CVL313 Structural Analysis

Dr. Aly Emam, PEng.

Email:
E il a.emam@ryerson.ca
@
Office: MON208
Office Hours: Monday 3:00-5:00 pm
Dr. A. Emam

Copyright 2016

Lecture 5:
Chapter 8: Influence Lines
(Statically Determinate Structures)
Castiglianos 2nd Theorem (review example)
Introduction to Influence Lines
Construction of I.L. for Beams & Frames
Equilibrium Method
Qualitative Method (Mller
(Mller-Breslau's
Breslau s
Principle )
Construction of I.L. for Trusses
Examples and Assignment
Dr. A. Emam

 Castiglianos 2nd Theorem (in class review example)

Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the rotation at joint D of
the shown frame.

Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines

Definition

Introduction

An influence
f
line is a graph
g p that describes the
variation of a variable (Reaction, shear, Moment,
Deflection, or Force in a truss member) as a
function of the position of a unit load moving
across the structure.

Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines

Introduction

Why Influence Lines

Bridge Truss

What is position(s) of the moving standard truck

that will create the maximum tension/compression
in the members of the truss?
What are those maximum values (as design
parameters)?
Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines

Introduction

Why Influence Lines

Bridge girder
What is p
position(s)
( ) of the movingg truck that will
create the maximum reaction, shear, moment or
deflection in the bridge girder?
What is the absolute maximum moment in the girder?
What is the absolute maximum shear?
Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines

Introduction
Why Influence Lines
What is position(s) of the
moving head that will
create the maximum
shear or moment in the
crane beam?
What are the absolute
maximum moment and
shear in the side girder?

Overhead Crane

Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines

Introduction

BM & SF diagrams vs. I.L. Diagrams

Recall:

P
C

B
L
VC

Pb/L

S.F.D.
-Pa/L

Pab/L

MC
B. M. D.

Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines

Introduction

BM & SF diagrams vs. I.L. Diagrams

While as for Influence Lines:

1

1
I.L for Ay
Dr. A. Emam

Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Procedure for Tabulate Values
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Select an origin to define the moving unit load position

(usually left end support).
Place the unit load at selected critical points.
Use equilibrium equations (EE) and/or equations of
condition to determine I.L. ordinates of the required
parameter (reaction, shear, moment etc.).
Tabulate values (position, I. L. ordinates).
Construct the required I.L using the above tabulated values.
A positive ordinate of I.L. indicates that the unit load at that
point causes the parameter to act in the positive direction
(i.e. assumed direction during calculations) and vice versa.
I.L. diagram is composed of piecewise Linear segments.

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Tabulate values using equilibrium: Example

Influence Line for Reactions

Ay

1 (unit load)
x

1
moving

B
10 m

Influence Line for Ay

By

x (m)

Ay

x (m)

By

1.0

0.0

2.5

0.75

2.5

0.25

5.0

0.5

5.0

0.5

7.5

0.25

7.5

0.75

10

10

1
x

Influence Line for By

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Tabulate values using equilibrium: Example (conted)

Influence Line for Shear at C
1 (unit load)
x
moving
A

5m

B
5m

10 m
0.5

-0.25

0.25

x (m)

SC

2.5
5.0

-0.25
-

-0.50

5.0 +

0.50

7.5

0.25

10

-0.5

Influence Line for Shear at C

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Tabulate values using equilibrium: Example (conted)

Influence Line for Moment at C
1 (unit load)
x
moving
A

5m

B
5m

10 m
1.25

2.5

Dr. A. Emam

x (m)

MC

2.5

1.25

5.0

2.50

7.5

1.25

10

1.25

Influence Line for Moment at C

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Procedure for reactions expressions
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Select an origin to define the moving unit load position

(usually left end support).
Place the unit load at a distance x from the origin.
Drive expressions for reactions using E.E. and or equations
of conditions. We may have more than one expression for
each reaction depending on the structural components and
their internal connections through internal hinges and/or
rollers.
Construct the I.L for the required reaction(s) using the
expression(s) developed in the previous step.
A positive ordinate of I.L. indicates that the unit load at that
point causes the reaction to act in the positive direction (i.e.
assumed direction during calculations) and vice versa.

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Procedure for shear and moment expressions
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Place the unit load at a variable distance x to the left of the point
under consideration.
Determine expressions for shear and/or bending moment (use the
portion of the structure to the right of the point under consideration
..why?).
Next, place the unit load to the right of the point under consideration.
Determine expressions for shear and/or bending moment (use the
portion of the structure to the left of the point under consideration).
Substitute the expressions
p
for the reactions into the expressions
p
for I.L
to make them in terms of (x) only.
Plot the I.L for the required function(s) using the expression(s)
developed in the previous step.
The sign convention used is the same one adopted previously while
constructing S.F. and B.M.Diagrams.

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Application Example
Influence Line Expressions for Reactions

L x
Ay 1

L
x
C y 1
L
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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Application Example (conted)

Influence Line Expressions for Shear and Moment at B
Load to the left of B

0 x a
S

Load to the right of B

a x L
x
1

C y(L a)

A y 1 1

M B A y (a ) 1
(a )
L

x
(L a)
L

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Application Example (conted)

Influence Line Diagrams for S and M at B

I.L. for Shear at B

Dr. A. Emam

I.L. for Moment at B

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Solved Examples
81
Example 8.1
Draw the influence
lines for the vertical
reactions at supports A
and C, and the shear
and bending moment at
point B, of the simply
supported beam shown.

