Hkkjr esa ckS /eZ dh {k;

Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr

uo tuokpu vkanksyu
bl fdrkc dk izdk'ku Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr us
^lj nksjkcth VkVk VLV* osQ lg;ksx ls fd;k gSA
bl vkanksyu dk edln vke turk esa
iBu&ikBu laLfr fodflr djuk gSA

Hkkjr esa ckS /eZ dh {k;

Bharat Main Bouddh Dharm Ki Kshay

Mh-Mh- dkslkach

D.D. Kosambi

gnh vuqokn

Hindi Translation

ch-,l- jkor

iqLrdekyk laiknd
rkiks'k porhZ

dkWih laiknd
txeksgu ^pksirk*

js[kkadu
/hjt lkseolh

doj ,oa xzkfiQDl

txeksgu

B.S. Rawat

Series Editor
Taposh Chakravorty

Copy Editor
Jagmohan 'Chopta'

Illustration
Dhiraj Somwbasi

Cover & Graphics

Jagmohan

izFke laLdj.k

First Edition

uoacj] 2007

November, 2007

lg;ksx jkf'k

Contribution

20 #i;s

eq.k
lu 'kkbu vkWiQlsV
ubZ fnYyh & 110 018

lkStU; ls
ekfDlZLV~l MkWV vkSxZ

Rs. 20

Printing
Sun Shine Offset
New Delhi - 110 018

Courtsey
marxists.org

Publication and Distribution

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Email : bgvs_delhi@yahoo.co.in, bgvsdelhi@gmail.com
website: www. bgvs.org
BGVS NOVEMBER 2007 2K 0020 NJVA 0089/2007

Hkkjr esa ckS /eZ dh {k;

Mh-Mh- dkslkach

viuh ckr
;g ,d gSjr dh ckr gS fd chloha lnh osQ vkf[kjh o"kks ls pydj
vkt rd tgka ,d rjiQ foKku dh vnHkqr [kkstksa us lkSjeaMy vkSj czkaM
osQ xw<+ jgL;ksa vkSj tSo txr osQ Mh-,u-,- osQ foKku dh xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>k
fy;k gS] ogha nwljh rjiQ i<+s&fy[ks] lH; yksxksa osQ eqYd /eZ osQ uke ij
vU; eqYdksa osQ tku vkSj eky dh cckZnh djus esa viuh lsuk,a vkSj jk"Vh;
lEink csrgk'kk yqVk jgs gSaA fozQLrku /eZ osQ uke ij vejhdk vkSj xksjs yksxksa
osQ nwljs eqYd bLyke /eZ dks feVkus osQ fy, ,sls iSekus ij jktuSfrd vkSj
lkefjd bartke dj jgs gSa tks vkt rd osQ fo'o;qksa esa gh 'kk;n fd;k
x;k FkkA ;s eqYd tkfgy fMDVsVjksa (rkuk'kkgksa) dh ccZjrk osQ eksgrkt ugha
gSa] bu ns'kksa dh laLo`Qfr;ka ekuoh; gSaA eqYdksa dh gqowQersa ckdk;nk viuh
turkvksa ls oksV ysdj nwljs /eks ij p<+kbZ djrh gSaA ;g D;k ektjk gS\
gekjs vius ns'k esa yxkrkj bl eafnj ;k ml efLtn ij /kos cksys tkrs
gSaA ekj&dkV gksrh gS] vkSj /kfeZd Hkkouk gh turkaf=kd pqukoksa dh cqfu;kn
cuk nh tkrh gSA bLyke] fl[k] bZlkbZ] ckS dksbZ /eZ ugha cp ik;k gS vkSj
;g lc vk/qfud Hkkjr esa gks jgk gSA bl ckr ij dkiQh viQlksl izdV
fd;k tkrk gSA viQlksl Bhd gS exj viQlksl ls dksbZ gy ugha fudyrkA
/eZ osQ uke ij yM+kb;ka] p<+kb;ka vkSj ujlagkj dksbZ ,slh xgjh ckr osQ fy,
gksaxs] tks tura=k] lH;rk] foKku vkfn ls Hkh T;knk xgjh gSA
/eZ dh cqfu;kn D;k gS\ /eZ dh ekU;rk,a\ /eks dh cqfu;kn ekU;rk,a
ugha gks ldrh] D;ksafd dbZ fo}kuksa] vkSj lniq#"kksa us lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd
vf/drj /eks dh ewy ekU;rk,a yxHkx ,d tSlh gSa bZ'oj ij fo'okl]
usdh dk rdktk] cqjkbZ dk cfg"dkj] I;kj vkSj eqgCcr dh efgekA
rks D;k /eZ dh cqfu;kn /eZ osQ deZdkaMksa] eafnj&efLtn dh cukoVksa
esa gS\ FkksM+h lathnxh ls fopkj djus ls ;g lkfcr gks tk,xk fd lHkh
/eks osQ deZdkaM mQijh :i ls vyx&vyx fn[krs gq, Hkh okLro esa ,d
tSls gSa ifo=k LFky dk fopkj] mldh liQkbZ] lqanjrk] lqxa/] laxhre;
izkFkZuk,a] thou osQ gj eksM+ ij fd, tkus okys vuq"Bku vkfnA
4

