r KESER WE pecunsrenyorcunacasND SEM i F230 ‘Maun Watang Narang Nalung Eyre Plpine Clara! ary (Gao ‘Gey tor dea Unt Pre, 300 9p. W090) Serf tne, Pde A Pate, a ng Cosco Taal Tyogata Manel ton HD, bh sage utes pan eyes Tenens Pina Region tal Kapanon epee de) Carle, {Bone path 105) and Engh etait, Nore Oe fo aire jae dPagpine Tent. Tne Rego ofthe Pipe Ase Rema ‘oma Hora! nt, 1980), ler Hamar ei pce dea Conia (Bun Tipe ope Codey On, 189) nl Le Regen ai eo a ‘Olea i eB Reis 199) hialy Comazondence mth Flow Roms Manis: Nac Hees comes, 95) 200.28 "es Reye rp 26:27 42) we ate of he Kap Pi leer” te fe] lia tes kt psi pay eer {Pig bs real taccnies and pero” a “eve a prt ths ‘Riper wes ming spate spose nae ope el Reyes Netw. For seb Ri Bl Come sponte cei Foe Roi 25. ti ty fc Sy ‘THE FORMATION OF FILIPINONATIONALITY UNDER US. COLONIAL RULE esl B Mejores (00 13 August 1938 the Philipines lebrated the fortieth anniver sary of "Ootopation Ds,” the day US foes osupied Marla ans began tie American cong! ofthe Pilppines R wae bizare spectacle AL fhe Lanes, President Manuel Quezon andthe highest Fipino officials farce athe ead of erand review bloethe US. High Commissioner {0 express the nations eaitude to Amer fr “ih Besings of Lherty sd democracy.” In his sow that dey Quezon decared ha ander the fegis ofthe United Stes, “peace and property have come t this fe tered land” The Philipines an the Und Sse, fe sid. Wee ievo ably bound togeter at by“ allne, nara delaraion, aor a uealy” ‘at eter spa knshipe apd relaonsips, ht extaodiary. inde finabe longing forthe eae sort of things "Ow ais, cur Popes, bu ap revation, are the sme ‘One can dimes Quezon's speech ainiated political oratory (he od Quezon master), And “Oceapation Day” may have besa a eral Where a caval go, things were no qe what they seem. Yet, the felration docs scom 8 high symbole moment inthe native of "be revolen assimilation In jst four dade te county Dad sn heim plintstion of an Amcricansyle poll sper, the county's ‘Bhordinton tothe U.S. economy, te pleomensl expansion of pubic ‘uation based onthe English language, andthe spread of a modemity| aise by the United States. ‘Dr Rei Moje rs inte rpc f sty dof Language erate Unive nC, Ca He sb coated “user ne Fee ese ‘At ltr Conince ise teas er Ream ES on C.Foy PIMLIPRINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE& SOCIETY Refcting on this spectacle, the problem I wish to aes i the dow that whit wok! seem Have been period of triumphant Rrercancation Was, et, loa period of conceded "Flipinizatin. Was inthe fit Pa ofthe twentieth century more than at any ober time ~ that “Filipino nationality the shared sense and entiment of being Fring, was formed. It wae inthe Atpencan “as” tht mich of What subjectively conrtuts nation fo Filipinas was formed. The sory ofthe Emergence of Filipino tattonalism athe ersbe of revolution and war at theta of the centary has Been repeatedly tol, and fequely ine ‘pie Ite mtation into a canonical, civic nationalism under American ‘pices hts yet tobe adoqotely examined. “The beginning of the twentieth century was on ofthe mos d sanie pends in Philippine eultural history. ‘There was great ethsasm for licual work in many fee ~ history, language, ctrl stad, {hears Ir was a "golden age fo th as ho forthe volume nd founda tion charter of work pred, Literary book pobishing in Philippine languages was more vigorous during this peiod than at anyother Hine Uimeary orgaizations and language academies mushroomed. Theafer ampanice, miss! roicies, and sttociatons of acilets and oer a {sewere food “There were two important conditions for the rio the rts in the cacy twentieth century. The fist Was nationalism. The fry of activity twa driven by the will or socal and cultural se assertion that had been ‘ulin up in he ate nineteenth century, suppesse, nourished by evo Toad wa, then bursting forth into the paces creed bythe transion fom oe