CHAPTER 5 MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING 1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT ‘Magnetism Discovered The ancient Greeks orginally those near he city of Magnesia also thecal Chinese new abou strange and rare tones (possibly chinks of won ore stk by ightning) with the power fo ataet iron. A sel ned stoked with sucha “odestone” bare =miaae ic" and around the year 1000 AD, the Chinese found tht such ele, when ely ts pend pointed nonthsoith, Early Physicists Dovolop the “Basics” of Magnetism Inthe nt 17005 andthe erly 1800s, several exiting new discoveries were made inthe Feld of Physics hl paved the way for today's magnetic patil esting (MT) technology. nthe 17003, Chae Coulomb 2 Fench pyc, discovered that Whe magnetic forces of traction and repulsion are dl proportional tothe strength ofthe poles and Inversely roptonal othe quae ofthe distance from then,” (he nv sa la) He ls iventd the magntoscpe and magnetometer, which ae devices for mesg the act's magnetic eld sent, ‘Uni 1821, only one Kind of magnetism was known: she one produced by iron mag- ‘ets. Thes, Danish scent Hans Christan Oerse, ile demonstatig to fends the flow ofan electric current ina wt, nce ht the cent ase a esy compass ne Aloto move, Phi Andre Mari Ampere, who soothe that he pate of nein ‘vas gute diferent from wat everyone had Believed, sted this new pension i France. 1 was basicaly a force betsen eloctric currents: 40 parallel uments i the same direction arract,in te opposite dtecion they ropel. This grove tat magnetic elds exert a nlunceon cure Phenomenon Discovered Leading to Inspection Principles Inthe late 1800s i was observed hata campass needle deleted when it passed over a cack in magnetized cannon bal, 1n the 19208 was discovered ha ion filings ts eld in 8 magnetic machining chuck produced patems showing the magne finesof fx. Close investigation revealed pate that conespondedt somtimes within ‘hepa. This is probably the earliest documented application ofthe magnetic patie method foc dotting discontinies i enginering components. Thi cvent wae recorded ia the joven, “Engineering Development of Current MT Techniques Development ofthe means to establish the magnetic Hx in test obj ran in vo d= nett Separate pals on eter side ofthe Aline Ocean, Most Amin developments ‘sed storage bates prodave mignetism in ompanent, wheres the Eanes diameter cesta ond, vl thickness 0.25 Cental conductor = 0° 2x wall hickness;2 «025"= 05 Pan diameter= 1.5" Part meter» 50 arms per inch = 5°» S00 amps per inch = 750 amp For longitudinal magnetization using arg eo, when he part eos setonl ae (cross sectional seas ound by squaring te rade sd mlplying 9) is ess than ‘oe tenth (10%) of the collier eros setinal area (ow fil factor coi, the mame ‘ofampere urs" tobewsed canbe ound wing one a the llowing formals fpatisplcedaguinst inside of col, ampere uns 45,000 (part length) = part ameter) 1 parts place centrally the eo ampere tums “248,000 » eel ner radia (6 lenghiiametr ai) 5 Note J. The lent. dimeer aio must be i the range 2 (minim) to 15 (a smu), Pans shore than ice the dmeter shuld not be inspected sing the coi teh ‘iq. Parts sith length peste than 15 times the dimer shuld be tec sng & umber of ste unl te entire length i covered. Note 2, The “aripere tars” ae ust hen be divide by the number of ts inte coil determine the amperage fo be se Example &lapecung a 15" ameter ound bar wth tal length of sing a fe turn coi with an nema ameter of 2 ine, Determine the coi low il tor by ‘ren of part = 0.75" rai) squared * = 1.767 square inches ‘Area of ol ~6 (as) square a= 113 square inches Ratio of areas = 1.767 divided by 113 156% (ow Sil facto) Ampere tobe used if te pat postions he se of ei: ee 5000 + 45.0006 =7500 ampere tums “00 Divide by Stuns = 752" = 1s00 amps Ampees tobe used if the partis positioned ceaall in coi (42,000 + oi dius) [6 * (engiamete cao(43,0006) jrns)-5 Divide by Stuns = 8322 = 166 rps on 5 For longitudinal magnetization wing col citer igi or wrapped cable) where tbe ‘rossseetional area of the pr isa leas one-hal (30%) ofthe cll ner eon etna ea (high il fctor col) the number of anperes tobe used ean be calculated by using the fllowing formu: impor me = 35,00 = OR em eee on oan a Azan the actual amperage setting is dtemined by diving the “ampere tu value by the numberof ums. Example 