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Atomic Structure: David Kemp OCR Chemistry A Unit 1: F321
Atomic Structure: David Kemp OCR Chemistry A Unit 1: F321
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Atomic Structure
(a) describe protons, neutrons and electrons in
terms of relative charge and relative mass;
Relative Charge
Relative Mass
Proton
+1
1
Neutron
0
1
Electron
-1
1/2000
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Relative Masses
(a) explain the terms:
(i) amount of substance,
A quantity whose unit is the mole, used as a means of counting the number of atoms.
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Chemical Equations
(e) construct balanced chemical equations for
reactions studied and for unfamiliar reactions
given reactants and products;
Things to remember:
1. Group 7, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are diatomic
2. State symbols should usually be included in the answer, even if not asked for.
3. Answers should always be balanced, again, even if not asked for.
Mass mass
Molar mass
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Salts
(f) explain that a salt is produced when the H+
ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or
NH4+;
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Unit 1: F321
David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Oxidation Number
(a) apply rules for assigning oxidation number to
atoms in elements, compounds and ions;
Oxidation Rules
Species
Uncombined Element
Combined oxygen
Combined hydrogen
Simple Ion
Combined Fluorine
Oxidation Number
0
-2
+1
Same as charge on ion
-1
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E.gs
C / Na / 02 / P4H20 / CaO
NH3 / H2S
Na+ = 1 / Mg2+ = 2
NaF / CaF2
David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
? -2x3 = -6
-6 + +1 = -5, therefore the chlorine needs to be +5 in order to make the overall oxidation number 0.
Redox Reactions
(e) explain that:
(i) metals generally form ions by losing
electrons with an increase in oxidation
number to form positive ions,
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Ionisation Energy
(a) Define the terms first ionisation energy and
successive ionisation energy;
First ionisation energy Energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of
gaseous atoms.
Successive ionisation energy energy required to remove each electron in turn.
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Ionic Bonding
(a) describe the term ionic bonding as
Nitrate
Carbonate
Sulphate
Ammonium
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
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Unit 1: F321
David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Intermolecular forces
(m) describe intermolecular forces based on
permanent dipoles, as in hydrogen chloride,
and induced dipoles (van der Waals forces),
as in the noble gases;
Permanent Dipoles:
Polar molecules have permanent dipoles. The permanent dipole of one molecules attracts another
permanent dipole to form a weak permanent dipole-dipole force.
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Ice has an open lattice with hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules apart, when ice melts
the rigid hydrogen bonds collapse, allowing the water molecules to move closer together. The
distance the molecules are held apart is what makes ice less dense than water.
Hydrogen bonds are much stronger than Van der Waals forces, this means more energy is needed
to break hydrogen bonds, hence the higher melting point and boiling point. (Freezing point and
melting point are theoretically the same as just above the melting point, something will melt,
although just below a melting point a substance will freeze)
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
High Melting
point
Can conduct
electricity
Soluble in polar
substances
Soluble in nonpolar substances
Formed with a
metal and a non
metal
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Metallic
bonding
Ionic compound
Simple
molecular
Giant covalent
x (except in graphite)
David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
(ii)
with water;
Group 2 elements react with water to from hydroxides, with the general formula M(OH)2
Hydrogen gas is also formed.
E.G 2Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) ----> Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
2Ca is oxidised from 0 to +2 in Ca(OH)2
2H2O us reduced from +1 to 0 in H2
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
The above two equations are both example of disproportionation reactions as the chlorine
is both oxidised and reduced in both.
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David Kemp
OCR Chemistry A
Unit 1: F321
Some Halides compounds are used in products as most are very stable.
1. NaCl is common salt
2. NaF and SnF2 are fluoride compounds added to toothpaste to prevent tooth decay.
3. CaF2 or fluorite is used to makes lenses to focus infrared light.
Chloride
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) -----> AgCl(s)
Bromide
Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) -----> AgBr(s)
Iodide
Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) -----> AgI(s)
These types of reactions are called precipitation reactions. They take place in aqueous solutions
when aqueous ions react together to form a solid precipitate.
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