coloilerderto another “The eeoond condition was American colonial sate formation. Suse building widen and "Tce the socal and terval spate forthe foomstion of “Filipino nationality.” Consructing te Philippines as an objet of loowledge and cont, the Americans cand out knowledge ‘ating projects fom the onset ofthe occupation, They defines the na tio terry, commissioned histories, built up archives, and conducted emus and inventories of what the country encompassed and conned (Gm treme ad minerals to categories of inhabitants and ther Inguages das), Mater and mental inasrutures were bull for the formation ‘a national eultre, the apparats for its prodotion and cvculation. In {his manner, US. rule defind a large part ofthe fell in which artistic ‘wa would be ened out ‘Two areas in which this was moat ible were edveaton and communications A ceutysie public schon! sem was developed Brees 1903 and 10, te nner of ecols creased from 3,000 2 TROD); the amber of aches foe 2500 t 42,00, school and public Irae roma mere 1210 5,70 school erzlnen orn unde 30,0000 1Hd,000.Facltes fr conmaricton exe ith invetents in peblie works transeatin and mas medi There Were 4L newspaper (21903 there wre S12 in 1939. ie exited ar between 1903 and 1918 the number of eespapers and readers inereased by 300 and S00 erent especively. 1995, Maia Ouse anyother city in the Far [Eatin the numberof elphones snd telepone cals, andthe Philipines fad oe ofthe Best mal services inthe writ Thee were les than 30 fester (pica sinus fr thesia peremances) in the coor in 195; tere were 350 ce houses by 1940" ‘Natiol-colona te bul bout with i hos insttons tage with beng the kespers and shaper of "public memory” aad “ns fava dent” agen lit the Nstonl Lay, National Archives, Na- tinal Museum, hires! and Tangige. isiues, and,” most ensoquntl the sate university. The Nana Library evolved fm the ‘Aseria Circulating Libary orgaze it Maan 1900. Tamed vero Se governnent in 150), is nme was changed to "Philippine Pa Li beay” in 1908, was renamed “Philippine Limary & Museum” in 1916, ‘=r became two sepante intationy, the Naboral Library and the Na: {imal Museum, in 1928 The National Archives came out ofthe Buea of ‘Aches created bythe US. Philippine Commision in 1901-* The Un ‘ity ofthe Philippine establish in 190, became the prem man {aaurer ofthe atv el” anc played eadgrol is cultral production though its vanove prog and nt, sucha ie School of Fipe Are (099) and Conzersty of Musi (1916). The movement for “national leguage culminated wt the provision fr sch + nguage in the 1938 Pappine Coneittion th reaton of telat of National Language 151936, and Quezon'sdecaration of Tapalog a the basis forthe mons [guage in 1937 ‘Outside these frm sttires, a more open economy stimalted ‘ural work The prferaton of newspapers and magazines ected ‘pace for wes and gapie ars. Thea, danechallsy and eamvals vided venues for playwrights actor, dances, and musicians. Gover fa infrsroctre projets and private bins provided new challenges {erFlipino arbiter facto, fice bldg, and commercial shopsry LIPPINE QUARTERLY OF CULTURE & SOCIETY were built. Cosmopolitan in the urban centers erated a market for vs {al acne. (To ite exarpls: Ncanor Abelardo played the fiane at eine mas, wrote arzvels played jer ata sloon,led'a dance aches at Sta ‘Ana Cabaret, worked on commission fer the Erlanger & Gallenger re ‘cording business, and tight misc at UP. Femando Amorsoo worked = ‘Eaughtonan forthe Bureau of Public Works, di newspaper and maga {ine illstraons, and worked in aderising, producing theter and ea ‘al posters) Te influ of new forms of entaainment (opera, vaudeville, radio, and spor like boxing and baseball) sted the local imagination oll}wood invaded the country ad, bythe 19205, a Filipino movie ins ny had begun emerge Inthe Filipino: American War and its aftermath, Filipinos used the ‘akural sn arise resoires avaiable to them in