PROBLEMS STATEMENT

Vision: The vision of the Donations Database Management System (DDBMS) is to

provide support for the nonprofit organizations in organizing the process of managing the
contributors records and other concerns related to the organization.
Description: To create and manage incoming donations in a non-profit organization with
this application. This software has forms for contributor information and fundraising
campaigns, and pre-configured reports for campaign summary, pledge listing, and unpaid
pledges. The objective of this system is to maintain the profiles of contributors that
includes pledged and unpledged contributors, and allows user to maintain the record of
the same according to the requirement of the organization.

BASIC FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM:

Maintaining the contributors profiles

Maintaining the fundraising campaigns.

Maintaining the reports for campaign summary

Managing the pledge listing and unpaid pledges.

.1.2 PROPOSED SOLUTION:

The present software application is related to maintain the records of the donors
who donated generously towards the great cause of our non-profit organization.
All these are to be automated and an application is required to relate all of them
relatively and logically so that the current system can be replaced and accepted

without major changes and problems.

The application should provide quick access to the records maintained and must
reveal the important reviews about the business so that the growth can be easily
compared and should provide with the various reports showing the related details
so that the important decisions could be taken easily.

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of the application is to automate the existing system of manually
maintained records of the contributors of the non-profit organization along with other
valuable information like listing of pledged and unpledged donors.
Some major objectives are

To keep track of all the contributors.

To know the current position of the unpledged and pledged contributors.
Report generation.
Fundraising campaigns details.

Scope of the system

The project aims at providing an efficient interface to manager to manage their
contributor. The basic idea involved here is that each contributor is linked to its
organization which is stored in a database. At the end of each day, the system analyzes
the total number of contributors. Then it compares the current pledged to unpledged
contributors. We also propose to include a special feature Fundraising Campaign. This
feature keeps track of any upcoming occasions, climatic changes and special events that
may influence fundraising campaigns events for the upcoming week. The system will
then predict the required resources for these events based on previously accumulated
information/knowledge. It will now generate an updated reports for the same.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTYEM

The system enables easy and fast access to the contributors.

The system provides better data management facilities.
The system provides security measures to access the contributors information

lowering data security threats.

The system help reduce the congestion of time.
Easy update of the contributors records.
Reduction of contributors data entry and processing errors.
Greatly reduce paper use.

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
Hardware and Software requirements
Hardware Requirements
Processor

Pentium IV 2GHz and Above

RAM

2GB RAM

Monitor

15 Color Monitor

Operating System

Windows XP/7/8

Developing Tool

MS Access

Software Requirements

2.2 METHODOLOGY USED: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE

CYCLE
The systems development life cycle (SDLC), is the life cycle of software
development for use in systems engineering and software engineering process to create
or modify systems and models and methods, to develop people to those systems. The
term usually refers to the computer or information systems. In software engineering, the
concept behind the SDLC many types of software development methods. Methods
provides a framework for planning and monitoring the creation of information system:
the software development process. Overview of SDLC Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) is a logical process, system analyst, used for) information systems, including
requirements, validation, training,
and the user (interested parties to develop the property. All should be SDLC have high
quality system that meets or exceed customer expectations, and reached completion on
schedule and cost estimates, effectively and efficiently with existing infrastructure and
planned and not costly to maintain and improve cost-effectiveness . Computer systems
are complex and often (especially with the recent increase in service-oriented
architecture) to more traditional systems could occur at the various software vendors to
provide connectivity. Although they were created around the complexity, some systems
development life cycle (SDLC) models:
Cascade, Fountain, Spiral, Construction and Repair, Rapid Prototyping; one
example and to stabilize . SDLC models can describe a wide range of more flexible to
the iterative sequence. Agile methods like XP and Scrum, focus on the processes of
capacity, low weight rapidly changes along the development cycle. Iterative methods like
the United reasonable Dynamic Process and Systems Development Method is limited to
the areas of policy and project development or improving the product of more iterations.
Lines or large green design) (BDUF models such as waterfall, to focus on the full and
proper planning of large projects and the risks to achieving successful and predictable
leader. Some support the
concept of SDLC confusion iterative and agile with lines or traditional, but CCES is a
general term for the methods to design, implement and launch the software. Project
management of project, whether through the project life cycle (PLC) and SDLC, although
7

the activity is defined somewhat differently. According to Taylor (2004) The life of the
project, he focuses all activities of the project life cycle including systems, product
development needs to create. Stage of development The Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) in accordance with the main sections, which are necessary for the
developers, such as planning, analysis, design and implementation, and be in the next
section. Some existing systems development life-cycle model. The oldest model, which
was originally a system development life cycle, the Cascade model: a sequence of steps
of each phase output, the entry for next year. Steps generally follow the same basic
procedure, but different methods give different names and Kaskadenstufen like to change
the number of steps 4 to 7 is certainly a good example of the system development life
cycle, but the procedure can be characterized and in several different stages:
The different phases of the implementation of the project here is Business Process &
Requirements analysis Software Requirements Specifications
Design and Development Testing & Debugging Maintenance.

2.2.1Business Process & Requirements analysis

Business Process & Requirements analysis is the phase when the relevant business area is
studied in detail. This process brings out the gap between the existing systems and
identifies the areas where the business operations should be modified, keeping in view
the way it needs to be carried out. To encounter the problems during this phase the
required documents are prepared defining the existing and required setup for the project

System Study
Preliminary system study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This is a
brief investigation of the system under consideration and gives a clear picture of what
actually the physical system is? In practice, the initial system study involves the
preparation of a System proposal which lists the Problem Definition, Objectives of the
Study, Terms of reference for Study, Constraints, Expected benefits of the new system,
etc. in the light of the user requirements. The system proposal is prepared by the System
Analyst (who studies the system) and places it before the user management.
The management may accept the proposal and the cycle proceeds to the next stage. The
management may also reject the proposal or request some modifications in the proposal.
In summary, we would say that system study phase passes through the following steps:

problem identification and project initiation

background analysis
inference or findings

10

Feasibility Study
In case the system proposal is acceptable to the management, the next phase is to
examine the feasibility of the system. The feasibility study is basically the test of the
proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting users requirements, effective use
of resources and of course, the cost effectiveness. These are categorized as technical,
operational, economic, schedule and social feasibility. The main goal of feasibility study
is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope. In the process of feasibility study, the
cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy to find the Return on Investment
(ROI). This also defines the resources needed to complete the detailed investigation. The
result is a feasibility report submitted to the management. This may be accepted or
accepted with modifications or rejected.
In short, following decision are taken in different feasibility study:

Economic feasibility - The likely benefits outweigh the cost of solving the

problem which is generally demonstrated by a cost/benefit analysis.

