Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Automation in Construction
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
Review
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 1 September 2014
Received in revised form 2 April 2015
Accepted 6 June 2015
Available online 24 June 2015
Keywords:
Building information modelling
Green building
Green BIM
Environmental sustainability
Energy simulation
a b s t r a c t
The innovation of building information modelling (BIM) technology provides a new means of predicting, managing and monitoring the environmental impacts of project construction and development through virtual
prototyping/visualisation technology. This paper aims to provide thought-provoking insights into the shortcomings in the scope of the existing green BIM literature, and outlines the most important directions for future research. A total of 84 green-BIM-related papers have been reviewed and compared. Most green BIM research,
centres on environmental performance at the design (44 papers) and construction stages (25 papers) of building
lifecycles. Few studies concentrated on the development of BIM-based tools for managing environmental performance during the building maintenance, retrotting (8 papers), and demolition (12 papers) stages. It is suggested that a one-stop-shop BIM for environmental sustainability monitoring and management over a
building's full life cycle should be considered in future research. Future green BIM tools should also include the
three R's concept (reduce, reuse and recycle) in their sustainability analysis for both new development and
retrotting projects. The system should offer better integration with facility operation maintenance manuals
for more effective low-carbon management. The use of cloud-based BIM technology to enable the management
of building sustainability using big data is also needed. Despite these potential developments, it is argued that
the lack of computer tools and the complications of the BIM models are hindering the adoption of green BIM.
2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sustainable buildings and BIM case studies
Research methodology . . . . . . . . . .
Research ndings . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Building planning and design . . . .
4.2.
Building construction process . . . .
4.3.
Building operation . . . . . . . . .
4.4.
Building repair and maintenance . .
4.5.
Building demolition . . . . . . . .
5.
Discussion and future research . . . . . . .
6.
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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156
157
158
158
158
159
160
160
160
162
163
163
1. Introduction
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.06.003
0926-5805/ 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The concept of environmental sustainability has stimulated transformational changes for the built environment, with reductions in the
levels of energy consumption and natural resource depletion that
have been required in traditional building life cycles. The architecture,
engineering and construction (AEC) industry has been criticised as a
157
158
documents as well as citations in all research elds. This is especially evident in engineering & technology discipline [21]. The keywords used in
the literature search included green building information modelling,
building environmental sustainability, building environment design,
(whole) building energy simulation, and energy performance analysis. Articles and technical papers in refereed journals or refereed conference proceedings that included these particular terms in their titles,
abstracts or keyword lists, covering various stages in the entire building
lifecycle were considered. As green BIM is a relatively new technological
advancement, this review surveyed articles published between 2004
and 2014. Some of the top journals included in this literature search
were including, but not limited to: Automation in Construction (AIC),
Building and Environment (B&E), Building Simulation (BS), Construction
Management and Economics (CME), Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management (ECAM), Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management (JCEM), Journal of Management in Engineering (JME), International Journal of Project Management (IJPM) and Building Research and
Information (BRI). Article categories including editorials, book reviews,
letters to the editor or discussions/closures and comments were excluded. One hundred thirty-seven papers were scanned during this process,
and 84 green-BIM-related papers were identied and included in the
analysis (Table 1). The most frequently cited journal was Automation
in Construction (with 14 studies). The reviewed papers were then
categorised according to the key stages of building development.
These categories included i) building planning and design, ii) construction, iii) repair and maintenance, iv) operation and v) demolition. It was
also worthy of note that although ndings are illustrate by each stage
through building life cycles, some previous works in each stage are
also interrelated through the life cycle of building, not just an individual
matter only during a particular stage. The details of developments in
green BIM relating to each of these stages in the building life cycle are
discussed in the following section.
4. Research ndings
4.1 . Building planning and design
The planning and design stage is the point at which the most basic
decisions are made in terms of the sustainability, energy use and environmental design of a building [15,16,72]. Making informed and precise
design decisions as early as possible can help the process of sustainable
design to become far more efcient and cost-effective. For example, sustainability analysis tools allow the design team to make better-informed
decisions earlier in the process by quickly evaluating different design
options and identifying greener designs [28]. These analyses help planners to realise the implications of their building designs for the environmental performance and efciency of a building and its tenants.
Traditional design environments have provided much less support for
the designers or project team members to visualise the feasibility of
early design decisions. Azhar [11] suggested that design and construction practitioners in the US regard the green BIM tool as providing
some-to-signicant time and cost savings as compared to the traditional methods.