5. Inspecting a 1." damoter ound bar wi ttl length of sing 9 ve tur coi wi an itera earieter of The fil factor is etemsned Wy dividing thecal are bythe pares ‘Area of coll= 1” cai) squared» = =3.142" ‘Aa of part = 0.75 (aus) squared = 1.767" ‘Ratio of ares ~ 1.767 vie by 3.142 + 100 = 562% (igh il ator cot) o ‘Ampere uns =35,000+ “S24 2 ies us = 35,000 (6) +2 (termediate i factor co) the mer of Ampere son be clelated by usin he fe sl Ampere uns = (Ampere tur val for high il fctor ei) = 10 cil cros tional ‘yeapartcros-sectonl ares)» (8) + [ampere tur value for low fil ‘ctor coil) > onl rossectonal aap foswseetonlaea 2) "8ample 6 Inspecting a1" dameser ound bar wih total length of wsng five tur coi with an inside dance of the fil fitr eto determined by dividing fe ‘liner diameter by he part outer diameter ‘Area of the col =" (aus) squared n= 12.566 square inches ‘Area ofthe prt =0.75" (aus) squared == 1.767 square inches Ratio = 1.767 avid by 12:66 100 = 14.06% intent Fil factor cot) rom Example 5 (high fil ator coil), amperage for his part would be 875 amps, From Example lw fl ator cl) ampere tums fortis pst Would be 1500 amp. Ise the hove value in the formant ive 1) 1500 607.112) _ 515 *289 | 150051 3 a FETS HS sig 958 = 1278 ae amps Noe: Ammperages to be wsed are the calculated amperages + 10%. For circular magnetization using prods, the amperage to be wed is usally dete. smigd bythe pro spacing and pt tks. Fr prt thicknesses upto 19 mi 50-115 amps por inch (2-45 amps per mm) of prod spseing shouldbe sed. For pat thiknesses over (19 mm), 100-125 sips yer inch (3 amps per mm) of prod spacing shoud be used. The prod spacing wll usualy be Between "(30 an) and "(200 ma) For longitudinal maghetzation using & yoke. When using an AC yoke, the yoke shouldbe proven to having fed suengih cajuble of Hing a deadweight ofa east 10 Ths (45 netons) with 22-4 (50-100 mm) spacing Bren the legs ‘When using & DC yoke or permanent magnet shoul be proven to ave sufcent lining eapsiity oi dead weight f 40 Th (13S newton) with s 2-4" (0-100 mn) spacing between the eps. Allemavey weight of 30 he (25 newton with eeepc ing of 4-6" (100-150 mm) spacing canbe wed. Kt shoud be note that tore may be f= ferent weight requremeats depending upn the applicable code or speicton ‘ore Some codes rere that the leg spacing forthe lit test be he same as tobe used uring inspection Caution! “Although the above fonnulas wil roduc exact ales fr requedamperags,itsbould te monioned dat te eae! amperage reurementsvrytasoé on the epee spi= fication Some spesiietions tke ino secoun the variations fx density defo the Ahierence in permeability between the ferent sels a alo conde the pe of ‘ea! used andthe pe of meter sed o ease these "There ae spctictions tat ecomsncnd the ss os handel pass meer (uch as in Figure 43) held agit the pa surface wo dctornin if Tice Mux deny a being erate in th par. This rate doesnot tke ito consideration the permeability va ‘Bios witha the par Aart witha high permeability wil eonenrate moe of te sk ‘within self, producing the bighdensity fx necessary for acceptable sensitiv. The Mux density in the nr rounding the part il below a seu ths A low reading ‘Will there he produced on the gauc meter the part were tobe replaced witha pat ‘witb lamer permeability the Mux Sensiy within th prt would not bea high ol mhtno be sliient to prodcerebblendeations, Howeves, te reading on the gauss meter ‘ule higher da fo the higher hac density nth sounding the part In summary, although code and speiietionreguremets te very deed; the rac tice of determining if scent fxs being generated isnot an xa seen. The Heal ‘ay to determine if sleet fst eng generated in the pat eto have sn ena fut with a atl dscosinuty of the ype, sz, and Iocan a those bing sug IF {his can bereliably found, then the probability of ining an ena or large isconino- VI. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS AND REPORTING ‘The evaluation of st res th most excl stage nthe magnetic atic inspection proces and greatly relies onthe quliiatos ofthe nspecior. The ability of an aepctor, to observe an idiston depends pon te comet appcation of the proper techniques, td tsieg equipment and sccesoncs al ee fnctbning comet. Anon consider tin iste ingpeccr'abity to perform the scones. Competence should have prev sly been demonstated by sastying qualification requremens. The qualification proces shoud alo cine a issn examination to prove veal ety and bility to die Hnguish the color sociated wih the MT techni t be sed Classification of Indications (Once detested, the indications shouldbe classified s ether “ls.” “noneevant.” or “elvan ber in vation,Fale Indications False indications can be produced by improper handing and donot rele to che p's ‘onion orate. An exp ir -magneti writing.” The typcllyprodoed by te fo ‘ton o indications at lel pols tat are cated Whe the part came in conn ith ‘eter magnetized pat pro: oo ding inspection, This ean be eliminated by demas ‘etiztion and repeating te ispcton “Magnetic writing isos likely te occur when sing the residual method, through poor ning thas allows te svidal past touch The continous technigoe may reque ‘he demagnetization of pars before the nea ispecon 1 preclude the possiblity of mag. rized components tobching. This type of fe indication can be eliminated hough ‘ral banding. ‘ii soures offal indications may be eased through the use of excessively high ‘mating curensor inadequate peleaing of he pars 1 remove ol, ese, cote son products and oer surface contamina Nonrelvant Indications “These ae theres of ix leakage de to geometrical or permeability changes inthe part vamos af geometric eases nla pines, trend roots, ea teat, key, gh scetion changes (ace Figure $16) concer with these condos ith they may also be ‘Ses srs and could be tee or fague induced cracks. These condensate there fore ome ofthe ost cite the possibilty ta one ofthese nonrlevant ications ean conceal a rack mst be considered. Other potential soureas of wana indications i ‘ldo localized permeability changsn the part, which may be de to Ioclized eat wet- ‘nent or variations ards, ad mi asp occur the fasion zone of wld Relevant Indications These are produced by fux leakages due to discontinuities i the part. When these dis- continuities ae ot in complance with cole they te eased an rejeabe hey ‘meet the acceptance eer hey are considered tobe acceptable discontinuities Diseon- utes ht do nt permit the prt be wed for song parpose or can potty ase the par or fal ne classified as defects, ‘Visual Appearance Genealy speaking, surface iscontntes wil provide sharp dsinet indications, which resemble very closely th shape and sizeof the dscontinaty producing te leakage eld (Gee Figure 49) Tt isnot feasible to describe every possible type ofdscomimty an its appearnnee \whon sing the MT method However, dtled description of conics and heir appearances and eases is contaiod in Chupe 2. ‘Subsurface sscominutes will peduce weaker, fuse, nd broad indication, which ‘bocome ess wel dtd a heir dep below the surface nereses Depth Limitations tis not possible to define at exactly what depth disconinty canbe detected because ofthe many varbles present hasbeen claimed that subsurface discontinuities have teen detected a deep a6 0.240 (6am rom he sac, ‘Sensitivity varies really with doth below the sure. A sua erack will uly be sly detected proving the cost cent and fu line reson ave employed. 1sa0 currennive FIGURE $44 lndeaon ofa quench ck in as Sade reasonable oexpet eile detection of crac on he ade fa east 040" (1 in) Invent Reporting ‘he the pas have Ben inspected and alias evaluated, it wil be necessary 0 prepare a report dealing the results ofthe estab i appliable the sie oto, and {entation of dseontinies found. This report may vary considerably fm company 0 fornpany, but asa minimum, sould met customer requirments and shoud typically ‘nse the following dt: Contact and customer Inspetion company Date of inspection Inspector's nme and qualification and cetfcation level Report number a ientifiation Arpliable codes, specifications procedures, including type and technique of in specton Acceptance erteia Component desertion, prt number, and serial number9. Flux ine direton wih respect to discontinuity rentation 10. Other identification detail s requested inthe contract; fr example, batch or order ‘uber, 1, Matera batch number (paris, Hii ae, et) 12, Results of inspection, inloing recording of indications as detailed Blow 13, Signature or ispeton samp of inspector [A dete, concise report wil enable fre evaluations by oer ngpectors, These are Several ways of shierng hi 1. A descriptive writen repr including significant dimensions and indication locaton an becom 2. A