Operational feasibility - Whether the problem can be solved in the users

environment with existing and proposed system workings?

Organizational feasibility Whether the proposed system is consistent with the

organizations strategic objectives?

Technical feasibility - Whether the problem be solved using existing technology

and resources available?

Social feasibility Whether the problem be solved without causing any social
issues? Whether the system will be acceptable to the society?

2.2.2Software Requirements Specifications

The information about the requirements is collected which contains the information about
the current user system and the proposed system as seen from the user perspective. At the
end of this phase a detailed requirement specification document is prepared and
approved.

Detailed System
Study The detailed investigation of the system is carried out in accordance with the
objectives of the proposed system. This involves detailed study of various operations
performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. During this
11

process, data are collected on the available files, decision points and transactions handled
by the present system. Interviews, on-site observation and questionnaire are the tools
used for detailed system study. Using the following steps it becomes easy to draw the
exact boundary of the new system under consideration:

Keeping in view the problems and new requirements

Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system

All the data and the findings must be documented in the form of detailed data flow
diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specifications. It
includes planning for the new system, analysis of requirement, system constraints,
functions and proposed system architecture, prototype of the proposed system and its
analysis.

Errors removed, then system test is done. At this stage the test is done on

actual data. The complete system is executed on the actual data. At each stage of
the execution, the results or output of the system is analyzed. During the result
analysis, it may be found that the outputs are not matching the expected output of
the system. In such case, the errors in the particular programs are identified and
are fixed and further tested for the expected output. All independent modules be
brought together and all the interfaces to be tested between multiple modules, the
whole set of software is tested to establish that all modules work together
correctly as an application or system or package. When it is ensured that the
system is running error-free, the users are called with their own actual data so that
the system could be shown running as per their requirements.

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2.2.3Design and Development

In this phase the framework for the design of the proposed product is designed to meet
the requirement specifications documented. The product is developed as per the
framework to meet the objectives of the system requirement specifications approved.

2.2.4 Testing & Debugging

This phase contains the preparation of test cases and the standards of testing. The end
users using the dummy User Ids carries out the testing.

2.2.5 Implementation
The project enters the implementation phase when the product is ready to be
Implemented/ piloted on the production environment and after thorough training to all the
end users the product is implemented after having the user acceptance of the new system
developed, the implementation phase begins. Implementation is the stage of a project
during which theory is turned into practice. The major steps involved in this phase are:

Acquisition and Installation of Hardware and Software

Conversion
User Training

The hardware and the relevant software required for running the system must be made
fully operational before implementation. The conversion is also one of the most critical
and expensive activities in the system development life cycle. The data from the old
system needs to be converted to operate in the new format of the new system. The
database needs to be setup with security and recovery procedures fully defined. During
this phase, all the programs of the system are loaded onto the users computer. After
loading the system, training of the user starts. Main topics of such type of training are:
13

How to execute the package?

How to enter the data?
How to process the data (processing details)?
How to take out the reports?

After the users are trained about the computerized system, working has to shift from
manual to computerized working. The process is called Changeover. The following
strategies are followed for changeover of the system.
1.

Direct Changeover: This is the complete replacement of the old system

by the new system. It is a risky approach and requires comprehensive system

testing and training.
2.
Parallel run: In parallel run both the systems, i.e., computerized and
manual, are executed simultaneously for certain defined period. The same data is
processed by both the systems. This strategy is less risky but more expensive
because of the following facts:

Manual results can be compared with the results of the computerized

system. The

Operational work is doubled.

Failure of the computerized system at the early stage does not affect the
working of the organization, because the manual system continues to work, as it
used to do.
3.
Pilot run: In this type of run, the new system is run with the data from
one or more of the previous periods for the whole or part of the system. The
results are compared with the old system results. It is less expensive and risky
than parallel run approach. This strategy builds the confidence and the errors are
traced easily without affecting the operations. The documentation of the system is
also one of the most important activity in the system development life cycle. This
ensures the continuity of the system. Generally following two types of
documentations are prepared for any system. User or Operator Documentation
System Documentation
User Documentation: The user documentation is a complete description of the
system from the users point of view detailing how to use or operate the system. It
also includes the major error messages likely to be encountered by the user.
System Documentation: The system documentation contains the details of
system design, programs, their coding, system flow, data dictionary, process
14

description, etc. This helps to understand the system and permit changes to be
made in the existing system to satisfy new user needs.

2.2.6 Maintenance: Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during

its working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working environments. It
must meet the scope of any future enhancement, future functionality and any other added
functional features to cope up with the latest future needs. It has been seen that there are
always some errors found in the systems that must be noted and corrected. It also means
the review of the system from time to time. The review of the system is done for:
knowing the full capabilities of the system
knowing the required changes or the additional requirements
studying the performance.
If a major change to a system is needed, a new project may have to be set up to carry out
the change. The new project will then proceed through all the above life cycle phases.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) puts emphasis on decision making processes
that affect system cost and usefulness. These decisions must be based on full
consideration of business processes, functional requirements, and economic and technical
feasibility. The primary objectives of any SDLC is to deliver quality system which meets
or exceed customer expectations and within cost estimates, work effectively and
efficiently within the current and planned infrastructure, and is an inexpensive to
maintain. SDLC establishes a logical order of events for conducting system development
that is controlled, measured, documented, and ultimately improved. Any software is not
all complete and there are enough rooms to add new features to existing software.

15

Project Estimates:
The estimated time lines for completing the implementation of the application identified
and its approach is enumerated as below
Phase

Duration

1 - Business Process & Req.Analysis

in weeks
3

2 - System Requirements Specifications

3 - Design and Development

4 - Testing & Debugging

5 Implementation

2.3 Dubious use of the System

If the user is deliberately going to handle the system improperly, like he can enter
incorrect schedule or he may submit wrong work log or feedback. The System is to be
further developed to countercheck the user entries with that of the local authorities.

