How does it work: Double Block-andBleed & Double Isolation-and-Bleed

Introduction
There is a lot of misunderstanding surrounding the term double block-and-bleed (DBB) as used
to describe valve functionality. It seems almost every valve buyer and manufacturer has a
different idea of what the term means for valve selection, which can result in the wrong
specifications or valve type. Some of this confusion in the oil and gas industry stems from the
fact that there are two credible sources that define the term differently. Another point of
confusion comes when many people use the term double block-and-bleed when they really want
a valve with capabilities of double isolation-and-bleed (DIB), Ron Manson, Director of
Applications Engineering, explains. These differences in definitions and terms are important
when it comes to which valve capability to use in what type of system.
Whenever a customer says they want DBB, it is mainly based on the application and their past
experience with what they consider DBB valves to be, says Mike Hintz, District Manager for
Engineered & Process Valves. Based on customers preferred valve type and application, we
can then offer ball, gate, or expanding plug valve options with DBB capabilities.
The most basic thing that a user is looking for when they specify a double block-and-bleed valve
is a compact valve or valve system that provides more reliable isolation in critical areas than a
standard, single valve would. This smaller system or single valve unit serves to reduce the
installation footprint, saves on extra piping requirements, and reduces weight in critical areas.
These all save space, time, and cost.
DBB and DIB Definitions
There are two entities in the United States that define DBB the American Petroleum Institute
(API) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). API is a trade
organization that acts as an advocate as well as researcher for Americas oil and natural gas
industry, outlining many industry guidelines for safe operation. OSHA is the branch of the
United States Department of Labor that is charged with enforcing health and safety legislations,
outlining legislation that protects both people and our environment.
According to API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves standards, a double block-and-bleed
valve is a single valve with two seating surfaces that, in the closed position, provides a seal
against pressure from both ends of the valve, with a means of venting/bleeding the cavity
between the seating surfaces. API also notes in this definition that this valve does not provide
positive double isolation when only one side is under pressure.
In contrast, the OSHA Federal regulation describes DBB as the closure of a line, duct or pipe by
closing and locking, or tagging, two in-line valves and by opening and locking, or tagging, a
drain or vent valve in the line between the two closed valves.

APIs DBB definition does not achieve the same level of isolation as the OSHAs definition. API
allows DBB valves to be one single valve with two unidirectional seats, while the OSHA
standard can only be achieved with two separate valves with a method to bleed pressure in
between. There are some valves that utilize a twin valve design. By combining two valves into
one body, a twin valve design reduces weight and potential leaks paths, while meeting the OSHA
requirements for double block-and-bleed.
Valve associations usually choose to follow either APIs or OSHAs definition, but some have
created their own handbook with their own definitions for industry terms, DBB included. For
example, the British Valve & Actuator Association (BVAA) defines double block-and-bleed as
a manifold that combines one or more isolation valves, usually ball valves, and one or more
bleed/vent, usually a needle-style global valve, into one assembly for interface with other
components (e.g., pressure measurement transmitters, pressure gauges, and switches).
BVAA, like API, says that for DBB capabilities, only one valve is required, not a system.
According to BVAA, DBB valves replace the previous traditional technique employed by
pipeline engineers to create a double block-and-bleed configuration in the pipeline, usually by
fabricating three valves using flanges, Tee pieces, and associated bolting.
Double isolation-and-bleed (DIB) is another term in the industry that makes the debate about
DBB even more confusing. API defines DIB as a single valve with two seating surfaces, each of
which, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure from a single source, with a means
of venting/bleeding the cavity between the seating surfaces. This feature can be provided in one
direction or in both directions.
The difference between APIs DBB and DIB is that a double block-and-bleed valve seals against
pressures from both sides of the valve, while a double isolation-and-bleed valve provides an
additional seal against pressure from only one side. It is important to use a DIB valve instead of a
DBB valve in applications that require an additional pressure barrier that seals separately of the
main pressure barrier. This is important to fulfill certain operational safety requirements or
according to the nature of the service, such as low tolerance for leakage or the cleanliness of the
fluid.
Another big difference between DIB and DBB is the ability to relieve pressure. Usually with a
DBB valve, there are two unidirectional self-relieving seats. These seats do not rely on an
outside mechanism to relieve pressure. On the other hand, a DIB valve utilizes one or two
bidirectional seats. The valve provides double isolation from pressure at both ends of the valve,
but there is usually one operational drawback, a DIB valve cannot relieve body cavity pressure
past the seats, meaning its seats are not self-relieving. When using a DIB valve, an external relief
system is necessary to relieve pressure buildup.
A DBB or DIB valve can provide isolation in both the upstream and downstream directions, even
in high-pressure or high-temperature situations. Isolation is important in cases where leakage
through a valve could have major consequences.