rks D;k /eks osQ bZ'oj vyx&vyx gSa\ ;g ckr Hkh Bhd ugha gS
D;ksafd yxHkx lHkh /eZ ;g ekurs gSa fd bZ'oj ,d gS vkSj vyx&vyx
/eZ bZ'oj rd igqapus osQ vyx&vyx jkLrs gSaA
vthc gkyr gSA ,d rjiQ /eZ osQ uke ij Hk;kud [kwu&[kjkck Hkh
gksrk gS] vkSj nwljh rjiQ ;ku ls ns[kus ij lHkh /eZ ,d tSls yxrs gSaA
lkiQ gS fd /eks dh cqfu;kn dgha vkSj gS 'kk;n /eks ls ckgjA ;g
NksVh&lh fdrkc bl xgjs jgL; dks oqQN&oqQN le>us esa enn nsxhA
;g lcdks ekywe gS fd bZlk iwoZ 1750 osQ vkl&ikl vk;Z Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh
dchys Hkkjr vkus yxs vkSj ;gka clus yxsA vk;Z Hkk"kh dchyksa dk /eZ izoQ` fr
'kfDr osQ nsorkvksa ij vk/kfjr Fkk vkSj ;g /eZ Hkkjr dk Hkh /eZ cu x;kA
bZlk iwoZ 800&900 osQ vklikl yksgs osQ gy ls [ksrh 'kq: gqb]Z vkSj bZlk iwoZ
500 osQ vklikl tSu vkSj ckS /eZ u, /eZ osQ :i esa iSnk fd, x, tks vk;Z
/eZ ls vyx FksA ckS /eZ iwjs ns'k esa iSQy x;k] vkSj ns'k ls ckgj phu] tkiku]
cekZ] nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k ls bUMksufs 'k;k rd iSQy x;kA pUnzxIq r] v'kksd]
g"kZo/Zu tSls cM+&s cM+s lezkVksa us bl /eZ dks viuk;kA ;g /eZ yxHkx 1500
o"kks rd Hkkjr dk /eZ jgkA exj 900&1000 bZlk i'pkr rd vkrs&vkrs ckS
/eZ ckgjh nqfu;k esa iQyk&iwQyk exj Hkkjr esa feV x;kA D;ks\a
;g ,d iz[;kr ,sfrgkfld jgL; gS ftlls dbZ fo}ku le;&le; ij
tw>rs jgs gSaA ,d ,sls fo}ku gq, gSa Mh-Mh- dkslkach] tks vk/qfud Hkkjr
esa bfrgkl 'kkL=k osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA bl fdrkc esa mudk bl fo"k; ij
,d egRoiw.kZ ys[k fn;k tk jgk gSA
bl fdrkc dks i<+dj gesa Hkkjr esa ckS /eZ dh {k; dks le>us esa
enn rks feysxh gh] lkFk gh lkFk /eZ dh cqfu;kn vkSj vktdy osQ
/eZ;qksa osQ vlyh dkj.kksa dk Hkh irk pysxkA
ge 'kk;n ;g Hkh le> ik,axs fd orZeku /eZ;q ekuo bfrgkl osQ
vkf[kjh /eZ;q gSa] D;ksafd ;s ;q vly esa /eZ osQ eq[kkSVs yxk, gq,]
HkkSfrd ;q gSa vkSj lekt esa HkkSfrd Vs<+siu dks lekIr djus osQ ckn gh ;s
;q lekIr gksaxsA
laiknd