photograph may be aken unde the const viewing conditions. Black ight iumi- ‘alo ta darkened envionment works fine if he coect exposure usally cevera Seconds) is used anda cameras mounted on a pod maybe necessary vary he "xponure tie several mest ene thatthe bes ting and expos prams 3. A flee band sketch may be used to supplement the dat. Again, key dimensions must ‘be inloded. Unortuntly, not everyone i good ai, andthe ait and sel nes of keh en be questionable 4. A plac of tansparent pe may be ued 10 lithe indication from the tet sce if ‘sng cy partes. When pete of, the ape wll enn the shape and size often ‘ation trough te adhrene ofthe particles its adhesive aye. The tape can Hen be Splid to the repr otber suitable background material Wo ender he sdictios| more visible, 5. Aerosol based srippable lacquer maybe api in several hin ayers allowing exch layer to dey bore applying te nex nisin thickness exist allowing the so Tile, lexible timo be pled of the art 6, Magnetic robber inspection may be used 1o eres a permanent rear of indications. “Magnetic uber inspection involves using a two-part liuidrabber Kit consisting of 3) Room temperate vleniing(RVT) robber supplied in gu form. This ig- 1d ber lo coins feromagaatic pow. 1) Acaalya which when nixed illus the mixture oso at conrolled as, ‘When mixed togetier, the robber solution is poured onto the aes of inspection and 1 magnetzng free applied during the “cure” time. The cre rate shold be slow {ough o allow the feromagnetie powder o migrate to the ft leakage Feld, bat ‘ot so slow as today she inpevtion longer than necessary. Magnetic ube mtr- als wit curing ranges rom $ minutes to 4 hours are avaible. When the ube is 0- Tis be pesed ofa the seston rte bythe leakage can be ob served and vein ae a ecord ‘The magnetic uber inspection fxnique as uses beyond recording indications. It «anal be sed to inspeet areas and surfaces tht are itaecesible fer standard MT n= pect, such at iide blind fastene holes, parca Ueaded Hole. The ber ln be poured int the ole and a permanent naenet applied actos the oi dng the ure. Aer sldficaton ofthe ruber, te sti (but exible) rubber plugs removed from the ole nd the nation from thin the hole an be viewed athe oer = face ofthe plug Asal tick or ote device canbe cast ito the plug lite easy renovdsae ‘ouarten rive Vi. APPLICATIONS ‘The magnetic parle test mth i fftive forthe detection of sive and lighly subsurftce discontinuities in ferromagnetic pars. canbe wed a an inspeton oo tll ages nthe manufictre and end se of produc, Stages of a Product's Life Cycle Discontinue can occur in any of he flowing stages of the product's life cyte and ican lsd accodinaly. Inherent ‘AS the meal cools and solidifies to produce the erignal ingot, numerous disconinutes inte noded. Inherent ssontinites tht ca be deletes by magnetic pari fet ing include nonmetal sncsons (sometimes rere a8 sus") sh eam oe cf athe sie Primary Processing ‘When te erin wate has become slid it mst be worked and famed to produc a rough shaped product. During these processes, th pat ssid wo e ni "pay pro essing stage" Typical primary proccss neo, fring, casting, oling (ot and co), ‘scrusion, and drawing” Dring these processing oporans,discosinutes maybe ro. toced or existing discontinuities may be modified. Examples of primary processing is onion detectable fy magnetic partis esting nee © Forging bursts * Forging aps + Rolling ap, seas, and singers + Rolling seams Laminations (at th edges of plates and sees) Casing svinkage (atthe surice) * Casing inclusions (atte surce) Casing cold shat the surace) 1 Casing ot ear (thesis) Secondary Processing ‘ler rough shaping the metal inthe primary processing stage it ister refined and Shaped o peoduce finish pods Thi stge i relerred tos setondary processing” ndcan code such procesies s machining grinding plating, and heat ueaonen. These Secondary processes may aio produce disantnuties or charge the appearance of exist ing ones, Examples of secondary processing discontinatisdetetble by magnetic pt cletestngietde © Quench and eat cracks * Grinding racks (or checks) + Machining teas ating cracksmeting When par re joined together bya welding proces, numerous discontinuities may be crested: Examples ofthe welding processes are fund in Chapter 2. The folowing a at ‘of welding related discontinates hat may he dteted by magne pale