16

2.4 System Design:

2.4.1 Logical Design
Design for an MS Access database encompasses technical and non-technical activities.
The look and feel of content is developed as part of graphic design; the aesthetic layout of
the user interface is created as part of interface design; and the technical structure of the
MS Access application is modeled as part of architectural and navigational design.
Dix argues that a application developer must design an interface so that it answers three
primary questions for the end-user;
1. Where am I? The interface should (1) provide an indication of the application
has been accessed and (2) inform the user of her location in the content.
2. What can I do now? The interface should always help the user understand his
current options- what functions are available, what links are live, what content is
relevant.
3. Where have I been; where am I going? The interface must facilitate navigation.
Hence it must provide a map of where the user has been and what paths may be
taken to move elsewhere in the Application.
Design goals- the following are the design goals that are applicable to virtually every
software regardless of application domain, size, or complexity.
1. Simplicity
2. Consistency
3. Identity
4. Visual appeal
5. Compatibility.
Design leads to a model that contains the appropriate mix of aesthetics, content, and
technology. The mix will vary depending upon the nature of the Application, and as a
consequence the design activities that are emphasized will also vary.
The activities of the Design process;
17

1. Interface design-describes the structure and organization of the user interface.

Includes a representation of screen layout, a definition of the modes of interaction,
and a description of navigation mechanisms.
Interface Control mechanisms- to implement navigation options, the designer
selects form one of a number of interaction mechanism;
a. Navigation menus
b. Graphic icons
c. Graphic images
Interface Design work flow- the work flow begins with the identification of user, task,
and environmental requirements. Once user tasks have been identified, user scenarios are
created and analyzed to define a set of interface objects and actions.
2. Aesthetic design-also called graphic design, describes the look and feel of the
Application. Includes color schemes, geometric layout. Text size, font and
placement, the use of graphics, and related aesthetic decisions.
3. Content design-defines the layout, structure, and outline for all content that is
presented as part of the Application. Establishes the relationships between content
objects.
4. Navigation design-represents the navigational flow between contents objects and
for all Application functions.

2.5

TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY

2.5.1 Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access, also known as Microsoft Office Access, is a database management
system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a
graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft
Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold
separately.
Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine.
It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.

18

Software developers and data architects can use Microsoft Access to develop application
software, and "power users" can use it to build software applications. Like other Office
applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications, an object-oriented
programming language that can reference a variety of objects including DAO (Data
Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components. Visual
objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and properties in the VBA
programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare and call Windows
operating-system functions.

19

Uses
In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as
the 'front-end' of a program while other products act as the 'back-end' tables, such as
Microsoft SQL Server and non-Microsoft products such as Oracle and Sybase. Multiple
backend sources can be used by a Microsoft Access Jet Database (accdb and mdb
formats). Similarly, some applications such as Visual Basic, ASP.NET, or Visual
Studio .NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries.
Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be
integrated with other technologies such as Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft
Word, Microsoft PowerPoint and ActiveX Controls.
Access tables support a variety of standard field types, indices, and referential integrity
including cascading updates and deletes. Access also includes a query interface, forms to
display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying Jet database, which
contains these objects, is multiuser-aware and handles record-locking.
Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with point-and-click options. It is also
easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data
without overwriting each other's work. Data is locked at the record level which is
significantly different from Excel which locks the entire spreadsheet.
There are template databases within the program and for download from their website.
These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database
with predefined tables, queries, forms, reports, and macros. Database templates support
VBA code but Microsoft's templates do not include VBA code.
Programmers can create solutions using the programming language Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA), which is similar to Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6) and used throughout the
Microsoft Office programs such as Excel, Word, Outlook and PowerPoint. Most VB6
code, including the use of Windows API calls, can be used in VBA. Power users and
developers can extend basic end-user solutions to a professional solution with advanced
automation, data validation, error trapping, and multi-user support.
The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data,
the tasks being performed, level of use, and application design. Generally accepted limits
are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB) and performs quite
20

well with 100 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are supported).
This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access database
solution in a multi-user scenario, the application should be "split". This means that the
tables are in one file called the back end (typically stored on a shared network folder) and
the application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in
another file called the front end. The linked tables in the front end point to the back end
file. Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the
front end file.
Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally
require greater bandwidth and memory. Microsoft Access is designed to scale to support
more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a back-end database
like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale
to enterprise-level solutions.
Microsoft Access's role in web development prior to version 2010 is limited. User
interface features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in Windows. In
versions 2000 through 2003 an Access object type called Data Access Pages created
publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The Microsoft Jet
Database Engine, core to Access, can be accessed through technologies such as ODBC or
OLE DB. The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be accessed by web-based applications
developed in ASP.NET, PHP, or Java. With the use of Microsoft's Terminal Services and
Remote Desktop Application in Windows Server 2008 R2, organizations can host Access
applications so they can be run over the web. This technique does not scale the way a
web application would but is appropriate for a limited number of users depending on the
configuration of the host.
Access 2010 allows databases to be published to SharePoint 2010 web sites running
Access Services. These web-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser.
The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, don't require any
add-ins or extensions (e.g. ActiveX, Silver light).
Access 2013 can create web applications directly in SharePoint 2013 sites running Access
Services. Access 2013 web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database

21

which is much more scalable and robust than the Access 2010 version which used
SharePoint lists to store its data.
A compiled version of an Access database (File extensions: .MDE /ACCDE or .ADE;
ACCDE only works with Access 2007 or later) can be created to prevent user from
accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. An
MDE/ACCDE file is a Microsoft Access database file with all modules compiled and all
editable source code removed. An ADE file is an Access project file with all modules
compiled and all editable source code removed. Both the .MDE/ACCDE and .ADE
versions of an Access database are used when end-user modifications are not allowed or
when the applications source code should be kept confidential.
Microsoft also offers developer extensions for download to help distribute Access 2007
applications, create database templates, and integrate source code control with Microsoft
Visual SourceSafe.