The potential of computational assessment methods and tools for
allowing actual environmental performance assessments of buildings
has been highlighted only since the late 1990s [38]. Before the widespread application of green BIM in recent years, several other computation or modelling approaches were adopted for assessing building
sustainability, [5,64,82,114]. For example, Brahme et al. [23] proposed
a model that integrated differential modelling, homology-based mapping and generative design agents to provide a comprehensive building
performance analysis in the early design stage. Baldwin et al. [17] applied information modelling and optimisation techniques to establish
an integrated model named the Design Structure Matrix. This model
enables designers to optimise the design process and helps to eliminate
waste during construction stage. Baldwin et al. [18] also investigated the
159
Table 1
Publications in the area of green BIM published from 20042014.
Journal
AIC
JCCE
JCEM
JME
Other journals
Total
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
3
3
1
1
2013
2014
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2012
8
10
10
12
7
7
9
10
5
7
10
16
2
8
16
Total
14
4
2
2
62
84
available software (such as Autodesk's Revit Conceptual Energy Analysis) have been developed to help designers in converting their conceptual designs into energy analytical models, thereby providing the means
for an integrated whole-building energy analysis. Other software tools
have been developed to support the complex processes of sustainable
design such as analyses of daylight and solar access. These tools can
also help in automating the drudgery of activities such as calculating
material quantity takeoffs.
160
sun path of the studied region was simulated to evaluate the amount
of rooftop area that would not be affected by the shadows cast from
the adjacent buildings. Hammond et al. [50] established the Sustainable
Framework and Best Practices for green retrotting. Their research
ndings suggested that BIM integration helps to implement sustainable
design principles into the renovation or retrotting of existing buildings. In a study by Jiang et al. [56], a set of RESTful programming interfaces were established to allow maintenance teams to access and
exchange data, including information on security and data privacy issues. This approach offered a server-centric BIM platform for energy efcient retrotting work.
4.5. Building demolition
With the increase of construction activities over recent decades, there
is an escalating concern for the environmental impacts of construction
and demolition (C&D) works. The ever-increasing amount of C&D waste
disposal in landlls, especially in developed cities such as Hong Kong,
has become a critical socio-environmental problem and a political issue
[32]. With the growing awareness of environmental sustainability, governments and industries in many countries have had to consider effective
C&D waste management practices. To alleviate C&D waste generation,
governments have introduced various policies. Hong Kong, for example,
has introduced a compulsory waste sorting scheme for government projects and a waste disposal charging scheme [31]. As the three existing
landlls in Hong Kong are expected to reach their full capacity one-byone from this year onwards, it is vitally important that the AEC industry
strives to decrease C&D waste and to attain a more sustainable system
of waste management. Other cities in the world are also encountering
similar challenges. Scholars have been trying to develop tools for estimating the waste from building demolition projects. One such tool is
SMARTWaste, developed by the UK Building Research Establishment.
This tool helps to estimate and identify the types and amounts of waste
products that will be generated onsite [25]. Such a model, however, requires detailed information from experts. The SMARTWaste tool depends
on the use of regional data, reliable and accurate record keeping and
waste accounting to realise its function. These complex requirements hinder rapid and accurate waste estimation.
So far, there has been only limited use of green BIM for managing
and monitoring environmental performance in the demolition phase
of building life cycles. In an earlier study by the Associated General Contractors of America [7], a digital BIM visualising tool was developed to
identify and estimate C&D waste materials. These data allow practitioners to develop a more cooperative and efcient material recycling
plan before an actual demolition or renovation. In the recent studies
by Cheng and Ma [31,32], a BIM system was set up that proved able to
extract the information on volumes and materials for every selected element in a building information model. This tool can incorporate the information for detailed waste estimation and planning which can be
used to predict the number of truck delivery journeys and the amounts
of statutory waste disposal charges. Akbarnezhad et al. [2] also developed a BIM-based model for assessing the impacts of various building
deconstruction options in term of their economic costs and environmental benets (i.e., minimisation of carbon emission and energy
consumption).
Recycling is considered to be a considerably more sustainable option
than the traditional means of demolition and landlling. Recycling not
only avoids some of the cost, energy use and carbon emission that are
incurred during the landlling process, but it also reduces the demand
for extraction of new materials by making alternative recycled materials
available [3,60]. The international construction community has increasingly advocated the sustainable use of resources and recycling of materials such as concrete, timber and steel. However, without detailed
prediction and planning for the types and volumes of recycled building
materials, it can be time-consuming and expensive for contractors and
recyclers to conduct a material recycling process [32]. If a building is
161
Table 2
Summary of green-BIM related publications and their research focus in building life cycle (20042014).