Hkkjr esa ckS /eZ dh {k;

phuh ;k=kh osu lkax (630 bZlk i'pkr) us viuh
Hkkjr ;k=kk osQ nkSjku tc ns[kk fd] Hkkjr dh bl Hkwfe
esa cq dh vusd ewfrZ;ka {kr&fo{kr fLFkfr esa nch iM+h
gqbZ gSa rks mlus Hkfo";ok.kh djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd] ml
egku f'k{kd }kjk LFkkfir /eZ rFkk mudh f'k{kk,a 'kh?kz
gh lekIr gks tk,axhA caxky osQ 'kkld 'k'kkad us ckS

izfrekvksa dks oLr dj fn;k FkkA ;gka rd fd ml

ifo=k cksf/o`{k dks dkVdj tyk fn;k Fkk] ftlosQ uhps
cSBdj cq dks 12 lfn;ka igys Kku izkIr gqvk FkkA
ckn esa lezkV v'kksd osQ vafre oa'kt iwekoeZu us
ml cksf/o`{k dh ,d Vguh dk irk yxk;k vkSj mls
yxkdj iYyfor vkSj iksf"kr fd;kA blh izdkj lezkV
7

g"kZ us caxky osQ 'kkld 'k'kkad dks ijkftr djosQ ckS

/eZ ls lacaf/r u"V gq, izfr"Bkuksa dk iqu:kj fd;k
rFkk dbZ u, eBksa vkSj fogkjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA gtkjksa
ckSfHk{kq bUgha eBksa esa jgk vkSj i<+k djrs FksA mPpLrjh;
f'k{kk iznku djus okyk le` ukyank fo'ofo|ky;
8

viuh izfr"Bk osQ pje ij FkkA lc Bhd yxrk FkkA

{kfr vUn:uh dkj.kksa ls gqbZA /hjs&/hjs ckS /eZ osQ
iru dh 'kq#vkr gksus yxhA phuh ;k=kh osu lkax dh

fjiksVZ dh ckrsa lp lkfcr gksus yxhA gkykafd Lo;a osu

lkax dks Hkh bl ckr dk Hkku ugha gksxk fd mldh
Hkfo";ok.kh bruh tYnh lp gksxh] tc mUgksaus fy[kk
Fkk
bl dky esa] ,sls ckS fo}ku tks ckS /eZ dh
ikou jpukvksa dh rhu f'k{kkvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldrs
10

Fks] mudh lsokvksa osQ fy, fofHkUu izdkj osQ lsodksa dks
fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA mls gkFkh okgu fn;k tkrk FkkA
tks Ng f'k{kkvksa dh O;k[;k djrk Fkk mls l'kL=k j{kd
ny fn;k tkrk FkkA tks lHkkln ifjekftZr Hkk"kk esa vius
11