Features
Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with
macros. Advanced users can use VBA to write rich solutions with advanced data
manipulation and user control. Access also has report creation features that can work with
any data source that Access can access.
The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any
source. Other features include: the import and export of data to many formats including
Excel, Outlook, ASCII, dBase, Paradox, FoxPro, SQL Server, Oracle, ODBC, etc. It also
has the ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying,
editing, and reporting. This allows the existing data to change while ensuring that Access
uses the latest data. It can perform heterogeneous joins between data sets stored across
different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from enterprise
level databases for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally.
There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access 2007) which can
contain the application and data in one file. This makes it very convenient to distribute
the entire application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments.

22

One of the benefits of Access from a programmer's perspective is its relative

compatibility with SQL (structured query language) queries can be viewed graphically
or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used directly in Macros and
VBA Modules to manipulate Access tables. Users can mix and use both VBA and
"Macros" for programming forms and logic and offers object-oriented possibilities. VBA
can also be included in queries.
Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and Access tables can be
referenced from other programs like VB6 and .NET through DAO or ADO. From
Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO.
The desktop editions of Microsoft SQL Server can be used with Access as an alternative
to the Jet Database Engine. This support started with MSDE (Microsoft SQL Server
Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and continues
with the SQL Server Express versions of SQL Server 2005 and 2008.
Microsoft Access is a file server-based database. Unlike clientserver relational database
management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft Access does not implement database triggers,
stored procedures, or transaction logging. Access 2010 includes table-level triggers and
stored procedures built into the ACE data engine. Thus a Client-server database system is
not a requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access 2010. Tables,
queries, forms, reports and macros can now be developed specifically for web base
application in Access 2010. Integration with Microsoft SharePoint 2010 is also highly
improved.

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Access Services and Web database

ASP.NET web forms can query a Microsoft Access database, retrieve records and display
them on the browser.
SharePoint Server 2010 via Access Services allows for Access 2010 databases to be
published to SharePoint, thus enabling multiple users to interact with the database
application from any standards-compliant Web browser. Access Web databases published
to SharePoint Server can use standard objects such as tables, queries, forms, macros, and
reports. Access Services stores those objects in SharePoint.
Access 2013 offers the ability to publish Access web solutions on SharePoint 2013.
Rather than using SharePoint lists as its data source, Access 2013 uses an actual SQL
Server database hosted by SharePoint or SQL Azure. This offers a true relational database
with referential integrity, scalability, maintainability, and extensibility compared to the
SharePoint views Access 2010 used.. The macro language is enhanced to support more
sophisticated programming logic and database level automation.

Import or Link sources

Microsoft Access can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and
databases. Microsoft Office Access 2007 and newer can import from or link to:

Microsoft Access

Excel

SharePoint lists

Plain text

XML

Outlook

HTML

dBase (dropped in Access 2013)

Paradox (with Access 2007)

Lotus 1-2-3

ODBC-compliant data containers, including:

24

o Microsoft SQL Server

o Oracle
o MySQL
o PostgreSQL
o IBM Lotus Notes
o AS 400 DB2

Microsoft Access Runtime

Microsoft offers free runtime versions of Microsoft Access: Access 2013 Runtime,
Access 2010 Runtime, Access 2007 Runtime, which allow users to run an Access desktop
application without needing to purchase or install a full version of Microsoft Access. This
allows Access developers to create databases that can be freely distributed to an unlimited
number of end-users. The runtime version allows users to view, edit and delete data,
along with running queries, forms, reports, macros and VBA module code. But the
runtime version does not allow users to change the design of Microsoft Access objects or
code. The runtime versions are similar to their corresponding full version of Access and
usually compatible with earlier versions; for example Access Runtime 2010 allows a user
to run an Access application made with the 2010 version as well as 2007 through 2000.
Due to deprecated features in Access 2013, its runtime version is also unable to support
those older features.

Development
Access stores all database tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules in the
Access Jet database as a single file.
For query development, Access offers a "Query Designer", a graphical user interface that
allows users to build queries without knowledge of structured query language. In the
Query Designer, users can "show" the data sources of the query (which can be tables or
queries) and select the fields they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the
grid. One can set up joins by clicking and dragging fields in tables to fields in other
tables. Access allows users to view and manipulate the SQL code if desired. Any Access
table, including linked tables from different data sources, can be used in a query.
25

Access also supports the creation of "pass-through queries". These snippets of SQL code
can address external data sources through the use of ODBC connections on the local
machine. This enables users to interact with data stored outside the Access program
without using linked tables or Jet. Users construct the pass-through queries using the SQL
syntax supported by the external data source.
When developing reports (in "Design View") additions or changes to controls cause any
linked queries to execute in the background and the designer is forced to wait for records
to be returned before being able to make another change. This feature cannot be turned
off.
Non-programmers can use the macro feature to automate simple tasks through a series of
drop-down selections. Macros allow users to easily chain commands together such as
running queries, importing or exporting data, opening and closing forms, previewing and
printing reports, etc. Macros support basic logic (IF-conditions) and the ability to call
other macros. Macros can also contain sub-macros which are similar to subroutines. In
Access 2007, enhanced macros included error-handling and support for temporary
variables. Access 2007 also introduced embedded macros that are essentially properties
of an object's event. This eliminated the need to store macros as individual objects.
However, macros were limited in their functionality by a lack of programming loops and
advanced coding logic until Access 2013. With significant further enhancements
introduced in Access 2013, the capabilities of macros became fully comparable to VBA.
They made feature rich web-based application deployments practical, via a greatly
enhanced Microsoft SharePoint interface and tools, as well as on traditional Windows
desktops.
In common with other products in the Microsoft Office suite, the other programming
language used in Access is Microsoft VBA Visual Basic for Applications. VBA is similar
to Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6) and code can be stored in modules, classes, and code behind
forms and reports. To create a richer, more efficient and maintainable finished product
with good error handling, most professional Access applications are developed using the
VBA programming language rather than macros, except where web deployment is a
business requirement.