vessting foreign inv ‘Sen, show nthe examples of patroic handimans, "seus plays. fd polities pvels* The theme of anticlonialeristance would persist 0 the decades that followed. As the Americans consolidated thei, how. tre, the relationship of ar 1o power assumed many forms. There is 3 ‘omplen, dymamic play of aie motives, genes, and practices inthis, patod, oe that snot adequately captured bya simple bipolar of esis {ince dl submission. The new clonal order not only offered oppor ties and rewards for artiste and intelectual, tence them With the Cillenge and avenue of “nation-building” The discouree on tational: fat would shi from the more popular, mitat forms of nationalism in the wa yes tothe “rational” evi tational of the Years that fl lowed. Posreoltionary nationalism was distinctly ulal rater than polieal or economic. This was exposed in the detate on “Anglo Ssxoniation” (rajonsm) in the ely daades ofthe extury. Seed as ‘well ar replied by American poster, Flipin intellectuals voiced concem lover the lose of “Went” becuse of rapid Americaizaton. JmRe Boots, « lesdng inlets), granloquently wamed: “The violent ‘vids of est tat flo” ftom acros the Pacific ae begianig to rock {he efice of lipo vires. The sound and stout qualities ofthe Filipino aoe are in danger Rocobo, together with nationalists like Rafe! Palma, ‘TendoroKalaw. and Epifnio de lon Santos spoke of filpinismo, the need (o pressive and footer he “Tipo Sos” the mentality and mor set ‘mens “the ve geius and spin,” that make for itncive Flin pe. ‘lity and atonal “Te mvENTIONOF FLIINO NATIONALITY “ina Pando de Tae, the mos prominent americana ofthe time, tok the opposing sige of thi debate call for the “complete (fmlaton ofthe Americas spit,” envionel future n whieh Pap ‘os wil be"eading and Uhlig as American" and oace wrote that he ‘one hi sons “Wo be educa in America so tat they may be Ame ans" He tized the local beritance of “backward” cultural for, Sich a nvenay, corider, sad neds, a pa ofthe county's "epacy tf ignarmtsm.” He atacked the fascination with the atonal soul 38 ‘wetkly pounded, seatimens an ineffectal He argued that what the “Sentmenl patios Pardo’ weds) eed to ste iipin Sou! was, {fet “the Latin type tapi ino ou slnds bythe Spaniards." The "penne Filipino snul"he si not sornthing static oe gven but nen and developing Ives in earmacses an wil be releged with the eu ‘ton and pospery at come wih Anglo-Saxorzation?™ “Oe shared Pad's vows but sn he pub debate he Wa a vie tun minority of one Flinn ead over omericanismo of 32) fino ‘early on. Ths, Teodro Kalaw could declare in 1927 that SAmereanzation as an idol” ded west died 1907, with the ‘ring dfest ofthe Federal Pari the fire Flippin Assembly ele tions I died in 1925 when Pande Taver died. Consrued as US. sae ood fo th Philippines, “Amicarization” was never a polity viable option, Pardo himgel racogied this as early as 1904. But to equate “hmeriantztion” with ttehond doesnot que do jie to how Pardo defined his postion. The sole! federisar and nacinalisies had ‘much moe in common with ext ober, ideolgiealy than thir pubic ‘ostrings sugested. Americarzton was a much more complex, persis fen, and ever sds phenome than the politcal corporation of ‘he Philippines nt the United Sse ‘Nationalism ~ or i xara cms, Fino ~ was the domi set icoure ofthe fit emadr ofthe cetiry. It ad effeaey a6 a mode “by which Pipi leaders could stance thenscves from the American ‘oonizers a wel as delete appropite the more radial demands of ose who coud not abide with fe U.S-ineited order. Quezon ct Himself the hero when he declared in 1923: “prefer goverment run |e fel by Flpins toa goverment run like heaves by the Americans.” Fe played to tonal seta when he sud at twas his goverae ‘mens policy "lipinie te lpnce"(Fupizar alos Fin) ‘Wha st Rene swe that Flips was tolerated if nt ‘ocouraged, by the Americans thmelves. It var the cltural complement