Once the fluid is isolated, the bleed mechanism can drain the area between the two valves or two
seating surfaces. This is important for maintenance and/or integrity check situations where
leakage can be monitored.
Applications and Benefits of DBB and DIB
Both DBB and DIB valves save space, reduce the need for costly multivalve systems, and
provide zero leakage capabilities from upstream to downstream. The valve also allows for an
integrity check of seat seals. In addition, both valves can be used in a variety of applications and
markets, such as LNG, petrochemical, transmission and storage, natural gas industrial processes,
mainline and manifold valves in liquid pipelines, and refined products transmission lines.
DBB and DIB valves are used in applications where critical isolation is needed to ensure that
leakage does not occur. Depending on the application and type of service, a wide range of DBB
or DIB valve types and options are available to fit specific needs. For example, in liquid service
near waterways or municipalities, double-expanding gate valves with DBB capabilities, like the
CameronWKM Pow-R-Seal gate valves, are preferred for critical isolation because they provide
a tight mechanical seal, upstream and downstream simultaneously, which is normally unaffected
by pressure variations or vibrations.
When I teach our sales force and customers about double block-and-bleed, I use the API 6D
definition, says gate valve product manager, Anthony Carrea. In my presentations, I explain
that a DBB valve is a valve with two seats and when closed, will seal against pressure from both
ends of the valve allowing the body cavity to be bled.
Another application in which DBB and DIB valves are used is the meter calibration market.
Every closed valve in the meter system must seal drop tight. Even a small leak will cause errors
in the meter calibration and the incorrect meter factor will persist until the next proving
operation. This can cost end users huge sums of money. Choosing the correct API verified DBB
or DIB valve can help ensure correct calibration almost every time.
The mechanical wedge action of a double block-and-bleed plug valve, like the Cameron
GENERAL VALVE Twin Seal, compresses both the upstream and the downstream seals firmly
against the valve body, needing no help from the line pressure to affect a positive seal. Double
block-and-bleed plug valves, which are used a great deal in the transmission and storage markets,
provide consistent and provable zero leakage of various fluids.
Conclusion
When determining whether to use a DBB or DIB valve and which definition to follow, API or
OSHA, says Manson, it is important to have a clear understanding of the similarities and
differences of the types of block-and-bleed valves and the specific application the valve will play
in. Additionally, it is important that the features required for isolation are fully tested during
factory acceptance testing of the valve.

Since DBB and DIB have become such generic terms in the industry, it is important to take into
consideration the application, media, and various environmental challenges when choosing the
appropriate solution and valve type.
The following table will be part of an Informative Appendix in the next edition of API 6D which
is currently out for ballot. The table has been augmented with a column showing where the valve
types comply with OSHA regulations.
1

Greenhalgh, Martin. Valve and Actuator User' Manual. 6th ed. Oxfordshire: British Valve &
Actuator Association, 2010. Print.