26

27

To manipulate data in tables and queries in VBA or macros, Microsoft provides two
database access libraries of COM components:
1

Data Access Objects (DAO) (32-bit only), which is included in Access and
Windows and evolved to ACE in Microsoft Access 2007 for the ACCDE database
format

ActiveX Data Objects ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) (both 32-bit and 64-bit
versions)

As well as DAO and ADO, developers can also use OLE DB and ODBC for developing
native C/C++ programs for Access. For ADPs and the direct manipulation of SQL Server
data, ADO is required. DAO is most appropriate for managing data in Access/Jet
databases, and the only way to manipulate the complex field types in ACCDB tables.
In the database container or navigation pane in Access 2007 and later versions, the
system automatically categorizes each object by type (e.g., table, query, macro). Many
Access developers use the Leszynski naming convention, though this is not universal; it
is a programming convention, not a DBMS-enforced rule. It is particularly helpful in
VBA where references to object names may not indicate its data type (e.g. tbl for tables,
qry for queries).
Developers deploy Microsoft Access most often for individual and workgroup projects
(the Access 97 speed characterization was done for 32 users). Since Access 97, and with
Access 2003 and 2007, Microsoft Access and hardware have evolved significantly.
Databases under 1 GB in size (which can now fit entirely in RAM) and 50 simultaneous
users are well within the capabilities of Microsoft Access. Of course, performance
depends on the database design and tasks. Disk-intensive work such as complex
searching and querying take the most time.

28

As data from a Microsoft Access database can be cached in RAM, processing speed may
substantially improve when there is only a single user or if the data are not changing. In
the past, the effect of packet latency on the record-locking system caused Access
databases to run slowly on a Virtual Private Network (VPN) or a Wide Area Network
(WAN) against a Jet database. As of 2010 broadband connections have mitigated this
issue. Performance can also be enhanced if a continuous connection is maintained to the
back-end database throughout the session rather than opening and closing it for each table
access. If Access database performance over VPN or WAN suffers, then a client using
Remote Desktop Protocol (such as Microsoft Terminal Services) can provide an effective
solution. Access databases linked to SQL Server or to Access Data Projects work well
over VPNs and WANs.
In July 2011, Microsoft acknowledged an intermittent query performance problem with
all versions of Access and Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 due to the nature of
resource management being vastly different in newer operating systems. This issue
severely affects query performance on both Access 2003 and earlier with the Jet Database
Engine code, as well as Access 2007 and later with the Access Database Engine (ACE).
Microsoft has issued hotfixes KB2553029 for Access 2007 and KB2553116 for Access
2010, but will not fix the issue with Jet 4.0 as it is out of mainstream support.
In previous versions of Microsoft Access the ability to distribute applications required the
purchase of the Developer Toolkit; in Access 2010 and Access 2013 the "Runtime Only"
version is offered as a free download, making the distribution of royalty-free applications
possible on Windows 7 and Windows 8.x.

Split Database Architecture

Microsoft Access applications can adopt a split-database architecture. The single database
can be divided into a separate "back-end" file that contains the data tables (shared on a
file server) and a "front-end" (containing the application's objects such as queries, forms,
reports, macros, and modules). The "front-end" Access application is distributed to each
user's desktop and linked to the shared database. Using this approach, each user has a
29

copy of Microsoft Access (or the runtime version) installed on their machine along with
their application database. This reduces network traffic since the application is not
retrieved for each use. The "front-end" database can still contain local tables for storing a
user's settings or temporary data. This split-database design also allows development of
the application independent of the data. One disadvantage is that users may make various
changes to their own local copy of the application and this makes it hard to manage
version control. When a new version is ready, the front-end database is replaced without
impacting the data database. Microsoft Access has two built-in utilities, Database Splitter
and Linked Table Manager, to facilitate this architecture.
Linked tables in Access use absolute paths rather than relative paths, so the development
environment either has to have the same path as the production environment or a
"dynamic-linker" routine can be written in VBA.
For very large Access databases, this may have performance issues and a SQL backend
should be considered in these circumstances. This is less of an issue if the entire database
can fit in the PC's RAM since Access caches data and indexes.

Access to SQL Server Upsizing (Upgrading) (SQL as a backend)

To scale Access applications to enterprise or web solutions, one possible technique
involves migrating to Microsoft SQL Server or equivalent server database. A client
server design significantly reduces maintenance and increases security, availability,
stability, and transaction logging.
Access 2010 included a feature called the Upsizing Wizard that allowed users to upgrade
their databases to Microsoft SQL Server, an ODBC clientserver database. This feature
was removed from Access 2013. An additional solution, the SQL Server Migration
Assistant for Access (SSMA), continues to be available for free download from
Microsoft. A variety of upgrading options are available. After migrating the data and
queries to SQL Server, the MDB/ACCDB Access database can be linked to the database.
However, certain data types are problematic, most notably "Yes/No". In MS Access there
are three states for the Yes/No (True/False) data type: empty, No/False (zero) and
30

Yes/True (-1). The corresponding SQL Server data type is binary, with only two states,
permissible values, zero and 1. Regardless, SQL Server is still the easiest migration, and
most appropriate especially if the user does not have rights to create objects such as
stored procedures on SQL Server. Retrieving data from linked tables is optimized to just
the records needed, but this scenario may operate less efficiently than what would
otherwise be optimal for SQL Server. For example, in instances where multi-table joins
still require copying the whole table across the network. In previous versions of Access,
including Access 2010, databases can also be converted to Access Data Projects (ADP)
which are tied directly to one SQL Server database. This feature was removed from
Access 2013. ADP's support the ability to directly create and modify SQL Server objects
such as tables, views, stored procedures, and SQL Server constraints. The views and
stored procedures can significantly reduce the network traffic for multi-table joins.
Fortunately, SQL Server supports temporary tables and links to other data sources beyond
the single SQL Server database. Finally, some Access databases are completely replaced
by another technology such as ASP.NET or Java once the data is converted. However any
migration may dictate major effort since the Access SQL language is a more powerful
superset of standard SQL. Further, Access application procedures, whether VBA and
macros, are written at a relatively higher level versus the currently available alternatives
that are both robust and comprehensive. Note that the Access macro language, allowing
an even higher level of abstraction than VBA, was significantly enhanced in Access 2010
and again in Access 2013.In many cases, developers build direct web-to-data interfaces
using ASP.NET, while keeping major business automation processes, administrative and
reporting functions that don't need to be distributed to everyone in Access for information
workers to maintain. While all Access data can migrate to SQL Server directly, some
queries cannot migrate successfully. In some situations, you may need to translate VBA
functions and user defined functions into TSQL or .NET functions / procedures.
Crosstab queries can be migrated to SQL Server using the PIVOT command.