testing When Storcloe to the surface + Crcks longitudinal, uanverse and ester * Lackof fision * Incomplete peneatio accesible) © atrpped slag * Inclusions * Overapor cold" ap Service ‘When the partis print sevice an subjected stresses an environments that may be etimental to it rctre, service disconities may res. Those tat te detectable Dy mages partie esting nce + Farguoeacks «Sires eorononeracks + static fur cacs(ovestesed statues) Types of Components Examples of materials, stetures, and pars tht may be ingpeced using the magnet pa ticles metod include: Ingoss Billet Shbs Blooms Barstock Sheet Rod Wire casings ‘Shafts (plan, teaded, or splined) Welds ‘Bearings and bearing ees [Nats and bolts Gears Cylinders Discs orgngs550 cour ve Tubal products Pte Industrial Sectors, Magnetic parle testing has many aplicaons throughout dusty incoding but not Tied tothe following sectors + Petrochemical © Consration © Ao and aerspace * Define © Noctear Transporation Shipping (marine) Vl, ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS Advantages ‘The following are advantages of magnetic particle testing as compared to aeative NDI meth 1, Test results are vitally insuntanous, in tat indications wil frm within one or ‘no seeds of price pplication, No developing or processing times ae nvoved 2 Permanent records of ndeations can be pode sing photography, magnetic a= er, or dansparen tape techies. 4 MT canbe aplied “in-situ,” without tho ned for an AC power supply, by wing pe manent magnets or ate powered yokes Indications ar easy to interpret, “The indication formed bythe prices closely represent the shape and type of he ‘scot. “raining and expercac requiements pie to coming ceted at sgnicantly les stingent thi for UT, RT, or ET, since MT is aelatvely simple proces MT equipment canbe much les expensive than oer NDT equipment. Depending fn the degree of automaton or ele of operation, t may als he more economical ‘han any oer NDT methods ‘Virually any sz or shape of component canbe inspected, 9. Inspections canbe performed during ll sages of anuficarng 10, Test par surface preparations es ertcal han with penetrant esting. 11, MT can be usd inspect hough metic and nonmetallic cating or plating with tome ecnigues shoud be noted, however, hat» redaction n sensi wl aras he ikaass a he coating seas. Maximum coating theknes sould bestblsbed tough qualifeation tess or stipulated in customer spoifeations or ode requirement 12, There are no known personne! hazards astociated with the process bees te mag tefl penerated ae of shor duration; however the sl elect shock, mam {1 tig, abd chemical (pevoleum dsl) precausonsapply~ Addins, the rs may become heated drag the process i high-arperage cea i applied for extended peri. 13 Many pats can he inspected smultancously if wing the resid magnetism teh nique 1M, MT canbe automated fr certain production Kine applications Limitations: The following are limitutions of magnetic particle testing as compared to other NOT oode |. Ieisonlyoetve forthe examination of feomagnetic materia, 2. Discntnnty detection i limited to those a or near he suri, 3. Dennapntizaton may be reuied before, between, nd afer inspectos. 4. Disconsinites wil only be ected when their major nis interapsthe primary x lines. This necessiates inspection in more than one detent assure discontinuity detection regaaless of onentaton, 5. Some maprtic particle esting techniques may cause damage ote pat a rest of cng or localized overbatingo he ars Tor example, when using DC pods) 6, Paint andor coating removal is necessary frm localized ares on the part to fia ood cecal eontact when using diet magetzation techni. 7 Union, precabe fox flow through the parsing teed may not be posible de rweompix shapes 8. Nomelevnt indications ue to abrupt changes in component profile or local changes in maeil properties may make inexpeation dict IX, GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS Alternating current (AC)~ Elect caret hat flows though candor in aback nd fowh manner a speci intervals provides the est ont fer the detcion of ‘scotia at he sure. [Background ~The gener! appearane ofthe surface on which discontinue are Being ‘ou. Black lght—Electromsgnecicadstion in the 320 to 400 nanometer wavelength ange, ‘which visible to human, Also se Ural Hht Barning—Local overheating othe commponeat atthe electrical