Valve Type

Sealing Arrangement

Two block valves

Any valves with bi-directional sealing
with bleed between
Slab and/or through- Pressure energized downstream sealing only/fixed
conduit gate
seats (1)

BlockDouble
and-Bleed Block-andBleed
Yes
Yes

Double Isolation-andBleed
Yes

OSHA Doubl
Block-andBleed
Yes

No (2)

No

No

No

Yes

Yes (3)

Yes (3)

No

Trunnion mounted Upstream sealing, pressure energized seats, both selfball valve
relieving (1)

Yes

(4)

No (5)

No

Trunnion mounted
ball valve (DIB-1)

Upstream and downstream sealing, pressure

energized,
example, two bi-directional sealing seats (1)

Yes

(4)

(6)

No

Trunnion mounted
ball valve (DIB-2)

Upstream and downstream sealing, pressure

energized, example, one bi-directional and one
unidirectional sealing seat (1)

Yes

(4)

Only if the bi-direction seat

is on the downstream side
(6)

No

Floating ball valve

Pressure energized

No (2)

No

No

No

Plug

Pressure energized, downstream sealing (1)

No (2)

No

No

No

Expanding Plug
(DIB-1)
Expanding Gate
(DIB-1)

Mechanically energized

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Mechanically energized

Yes

Yes (3)

Yes (3)

No

Slab and/or throughconduit gate (DIB-1)

Pressure energized upstream and downstream

sealing (1)

Notes:
1. The terms upstream and downstream refer to the pressure source and open
end/equipment respectively and do not refer to flow direction.
2. Not possible to bleed from valve body, but bleed may be in downstream
pipework/pipeline
3. Depending on detail design of the valve, some valves can have preferred sealing
direction and/or a specified sequence of operation.
4. Depending on detailed design
5. Downstream seat can provide a second barrier at pressures below the cavity
relieving pressure, but will not provide a high pressure barrier.
6. Depending on detailed design and ability to achieve testing per section D1

What is Double Block and Bleed and Why do I care? by zdas04

faq378-1612
Posted: 15 Mar 10
Double Block and Bleed (DBB) is provided when there are two isolation methods with a vent valve between them.
"Positive Energy Isolation" is required for certain kinds of work such as hot work, confined space entry, or hot work
in a confined space. Typical methods of providing positive energy isolation are blinds, disconnecting or misaligning
piping, or DBB. There are specific categories of work where DBB is excluded from consideration as a viable method
of positive energy isolation in certain jurisdictions, but most of the time it is acceptable.
Typically DBB is provided by shutting two block valves and opening a vent valve between them. The theory is that
any leakage past the upstream valve will go up the vent instead of leaking through the downstream valve. Several
companies sell DBB valves that have two valves in a single valve body which includes a void space that has a vent
valve on it. These valves work well for many situations, but they can be expensive, often introduce a measurable
pressure drop, and are generally not piggable.
Trunnion Ball Valves have two independent seating surfaces (with spring loaded seats), and a body cavity
vent. People frequently want to use a single Trunnion Ball Valve for DBB. The problem that other people find with
this is that the body cavity is self-relieving (i.e., if pressure builds up in the cavity then it will relieve to the
downstream piping--this can happen if the small ports in the body bleed plug up). Some governments have explicitly
excluded Trunnion Ball Valves from consideration as a DBB device. Other governments are silent on this. Some
companies exclude Trunnion Ball Valves from consideration as a DBB device, other companies allow Trunnion Ball
Valves to be considered as DBB devices, others are silent. If your company is silent, and the applicable government
agencies are silent, then it is up to the Engineer to decide if he feels that a Trunnion Ball Valve provides adequate
protection for workers in a Positive Energy Isolation scenario. This is not a trivial decision, and Engineers acting in
good faith have come down on both sides of the issue. I've always come down on the side that my risk of a body
bleed plugging is acceptably low that I regularly use Trunnion Ball Valves for DBB and have never gotten anyone hurt
or had a near miss. Others will say that I've just been lucky for 20 years.
David Simpson
MuleShoe Engineering