31

Protection
Microsoft Access offers several ways to secure the application while allowing users to
remain productive. The most basic is a database password. Once entered, the user has full
control of all the database objects. This is a relatively weak form of protection which can
be easily cracked. A higher level of protection is the use of workgroup security requiring
a user name and password. Users and groups can be specified along with their rights at
the object type or individual object level. This can be used to specify people with readonly or data entry rights but may be challenging to specify. A separate workgroup
security file contains the settings which can be used to manage multiple databases.
Workgroup security is not supported in the Access 2007 and Access 2010 ACCDB
database format, although Access 2007 and Access 2010 still support it for MDB
databases. Databases can also be encrypted. The ACCDB format offers significantly
advanced encryption from previous versions. Additionally, if the database design needs to
be secured to prevent changes, Access databases can be locked/protected (and the source
code compiled) by converting the database to a .MDE file. All changes to the VBA
project (modules, forms, or reports) need to be made to the original MDB and then
reconverted to MDE. In Access 2007 and Access 2010, the ACCDB database is converted
to an ACCDE file. Some tools are available for unlocking and "decompiling", although
certain elements including original VBA comments and formatting are normally
irretrievable.

32

File extensions
Microsoft Access saves information under the following file formats:
File format

Extensio
n

Protected Access Data Project (not supported in Access 2013)

Access Data Project (not supported in Access 2013)
Access Blank Project Template
Access Database (2007)
Access Database Runtime (2007)
Access Database Template (2007)
Access Add-In (2007)
Access Database (2003 and earlier)
Access Database (Pocket Access for Windows CE)
Access Database, used for addins (2,95,97), previously used for

.ade
.adp
.adn
.accdb
.accdr
.accdt
.accda
.mdb
.cdb
.mda

workgroups (2).
Access Blank Database Template (2003 and earlier)
Access Add-in Data (2003 and earlier)
Access Workgroup, database for user-level security.
Access (SQL Server) detached database (2000)
Protected Access Database, with compiled VBA and/or macros (2003 and

.mdn
.mdt
.mdw
.mdf
.mde

earlier)
Protected Access Database, with compiled VBA and/or macros (2007)
Windows Shortcut: Access Macro
Windows Shortcut: Access Query
Windows Shortcut: Access Report
Windows Shortcut: Access Table
Windows Shortcut: Access Form
Access lock files (associated with .mdb)
Access lock files (associated with .accdb)

.accde
.mam
.maq
.mar
.mat
.maf
.ldb
.laccdb

Versions
Version

Version

Release

Jet

numbe

Date

version

Supported OS

Office suite
version

r
33

Access 1.1
Access 2.0
Access for

1.0
2.0
7.0

1992
1993
Aug.

Windows

24,

95
Access 97

1995
Jan. 16,

8.0

1.1
2.0
3.0

9.0

2000

Access

3.5

10.0

11.0

2007

Nov. 27,

Jan. 27,
2007

Windows NT 3.51

Professional and

SP5, Windows NT

Developer

12

Office 2000

Windows NT 4.0,

Professional,

Windows 98,

Premium and
Developer
Office XP

SP6, Windows 98,

Professional and

Windows 2000,

Developer

Windows Me
4.0 SP1 Windows 2000

2003

12.0

Office 97

Windows 2000
4.0 SP1 Windows NT 4.0

2001

2003

Access

May 31,

Windows 95,

4.0 SP2
4.0 SP1 Windows 95,

1999

2002

Access

June 7,

Office 4.3 Pro

Office 95
Professional

1997

Access

Windows 3.0
Windows 3.1x
Windows 95

Office 2003

SP3 or later,

Professional and

Windows XP,

Professional

Windows Vista,

Enterprise

Windows 7
Windows XP SP2,

Office 2007

Windows Server

Professional,

2003 SP1, or

Professional Plus,

newer operating

Ultimate and

system

Enterprise

34

Notes
There are no Access versions between 2.0 and 7.0 because the Office 95 version
was launched with Word 7. All of the Office 95 products have OLE 2 capabilities,
and Access 7 shows that it was compatible with Word 7.
Version number 13 was skipped.
Microsoft Access has been around for some time, yet people often still ask me what is
Microsoft Access and what does it do? Microsoft Access is a part of the Microsoft Office
Suite. It does not come with all versions of Microsoft Office, so if you specifically want
Microsoft Access make sure the office suite you are purchasing has it. Microsoft Access
has the look and feel of other Microsoft Office products, including its layout and
navigational aspects. That is where the similarity ends. Microsoft Access is a database
and, more specifically, a relational database. This will be explained in more detail later.
Access has an .mdb extension by default, whereas Microsoft Word has the .doc
extension. Although this has changed in Access 2007 where the extension is now an
accdb extension. Early versions of Access cannot read accdb extensions but Microsoft
Access 2007 can read and change earlier versions of Access. The above is a bried
overview of what is Microsoft Access. Now lets look at it in a bit more detail. What is
Microsoft Access made up of?
The Microsoft Access Database is made up of 7 major components:

Tables;
Relationships;
Queries;
Forms;
Reports;
Macros;
Modules.

The following gives a quick overview of each component.

35

2.5.2Tables
The tables are the backbone and the storage container of the data entered into the
database. If the tables are not set up correctly, with the correct relationships, then the
database may be slow, give you the wrong results or not react the way you expect. So,
take a bit of time when setting up your tables. Queries, forms, etc. are usually based on a
table. The tables that contain data look a bit like a table in Microsoft Word or a
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, when opened. They have columns and rows as does a
table in Microsoft Word and an Excel worksheet. Each of the columns will have a field
name at the top and each of the rows will represent a record.
As an example:

36

2.5.3 Forms
Forms are the primary interface through which the users of the database enter data. The
person who enters the data will interact with forms regularly. The programmer can set the
forms to show only the data required. By using queries, properties, macros and VBA
(Visual Basic for Applications), the ability to add, edit and delete data can also be set.
Forms can be set up and developed to reflect the use they will be required for.