contact are arising om igh sistance and the production of an ae (Cartier ad or iquld—The Td in which magootic pices ae suspended 10 faci tae tet aplication. CCireumferenial magnetization (ieular magnetization) Magnetization tht extah The a ux around the perp opsColl method—A method of magnetization in which part or al of be eamponent is ecit= ‘ledby cuter euying coll (The seo hit em wally essed instances in ‘which he component des na oem part ofa coninsow magnetic eet forthe Mis “induced” ino a ing componet by the iauence of stating magnet ld thst, links the component Also known as indvet magneton Demagnetzaion~ The proces by which a paris retumed substi t the nest umagneized sat Demagnetizing oll-A coi of wie earyngalteatng current tht is wed for dea Dts indications—Indicaons that ar not cleat defied e, indieation of sabe face dscontnti, Direct current (DC) —Elececuzet tat ows hough condor in only oe dire "hon al ines DC from a atery sous ae teen pase tin avr of “eee Terms of AC Tor surface an subse econ detection, Dry particle technique—The application of magnetic parties in dry frm (thot the ke o igi ene) Ferromagnetio—Having magnetic peesbiiy, which can be considerably greater than hat ofr andean vary with Mux en luorecence—The sili to absorb elecvomagneti radiation with 2 wavelength ou- Side the human visible spectrum (bck igh) and seem leenenagneti ation ‘vthin he white ight pect, usally the yellow to ree age, Fine Inviible lines of neti ors Flux density (B}~Mpetie field strength per wi volume within a feromagnetc text ars expressed in "ans" (Seals Tela) ‘ox eld penetration The ability to establish and dive high density magnet tne of ove in the et pt Fulkyave rete current (FWDC)— Elric csr that flows trough conductor none direction oly with an increased ate of pulstien surges ad dope apes n= tenals FWDC is commended for eetve sr ace and subsurface sonny de tection when using wetsspesion elguss. Malfoyave rectified current (HWDC)—Elecric cent thal lows tow conductor “one cretion only wth polenting surges and dope a pei inervale hence the re balonave. tis most efecive for surface and wahsrsce decom detection ‘ven sng the dry parce technique duet the ibeaory effet produced on he pr. the ‘Hysterests oop (and related terms)—See Section Linear indeution Any ication having length dimension al lest three ines reter hs wih (a define by sme codes). ‘Longitudinal magnetization Nagnetiation in which the Nox lines re oriented inte Dart in ction essentially parallel to its loging ax, “Magnetic amains-Ferrous material atoms or molec, normally represented asl er magna with so and south poe, “Magnetic particle inspection A nondesractive ex method that proves fr he dt of near, surce, and nee-sirface discontinuities in eromgtc tet mater ttle pole Those pars ofa maget that ar the rouse ofthe external matic fel. _Magnetic writing—Spurou indication rising fom random lea magnetization, Magnetsm—A foon of energy diely associat wih eleceal euren and carci. ‘ae by lof Hines offre,‘Magnetzing force ()—Magnetc eld swenath per wit volume in ir, mesure in oe ede Mercury vapor lamp—A bulb se for prodsing ultraviolet ration. (Selb ra ol! ph and Bick lig) Particle moblity~The ability to impart activity or motion tthe magnetic pics a= ‘lied tothe est sure Permeability ~The cae with which a mater canbe magnctre. The ability of eat ‘ilo conduet magnetic lines of ore. rods—Handeld electrodes atached to cables that tans the magnetizing curent om the power supply to the prt under examination, ReluctanceThe opposition oa matral a cond magni tins of forse. [Residual magnetismy—The magnetism emaining in prt er the magnetizing force ‘has eas Retentity The ability of maar to retain magrtim flowing magnetization ‘esla—An expression of fx density tesa ~ 10 gus or | weber Ultraviolet ightHlecomagneic radiation inthe 200-400 nanometer wavelength ‘ange. The 200-320 manometer wavelength range contains haf UV radiation, ‘whch an damage the skin tissue o the eyes. Is escent hat fib fered on Ing the cnrect lack ih ier (Se lack igh) ‘Weber weber = 10! ins of fore: Note: I meee 10,000 fx neem? (1 aa), 10.00 em; therefore, here are X. REFERENCES: onder Brolin and Quay Cot Vo. 17, ASM Iran Handbook, 1982 Mtl Te Ssh and ina}a! Produ, Vl 0303 Namie Teng Amen Se- ‘ity fr esting ater 19 Ana oc of Sa Lowey Dag Pare peton“t Pata ie pan and Wal 93.