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.1 (conted)

Ay 1
20
x
Cy
20
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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.1 (conted)

0 x 12

0 x 12
x
S B C y
20
12 x 20

2x
M B 8C y
5
12 x 20

S B Ay 1

20

M B 12 Ay 12 1

20

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.2
Draw the influence
lines for the vertical
reaction and
moment at supports
A, and the shear and
bending moment at
point B, of the
cantilever beam
shown.

Ay 1
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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.2 (conted)

M A x
0 x3
0
SB
Ay 1 3 x 8
0
MB
M A 3 Ay x 3

0 x3
3 x 8

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Important Example for Cantilevered Beam (in class)

Construct the influence lines for the vertical reactions for the shown
beams

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.3
Draw the influence
lines for the vertical
reactions at supports
A, C, and E, the shear
just to the right of
support C and bending
moment at point B, of
the beam shown.

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.3 (conted)

0
Ey x
20 2

0 x 40
40 x 60

C y 20
x
6
10

0 x 40
40 x 60

Dr. A. Emam

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10

20

20

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.3 (conted)

Ay 20
x
3
20
0

SC ,R 1
3 x
20

10

10

20

20

0 x 40
40 x 60

0 x 20
20 x 40
40 x 60

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.3 (conted)

10

x
2

x
M B 10
2

x
30
2
Dr. A. Emam

10

20

20

0 x 10
10 x 40
40 x 60
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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.5
Draw the influence
lines for the horizontal
and vertical reactions
at supports A and B
and the shear at the
hinge E of the threehinged
frame
hi d bridge
b id
f
shown.

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.5 (conted)

Ay 1.5
10

Fy 0
x

B y 0 .5
10

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Influence Lines: Equilibrium Method

Example 8.5 (conted)

F 0 A B
M 0 twice
x

CE
E

(load is right or left of E)

x 5

Ax 6
15 x

0 x 10
10 x 20

B y 10 0.5
SE
x
Ay 1.5
10

0 x 10
10 x 20

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Mller-Breslau principle
Qualitative Influence Lines

Mller Breslau principle states that the influence line

Mller-Breslau
for a function (reaction, shear or Moment) is to the
same scale as the deflected shape of the beam when
the beam is released by removing the constraint
corresponding to the desired response function and
acted upon by a unit displacement (or rotation) at the
location and in the direction of the desired response
function

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Qualitative Influence Lines

Procedure
1.

Remove the restraint

corresponding to the desired
response function.
2. Apply a small displacement
(or rotation) to the released
structure.
3. Sketch the deflected shape
of the released structure,
which is the desired
qualitative I.L.

Ay
Ay
x

I.L. for Ay

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Qualitative Influence Lines

Influence Line for VC

A

Influence Line for MC

VC
B

A
VC

MC C MC

VC
MC

x
I.L. for VC
Dr. A. Emam

x
I.L. for MC
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Qualitative Influence Lines

Solved Examples
Example 8.6
Draw the influence lines for the vertical reactions at
supports B and D, and the shear and bending moment
at point C, of the beam shown.

Dr. A. Emam

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Qualitative Influence Lines

Example 8.6 (conted)

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Qualitative Influence Lines

Example 8.6 (conted)

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Procedure
For method of section
Place the unit load to the left of the sectioned panel and use
the right portion to determine expression for the member
force.
Place the unit load to the right of the sectioned panel and
use the left portion to determine expression for the member
force.
Construct I.L by plotting the above expressions and connect
the ordinates at the ends of the sectioned panel by a line
segment.

Dr. A. Emam

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Procedure

Influence Lines for Trusses

For method of joints

If the joint is not located on the loaded chord, then apply the joint
EE to determine the desired expression for the member force.
Otherwise, place the unit load at the joint and determine the
member force by joint equilibrium.
Place the unit load outside the panels adjacent to the joint and use
joint EE to determine expression for the member force.
Construct I.L by plotting the above expressions and connect the
ordinates line segments.
If the member is initially assumed to be under tension, then a
positive ordinate of I.L. indicate that the unit load applied at that
point causes a tensile force in the member and vice versa.

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Illustrative Example 1
Draw the I.L for the force in the member BC of the truss shown.

Ay

Ey
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Influence Lines for Trusses

Illustrative Example 1 (conted)

Ey

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Illustrative Example 1 (conted)

Ay

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example
Construct the influence line for the force in member BG of the shown truss.
a

a
Ay

I.L. Ay
1.00

0.75

0.5

0.25

Dr. A. Emam

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.00

Ey

I.L. Ey
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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example (conted)
Load is left of the sectioned panel BC

E y FGB sin 45o 0

= 45o

FGB E y / sin 45 1.414 ( E y )

o

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example (conted)
Load is right of the sectioned panel BC

FHG

Ay FGB sin 45o 0

FGB

FGB Ay / sin 45o 1.414 ( Ay )

FBC

Ay

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example 8.12
Draw the influence lines for the forces in the members AF, CF, and CG of the
truss shown below.

Member AF

Dr. A. Emam

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example 8.12 (conted)
Member CF

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example 8.12 (conted)

Dr. A. Emam

Member CG

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Influence Lines for Trusses

Example (conted)
Load is left of the sectioned panel BC

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Influence Lines
(Statically Determinate Structures)

Examples and Assignment:

1. GA: Problems 8.6, 8.13, 8.37 and 8.56
(time permits).
2. A quiz on virtual work method.
3. Assignment
ss g e # 6 (pa
(part 1)) w
will be pos
posted
ed
on the course D2L Brightspace.

Dr. A. Emam

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