fopkj (roZQ&foroZQ) izLrqr djrk Fkk] l?ku v;s;rk

gksrk Fkk rFkk vius fo"k; esa ekfgj gksrk Fkk ,oa rkfoZQd
gksrk Fkk] mls cgqewY; vkHkw"k.kksa ls lts gkFkh esa fcBk;k
tkrk FkkA mlosQ fy, eBksa osQ }kj lnk [kqys jgrs FksA
blosQ foijhr ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius rdks esa vliQy
gks tkrk Fkk] rqPN vkSj v'yhy eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx djrk
Fkk ;k rkfoZQd fu;eksa dh vosyuk djrk Fkk rks mlosQ
psgjs ij yky rFkk lisQn jax iksr fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj
mlosQ 'kjhj ij /wy rFkk feh dk ysi yxk fn;k tkrk
12

FkkA ;k mls jsrhyh txg ij xgjs [kand esa NksM+ fn;k

tkrk FkkA bl izdkj ;ksX; vkSj v;ksX;] cqfeku rFkk
ew[kZ dh igpku dh tkrh FkhA ;g fdl gkyr osQ
y{k.k Fks\
cq osQ le; esa ;ksX;rk fu/kZj.k dh ;g izfozQ;k
ugha viukbZ tkrh FkhA ges'kk Hkze.k djus okys ckS
fHk{kqvksa dk dk;Z ljy 'kCnksa esa rFkk vke Hkk"kk esa
/eZijk;.krk (lnkpkj&la;e) dk izlkj djuk FkkA le`
eB mu lk/kj.k xzkeh.kksa dh prk ugha djrs Fks ftuosQ
Je osQ mRiknksa ij gh bu eBk/h'kksa dh ,s;k'kh pyrh
Fkh] vkSj vkMacjh 'kkL=kkFkZ gksrs FksA

13

cq }kjk lapkfyr fu;eksa] la;eksa vkSj muosQ vuqikyu

dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, ckS fHk{kqvksa dks lk/kj.k os'k&Hkw"kk
esa jgus dh vuqefr FkhA mUgsa lksus vkSj pkanh osQ
vkHkw"k.kksa dks Nwus rd dh eukgh FkhA tcfd] ckn esa
vtark dh cq ewfrZ;ksa osQ flj ij vkHkw"k.k fn[kk, x,
gSa] ;k mUgsa cgqewY; vklu ij cSBk fn[kk;k x;k gS!
ckS /eZ osQ fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj gh lezkV
v'kksd us jDr&ikr dk jkLrk NksM+ fn;k Fkk vkSj og
'kkafr&fiz; gks x;k FkkA mlus iQjeku fudky fn;k Fkk
14

fd vkxs lsuk dk mi;ksx fliZQ lekjksg vkSj ijsM osQ

nkSjku gh fd;k tk,xkA /eZijk;.k lezkV g"kZ us ckSokn
osQ lkFk fdlh rjg viuh ;quhfr;ksa osQ lek/ku dh
O;oLFkk dh FkhA mlh rjg og ckn esa Hkxoku lw;Z vkSj
egs'oj] nksuksa dk vkjk/d gks x;k FkkA g"kZ dh lsuk esa
mkjkskj o`f gksrh xbZA mldh lsuk esa 60 gtkj gkFkh]
1 yk[k ?kqM+lokj rFkk cM+h la[;k esa iSny lsuk FkhA og
ckS Fkk] ;gka rd fd mldh [kqn dh gR;k djus vk;k
gR;kjk idM+k x;k] vkSj njckjh yksx ,d=k gksdj mlosQ
fy, e`R;qnaM dh ltk dh ekax jgs Fks] rks lezkV g"kZ mls
NksM+ nsus osQ fgek;rh FksA tcfd vke turk tks ;qksa esa
tku nsus osQ fy, etcwj Fkh vkSj pkgrh Fkh fd yM+kb;ka