2.5.4Reports
Reports are the results of the manipulation of the data you have entered into the database.
Unlike forms, they cannot be edited. Reports are intended to be used to output data to
another device or application, i.e. printer, fax, Microsoft Word or Microsoft Excel.

2.5.5 Relationships
Relationships are the bonds you build between the tables. They join tables that have
associated elements. To do this there is a field in each table, which is linked to each other,
and have the same values.

2.5.6Queries
Queries are the means of manipulating the data to display in a form or a report. Queries
can sort, calculate, group, filter, join tables, update data, delete data, etc. Their power is
immense. The Microsoft Access database query language is SQL (Structured Query
Language). The need to know SQL is not required in the early stages of learning Access.
Microsoft Access writes the SQL for you, after you tell it what you want, in the Design
view of the queries window.

2.5.7Macros
Macros are an automatic way for Access to carry out a series of actions for the database.
Access gives you a selection of actions that are carried out in the order you enter. Macros
can open forms; run queries, change values of a field, run other Macros, etc. the list is
almost endless.
37

2.5.8Modules : Modules are the basis of the programming language that supports
Microsoft Access, The module window is where you can write and store Visual Basic
for Applications (VBA). Advanced users of Microsoft Access tend to use VBA instead
of Macros.

38

2.6 DESIGN:TABLE STRUCTURE & GUI STRUCTURE

Contributors Table

39

Donation campaign setup table

40

Pledges Table

41

Switchboard items Table

42

Contributors Form

43

Campaign information Form

44

45

3.1 Roles and responsibilities

This project developed by a group of three members i.e. Ashutosh Singh Rana, Yashasvi
Sharma , Nakul chaudhary and Yogesh Aggarwal.
We all divided our roles and responsibilities for this project.
Ashutosh Rana: His role was to define the project problem and analyze the
various reasons for developing the Donations Management System.
Yogesh Aggarwal: He suggested appropriate system and requirement for developing the
system.
Yashasvi Sharma: His responsibility was of creating tables in the project.
His role was of creating the forms and other modules for the System.
Nakul chaudhary : His role was to give the final touch in the project. He prepares a
proper report of the project by testing and analysis of the system.

46

3.2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES

Contributors (ContributorID, DonorName, Address, City, StateorProvince,

PostalCode, Country, HomePhone, WorkPhone, MobilePhone, FaxNumber,
EmailName)

Pledges(PledgeID, ContributorID, DatePledged, Paid, PaymentDate,

CrdholdersName, CreditCardNumber, CreditCardExpDate,
CreditCardAuthorization)

3.3 RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

47

ER-DIAGRAM

48

49

4.1Testing & Debugging:

Software Testing is the process used to help identify the correctness, completeness,
security, and quality of developed computer software. Testing is a process of technical
investigation, performed on behalf of stakeholders, that is intended to reveal qualityrelated information about the product with respect to the context in which it is intended to
operate. This includes, but is not limited to, the process of executing a program or
application with the intent of finding errors. Quality is not an absolute; it is value to some
person. With that in mind, testing can never completely establish the correctness of
arbitrary computer software; testing furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares
the state and behavior of the product against a specification. An important point is that
software testing should be distinguished from the separate discipline of Software Quality
Assurance (SQA), which encompasses all business process areas, not just testing. There
are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products is
essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following
routine procedure. One definition of testing is "the process of questioning a product in
order to evaluate it", where the "questions" are operations the tester attempts to execute
with the product, and the product answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing of
the tester[citation needed]. Although most of the intellectual processes of testing are
nearly identical to that of review or inspection, the word testing is connoted to mean the
dynamic analysis of the productputting the product through its paces. Some of the
common quality attributes include capability, reliability, efficiency, portability,
maintainability, compatibility and usability. A good test is sometimes described as one
which reveals an error; however, more recent thinking suggests that a good test is one
which reveals information of interest to someone who matters within the project
community.

50

 4.2 Testing Methodologies

1. Black Box Testing
It is the testing process in which tester can perform testing on
an application without having any internal structural knowledge of application. Usually
Test Engineers are involved in the black box testing.
2. White Box Testing
It is the testing process in which tester can perform testing on
an application with having internal structural knowledge. Usually The Developers are
involved in white box testing.
3. Gray Box Testing
It is the process in which the combination of black box and white box tonics are used.

Typed of Testing

Regression Testing.
Re-Testing.
Static Testing.
Dynamic Testing.
Alpha Testing

Regression Testing: It is one of the best and important testing. Regression testing is
the process in which the functionality, which is already tested before, is once again tested
whenever some new change is added in order to check whether the existing functionality
remains same.
Re-Testing: It is the process in which testing is performed on some functionality
which is already tested before to make sure that the defects are reproducible and to rule
out the environments issues if at all any defects are there.
51

Normal data
This is the correct and valid data that was input into the database. The system accepted
the data and updated the tables appropriately. The following is an example of normal data
entered without any error.

text message displayed by the system:

52

Normal data from Accommodation form

53

Exceptional data
The system analyst used invalid data to test whether the system obeyed the syntax of the
program.
The following is an example of exceptional data used by the analyst:

Exceptional data from accommodation form. When an data that is not part of the
list in the record is entered, the system displays the following error message:

4.3Test Case Report

54

GENERAL INFORMATION
Test Stage:

Unit

Functionality

System

Integration

Interface

Performance

Regression

Acceptance

Pilot
Specify the testing stage for this test case.
Test Date:

01/11/2014

System Date, if

01/11/2014

applicable:
Tester:

Mr. Manpreet Singh

Test Case

TD_COD_CL02

Number:
Test Case

Check all the code and database with suitable input.

Description:
Results:

Pass

Fail

Incident Number, NA
if applicable:

INTRODUCTION
Requirement(s)

Want to check whether the project accept suitable value or not like

to be tested:

it must accept only integer value in contact number option etc.

Roles and

Divya Sharma and Mr. Manpreet Singh responsible for this test.

Responsibilities
:

Here Divya Sharma enters the value and Mr. Manpreet Singh check
the output of such value.
ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS

Hardware:

Monitor, CPU,Keyboard,Mouse,atleast 256 MB RAM, 16GB Hard

Disk.

Software:

Ms access 2007
TEST

Test Items and

All ms access forms have been tested under this test case regarding

Features:

the acceptance of the input and providence of the output.