Author/building life cycle
Akbarnezhad et al. [2]
Wu and Issa [110]
Zhai and McNeill [117]
Hammond et al. [50]
Frank et al. [43]
Jalaei and Jrade [55]
Wu et al. [111]
Zuo and Zhao [118]
Wong and Kuan [104]
Inyim et al. [54]
Volk et al. [101]
Lin and Gerber [71]
Katranuschkov et al. [58]
Kandil et al. [119]
Gandhi and Jupp [44]
Russell-Smith and Lepech [90]
Wong et al. [106]
Eadie et al. [40]
Costa et al. [36]
Cooley and Cholakis [120]
Costin et al. [37]
Clevenger and Khan [34]
Cheng and Ma [32]
Chi et al. [33]
Wong and Lau [105]
Yeheyis et al. [113]
Wong and Fan [107]
Buyle et al. [27]
Knig et al. [61]
Jrade and Jalaei [57]
Motawa and Almarshad [79]
Motawa and Carter [80]
Liao et al. [70]
Wu and Issa [108]
Rajendran et al. [89]
Rajendran and Gomez [88]
Cheng and Ma [31]
Jiang et al. [56]
Bynum et al. [28]
Azhar et al. [15]
Chang et al. [29]
Moon et al. [78]
Liu et al. [72]
Stadel et al. [95]
Hajibabai et al. [49]
Tzivanidis et al. [97]
Yuan and Yuan [115]
Welle et al. [103]
Heydarian and Golparvar-Fard [51]
Gustavsson et al. [47]
Shiftehfar et al. [94]
Sattineni and Azhar [91]
Azhar et al. [14]
Azhar [11]
Artenian et al. [6]
Bank et al. [19]
Chen et al. [121]
Schlueter and Thesseling [122]
Khasreen et al. [59]
Lee et al. [67]
Pea-Mora et al. [123]
Novitski [83]
Yoon et al. [114]
Barnes and Castro-Lacouture [20]
Ahn et al. [1]
Azhar et al. [13]
Azhar and Brown [12]
Hkkinen and Kiviniemi [48]
Kumar [65]
Howard and Bjrk [53]
Schlueter and Thesseling [92]
Autodesk [10]
Azhar et al. [16]
Baldwin et al. [18]
Planning and
design
Construction
Operation
Repair and
maintenance
Demolition
162
Table 2 (continued)
Author/building life cycle
Planning and
design
Construction
Operation
Repair and
maintenance
Demolition
assess options for the demolition and renovation of wastes (for example, [31]), there is as yet no effective application to deal with the demolition and deconstruction processes in terms of estimating the rates of
material recycling from a demolition, calculating the carbon emission
or footprint from maintenance and retrotting projects or assessing
the generation of C&D waste. Future BIM tools should include the concept of the three Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) in their sustainability
analysis. These tools should also be capable of predening or automatically generating strategies to help identify the best deconstruction options for improved economic and environmental outcomes [2].
Furthermore, the BIM tool should be able to advise project teams on
how to retrot a building in a way that minimises the generation of
wastes. Existing studies have demonstrated the feasibility of BIM to
help with green building rating and certication, but many of these
studies have concerned tools at the prototype stage of development.
More studies are needed to develop a practical BIM tool for green building certication. The next stage of BIM development can also consider
how the system can integrate with facility operation maintenance manuals for more effective low-carbon management [43].
It is expected that a more complex green BIM model will generate
huge amounts of data and that greater information storage capacity
will be required for adequate monitoring and managing of a building's
sustainability performance. For example, Green BIM models could comprehend a vast library of embodied energy and LCA information, which
would allow the practitioners to make the environmental and lifecycle
comparison of different material and product specications [85]. The
potential of BIM for integrating the sustainable design and enhancing
the energy efciency of a building heavily depends on the integration
of reliable, latest, research-based information and the embedding of
trust-worthy evaluation tools [85]. The task of integrating all the associated knowledge domains that are important to life cycle management
will be a major concern, and this will involve a growing need for generating and managing a set of big data [35,61]. With the rapid development of cloud computing, the integration of cloud-based technology
and BIM provides not only a new means of information exchange during
the construction progress [108], but also offers a potential for better sustainability management over the building's whole life cycle. Cloud computing provides a shared pool of congurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be
quickly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction [35]. Such a service also allows for higher
levels of collaboration, transparency and information accessibility.
With the support of cloud-BIM, it is expected that the comprehensive
management of building life cycles will become easier and more commonplace for construction projects [35]. Recently, BIM software vendor
(i.e. Green Building Studio from Autodesk) started to incorporate the
cloud-based technology into the energy analysis tool provides a faster
way of analysing energy performance of building development. Future
studies should extend the application of cloud computing and managing
the big data in green BIM.
Green BIM adoption is expected to rise dramatically in the near future with the wider adoption of BIM tools in the building development
process in many countries. From a practitioner's viewpoint, a key
163
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