15

de yM+h tk,a] rkfd tu&/u dh {kfr u gks g"kZo/Zu

dk buls dksbZ okLrk ugha FkkA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ckSokn cgqr [kphZyk lkfcr gqvkA
vla[; eB vkSj muesa jgus okys ,s;k'kksa ij] vkSj
lSfudksa ij] nksgjh ykxr vkus yxhA vius izkjaHk dky ls
gh ckSokn ,d lkoZHkkSfed jktra=k osQ fodkl dk
fgek;rh Fkk tks NksVs&eksVs ;qksa dks jksdrk FkkA Lo;a cq
pozQorhZ Fks] os jktk osQ v;kfRed izfr:i FksA drq
,slh egku foHkwfr;ksa us ftu lkezkT;ksa dks pyk;k os
cgqr egaxh O;oLFkk,a lkfcr gqbZA Hkkjr esa g"kZ bl
izdkj osQ vafre lezkV FksA blosQ ckn NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa
esa jkT;ksa dk foHkktu gks x;kA ;g izfozQ;k uhps ls mith
lkearoknh O;oLFkk osQ mn; rd pyrh jghA /hjs&/hjs
iz'kklu lkearh ra=k osQ gkFkksa esa pyk x;kA bl O;oLFkk
dk tUe] Hkwfe ij laifk osQ u, mits vf/dkjksa dks
ysdj gqvkA
16

xkaoksa us lkezkT;ksa vkSj muls tqM+s laxfBr /eZ dks

[kafMr dj fn;kA vc vius esa ifjiw.kZ xkao mRiknu ra=k
osQ ekud cu x,A djksa dh olwyh eqnzk osQ ctk;
oLrqvksa esa gksus yxh D;ksafd [kir Hkh LFkkuh; FkhA
nwjxkeh O;kikj dh xqatkb'k de FkhA blfy, vkilh
VdjkgV Hkh ugha gksrh FkhA
e;dkyhu Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [kk| vkSj dPph
lkexzh dks nwjLFk LFkkuksa esa igqapkus osQ fy, ifjogu dh
O;oLFkk ugha FkhA lezkV g"kZ us vius iwjs lkezkT; dk
Hkze.k fd;k Fkk] mlosQ njckjh vkSj lSfud Hkze.k esa
lkFk gksrs FksA phuh rhFkZ ;k=kh us fy[kk gS fd Hkkjrh;
yksx O;kikj esa flDdksa dk mi;ksx ugha djrs FksA bl
dky esa oLrq fofue; dh izFkk FkhA izek.k osQ rkSj ij
ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd g"kZ dky osQ dksbZ flDosQ miyC/
ugha gSaA blosQ foijhr ekS;Zdkyhu iapekdkZ okys flDdksa
dh Hkjekj ikbZ tkrh gSA
izkjaHk esa ckS/eZ cgqr liQy jgk] D;ksafd rRdkyhu
lekt dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus esa ;g liQy
jgkA bZlk iwoZ NBh 'knh osQ xkaxs; {ks=k dk lekt vius
esa ifjiw.kZ 'kkafre; xkaoksa osQ :i esa laxfBr ugha FkkA
vkcknh cgqr de FkhA drq og Hkh vkil esa yM+rs gq,
v/Z tutkrh; izns'kksa esa caVh gqbZ FkhA dbZ tutkfr;ka
,slh Fkh tks gy tksrdj o`Qf"k mRiknu dke ugha djrh
FkhA oSfnd czk.kokn pjkxkgh laLo`Qfr okys vklikl
17

