/12/14:
Super Profits year ended 31/12/15: (3/4 x 873 500) =
Super Profits year ended 31/12/16: (2/4 x 873 500) =
Super Profits year ended 31/12/17: (1/4 x 873 500) =
Super Profits year ended 31/12/18:
Present Value of Super Profits (at 25% discount rate)
31/12/14: 873 500 x 0.8000 =
698 800.00
31/12/15: 655 125 x 0.6400 =
419 280.00
31/12/16: 436 750 x 0.5120 =
223 616.00
31/12/17: 218 375 x 0.4096 =
89 446.40
Present Value of Super Profits
1 431 142.40
Present Value of Ordinary Shares
= Present Value of Super Profits + Adjusted Net Worth
= 1 431 142.40 + 6 250 000
$
873 500
655 125
436 750
218 375
-
= 7 681 142.40
Value per Ordinary Share:
= Present Value of Ordinary Shares
No. of Ordinary Shares in issue
= $7 681 142.40
4 000 000
= $1.92