Input

All mentioned things were required that appear on the screen like to
55

Specifications:

perform the testing.

Expected

We hope that our output will be as accurate as we want and it

Results of

happens too.

Case:
ACTUAL RESULTS
Output

We provide some wrong input but as we apply VBA codes for

Specifications:

validating the input it works and indicates that we are trying to give
wrong input and it ask for right input as we amend our mistake and
give right input and according our hoped output was accurate.

56

GENERAL INFORMATION
Test Stage:

Unit

Functionality

System

Integration

Interface

Performance

Regression

Acceptance

Pilot
Specify the testing stage for this test case.
Test Date:

03/11/2014

System Date, if

03/11/2014

applicable:
Tester:

Mr. Manpreet Singh

Test Case

TD_COD_CL01

Number:
Test Case

Check all MS ACCESS forms provides the good view of output or

Description:

not (means whether all the components will be displayed on such

position where it will placed).

Results:

Pass

Fail

Incident Number, NA
if applicable:

INTRODUCTION
Requirement(s)

Want to check whether the all ms access forms provides better and

to be tested:

good resolution of output.

Roles and

Mr. Manpreet Singh and Vishal Shrimal responsible for this test.

Responsibilities
:

Here Vishal Shrimal runs all forms and Mr. Manpreet Singh check
the output of that form.
ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS

Hardware:

Monitor, CPU,Keyboard,Mouse,atleast 256 MB RAM, 16GB Hard

Disk.

Software:

MS ACCESS 2007
TEST

57

Test Items and

All MS ACCESS forms has been tested under this test case

Features:

regarding the output they provides.

Input

All forms should be available.

Specifications:
Expected

We hope that our output will be as accurate as we want and it

Results of

happens too.

Case:
ACTUAL RESULTS
Output

We checked all components were displayed on the right position or

Specifications:

not. And also to check all linking that done in the project will work
correctly or not.

58

Test Case Report

GENERAL INFORMATION
Test Stage:

Unit

Functionality

System

Integration

Interface

Performance

Regression

Acceptance

Pilot
Specify the testing stage for this test case.
Test Date:

27/10/2014

System Date, if

27/10/2014

applicable:
Tester:

Riddhima Babbar

Test Case

TD_COD_CL03

Number:
Test Case

Check all connectivity and data base validity and existence and

Description:

acceptance of table data.

Results:

Pass

Fail

Incident Number, NA
if applicable:

INTRODUCTION
Requirement(s)

Want to check whether the database and table used in the project are

to be tested:

similar and accept the value .

Roles and

Mr.Govind Bhilwara and Ms Riddhima Babbar are responsible for

Responsibilities

this test.

Here Govind Bhilwara enters the value and Riddhima Babbar

checks the output of such value.
ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS

Hardware:

Monitor, CPU,Keyboard,Mouse,atleast 256 MB RAM, 16GB Hard

Disk.

Software:

MS ACCESS 2007.
TEST
59

Test Items and

All database connectivity code will be test under this test case.

Features:
Input

Give all details that appear on the screen and check that the data

Specifications:

flows rightly between project and database or not.

Expected

We hope that our output will be as accurate as we want and it

Results of

happens too.

Case:
ACTUAL RESULTS
Output

We check that all data flows rightly between our system and

Specifications:

database or not by providing all data and as we expected there is no

exception will occur means our project will run smoothly with
database also.

5.1 Conclusion:

60

The efficiency of any system designed to suit an organization depends on cooperation

during the implementation stage and also flexibility of the system to adopt itself to the
organization. Donations Management System has been developed to overcome the
problems with existing manual system which causes lot of problems in tracking the
business activities with different people.
As evidence of the success of this system, all the data regarding users at different levels
are stored at server side through which the authorities can take decisions in time, and all
the transactions will be recorded in a well refined manner. The Donations Management
System will be best suited to any organization, which has sub location at different places.
Data Integrity is maintained by well-defined security in the database, so the results
coming out are live and accurate. In Total, quality, safety and user satisfaction are
improved greatly in the organization.

61

5.2 Limitations:
1. Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design.
2. Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs.
3. Substantial hardware and software start-up costs.
4. Initial training required for all programmers and users.
5. Minimum hardware and software required.
6. As we have included many features and too much user handling, the expected
code could be complex and not easy to improve by another programmer.
7. The system will undergo system entropy hence an extra cost of updating will be
incurred to keep the system competitive in the ICT and BUSINESS world.
8. The customer service management system will incur an extra cost on the
electricity and internet bills due to computerization of the Donations Management
System.
9. The company will be required to train its employees on how to manage the system
hence the output capacity will reduce a bit during this period.

62

5.3 FUTURE SCOPE

1. In the future, the current system can be expanded by adding Contributors Head
where each Contributor head will handle each user separately.
2. More use of VBA will be used to make the convenient use of software by the user
and every information which requires interactivity.
3. New feature can be used for password and authorization in the future.
4. The current system can also be implemented from the contributors perspective so
that contributors have the option for searching of campaign schedules.
5. In the future, more advanced technologies can be used in order to enhance the
current system scope which can be made fit for different organizations use.

63

5.4 Bibliography:
1. Davinder Singh Minhas, Drag and Drop MS access 2007, Sterling publishers pvt.
Ltd, 2007
2. Advanced database projects in Access 2007,Julian Mott, Hodder education, 2009
3. The complete reference, Microsoft office access 2007 Virginia Anderson
4. Pressman, R.S., Software Engineering: A Practitioners Approach, McGraw Hill
Int. S Student Ed., 6th Ed., 2005
5. Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, Pearson Education, 6th ed., 2001
6. Jalote, P., An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering, 2nd ed., Narosa, 1998
7. Behforooz, A. and F. Hudson, Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Oxford
University Press, 1996

Websites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Access
https://www.housing.wisc.edu/docs/tlc_quicktip_access.pdf
www.simply-access.com/What-Is-Microsoft-Access.html

64

A-1

SCREEN SHOTS
Campaign Summary Report

65

1. Pledge Listing Reports

66

2. Unpaid Pledges

67

Switchboard Manager

68

Forms output
1. Contributors

69

2. Fund Raising Campaign

70