osQ iM+kslh dchyksa osQ lkFk yxkrkj ;q esa yxs dchyksa

osQ fy, mi;qDr FkkA mHkjrh o`Qf"k vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
fodkl esa i'kqcfy dh izFkk ck/d gks xbZ FkhA ekS;ZiwoZ
O;oLFkk esa /krq] ued vkSj diM+s dk O;kikj yach nwjh
rd visf{kr Fkk drq l{ke jkT; osQ laj{k.k osQ fcuk
,slk laHko ugha FkkA vr% vkfnoklh lewgksa vkSj lkoZHkkSfed
lkezkT; osQ chp dh nwjh dks r; djus osQ fy, ,d u,
lkekftd n'kZu dh vko';drk FkhA
lkoZHkkSfed jktra=k vkSj lkoZHkkSfed lekftd /eZ
lekukarj Fks] ;g bl ckr ls lkfcr gks tkrk gS fd mlh
le; ex/ dk mn; gqvkA u osQoy ckS/eZ cfYd
ex/ jkT; osQ dbZ ledkyhu er pkgs os tSu gksa]
vkthfod gksa] lHkh oSfnd ;Kksa vkSj i'kqcfy dk fojks/
dj jgs FksA ckS/eZ oU; ns'k vkSj taxyh vkfnokfl;ksa
osQ {ks=kksa esa c<+rs O;kikj dks laj{k.k ns jgk FkkA izkphu
O;kikj ekxsk twukj] dkykZ] ukfld] vtark osQ Lekjd
vkSj vo'ks"k bl ckr dks izekf.kr djrs gSaA
ckS/eZ dk lH;rk&fuekZ.k dk dke bZlk dh lkroha
'knh rd [kRe gks x;k FkkA vglk dk flkUr lkoZHkkSfed
:i ls Lohdkj rks dj fy;k x;k Fkk drq O;ogkj esa
mldk ikyu ugha gks jgk FkkA oSfnd i'kq cfyizFkk
lekIr gks xbZ FkhA oqQN NksVs&NksVs jkT; blosQ viokn Fks
drq bu iqutkZxj.koknh iz;klksa dk lkekU; vFkZO;oLFkk
ij cgqr de izHkko iM+ jgk FkkA
18

vc ubZ leL;k Fkh xkaoksa osQ fdlkuksa ij vR;f/d

rkdr u bLrseky djrs gq, mudks nCcw cuk, j[kus dhA
bl f'k{kk dk dke /eZ us laHkky fy;kA ysfdu ckS
/eZ us ughaA vc xkaoksa esa oxZ lajpuk tkfr osQ :i esa
mtkxj gksus yxh] vkSj ckS/eZ ges'kk tkfr ls uiQjr
djrk FkkA
vkfnoklh ubZ mitkfr;ksa esa 'kkfey dj fy, x,A
vkfnoklh vkSj o`Q"kdoxZ deZdkaMksa osQ tatky esa iaQlus
yxk] ftls ckSfHk{kqvksa us fuf"k dj fn;k FkkA deZdkaMksa
ij czk.kksa dk ,dN=k vf/iR; LFkkfir gks x;kA

19

bl le; czk.k iFkizn'kZd osQ :i esa lkeus vk;k]

vkSj mRiknu osQ fy, izsjd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxkA
D;ksafd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ] cht cksus] rFkk iQly mxkus dk
eqgwrZ dc gksxk] vkfn bu lcosQ le; r; djus dk
iapkx muosQ ikl jgrk FkkA iafMr ubZ iQly vkSj O;kikj
dh laHkkoukvksa dh fof/ crkus yxsA czk.k mRiknu ij
cks> ugha curk Fkk tSlk fd mlosQ oSfnd iwoZt ;k
ckSeBksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dky esa cq dks
fo".kq dk gh vorkj ekudj le>kSrk fd;k x;kA
blfy, vkSipkfjd ckS/eZ /hjs&/hjs yqIr gksus yxkA
drq ckS/eZ dh egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk dk kl ugha
gksuk pkfg, vPNs fopkjksa osQ fy, gj O;fDr dks
vius fnyks&fnekx osQ iks"k.k vkSj izf'k{k.k dh t:jr
gksrh gS] tSls vPNs xk;u osQ fy, xys dk fj;kt vkSj
vPNh nLrdkjh osQ fy, gkFkksa dk vH;kl t:jh gSA
ysfdu fopkjksa dk ewY; vkSj egRo bl ckr ij fuHkZj
djrk gS fd muls fdruh lkekftd izxfr gks ikrh gSA

20