Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Onanism redirects here. For the Biblical origin of the ings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, some European theterm onanism, see Onan.
ologians and physicians described it as heinous, deplorable, and hideous, but during the 20th century,
Jacking o redirects here. It is not to be confused with these taboos generally declined. There has been an increase in discussion and portrayal of masturbation in art,
jacking.
Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of ones own popular music, television, lms, and literature. Today,
religions vary in their views of masturbation; some view
it as a spiritually detrimental practice, some see it as
not spiritually detrimental, and others take a situational
view. The legal status of masturbation has also varied
through history and masturbation in public is illegal in
most countries.[3]
In the West, masturbation in private or with a partner is
generally considered a normal and healthy part of sexual
enjoyment. Animal masturbation has been observed in
many species, both in the wild and in captivity.[4][5][6]
1 Etymology
The English word masturbation was introduced in the
18th century, based on the Latin verb masturbari, alongside the more technical and slightly earlier onanism. The
Latin verb masturbari is of uncertain origin. Suggested
derivations include an unattested word for penis, *mazdo,
cognate with Greek mzea , genitals, or alternatively a corruption of an unattested *manusturpare (to
dele with the hand), by association with turbare to
disturb.[7][8]
2 Terminology
genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure, usu- While masturbation is the formal word for this practice,
ally to the point of orgasm.[1]
many other expressions are in common use. Terms such
yourself, pleasuring oneself and slang such
The stimulation may involve hands, ngers, everyday ob- as playing with
[9]
[1][2]
jerking o,[10] and frigging are common.
as
wanking,
jects, sex toys or combinations of these.
Mutual mas[11]
were common in early
turbation, mutual manual stimulation of the genitals be- Self-abuse and self-pollution
modern
times
and
are
still
found
in modern dictionaries.
tween partners, can be a substitute for sexual penetration.
A
large
variety
of
other
euphemisms
and dysphemisms
Studies have found that masturbation is frequent in huexist
which
describe
masturbation.
For
a list of terms,
mans of both sexes and all ages, although there is varisee
the
entry
for
masturbate
in
Wikisaurus.
ation. Various medical and psychological benets have
been attributed to a healthy attitude toward sexual activity in general and to masturbation in particular. No causal
relationship is known between masturbation and any form
of mental or physical disorder.
3 Techniques
Masturbation has been depicted in art since prehistoric Masturbation involves touching, pressing, rubbing or
times and is mentioned and discussed in very early writ- massaging a persons genital area, either with the ngers
1
TECHNIQUES
3.1
Female
3.2 Male
Manual clitoral stimulation
3
There are many other variations on male masturbation
techniques. Men may also rub or massage the glans,
the rim of the glans, and the frenular delta. Some men
place both hands directly on their penis during masturbation, while others may use their free hand to fondle
their testicles, nipples, or other parts of their body. The
nipples are erogenous zones, and vigorous stimulation of
them during masturbation usually causes the penis to become erect more quickly than it would otherwise. Some
may keep their hand stationary while pumping into it with
pelvic thrusts in order to simulate the motions of sexual
intercourse. Others may also use vibrators and other sexual devices more commonly associated with female masturbation. A few extremely exible males can reach and
stimulate their penis with their tongue or lips, and so perform autofellatio.
The prostate gland is one of the organs that contributes
uid to semen. As the prostate is touch-sensitive, some
directly stimulate it using a well-lubricated nger or dildo
inserted through the anus into the rectum. Stimulating the
prostate from outside, via pressure on the perineum, can
be pleasurable as well. Some men also enjoy anal stimulation, with ngers or otherwise, without any prostate
stimulation.
Masturbating by gripping and sliding the foreskin back and forth
4 Mutual masturbation
EVOLUTIONARY UTILITY
reported masturbating in the four weeks before their interview, while 53% of men and 18% of women reported
[29]
Mutual masturbation is a sexual act where two or more masturbating in the previous seven days.
people stimulate themselves or one another sexually, usu- The Merck Manual gives the following statistics: 97% of
ally with the hands. It is practiced by people of all sexual men and 80% of women have masturbated.[30]
orientations, and can be part of a full repertoire of sex- Masturbation is considered normal when performed by
ual activity. It may be used as foreplay, or as an alternachildren,[31] even in early infancy.[26] In 2009, the UK
tive to sexual penetration. When used as an alternative to Government joined the Netherlands and other European
penile-vaginal penetration, the goal may be to preserve nations in encouraging teens to masturbate at least daily.
virginity or to prevent pregnancy.[22][23] For some peo- An orgasm was dened as a right in its health pamphlet.
ple, non-penetrative sex is the primary sexual activity of This was done in response to data and experience from
choice above all others. People may also nd masturbat- the other EU member states to reduce teen pregnancy and
ing with friends helps lift the stigma they feel surround- STIs (STDs), and to promote healthy habits.[32]
ing the act. This may help them develop their orgasm,
increase its pleasure, and may inspire them to masturbate In the book Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary
America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point
on a more frequent basis.
out, A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with
Mutual masturbation can be practiced by males or fe- his erect penis. Baby girls sometimes move their bodmales in pairs or groups with or without actually touching ies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experianother person as indicated by the following examples of ence orgasm. Italian gynecologists Giorgio Giorgi and
contact versus non-contact scenarios:
Marco Siccardi observed via ultrasound a female fetus
possibly masturbating and having what appeared to be an
Non-contact mutual masturbation Two people mas- orgasm.[33]
turbating in the presence of each other but not touchPopular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who
ing.
are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate
Contact mutual masturbation One person touching more frequently than those who are; however, much of
another person to masturbate. The other person may the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with
a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary
do the same during or after.
to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a
Non-contact group More than two people masturbat- positive correlation between the frequency of masturbaing in the presence of each other in a group but not tion and the frequency of intercourse. A study has retouching each other.
ported a signicantly higher rate of masturbation in gay
[29][34][35][36]
Contact group More than two people physically touch- men and women who were in a relationship.
ing each other to masturbate as a group.
Mutual masturbation foreplay The manual stimulation of each others genitals where the session eventually leads to sexual intercourse.[24]
Frequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, e.g., ones resistance to sexual tension, hormone
levels inuencing sexual arousal, sexual habits, peer
inuences, health and ones attitude to masturbation
formed by culture; E. Heiby and J. Becker examined the
latter.[25] Medical causes have also been associated with
masturbation.[26][27][28]
Dierent studies have found that masturbation is frequent
in humans. Alfred Kinseys 1950s studies on US population have shown that 92% of men and 62% of women
have masturbated during their lifespan.[20] Similar results
have been found in a 2007 British national probability
survey. It was found that, between individuals aged 16
to 44, 95% of men and 71% of women masturbated at
some point in their lives. 73% of men and 37% of women
6 Evolutionary utility
Masturbation may increase fertility during intercourse. A
2009 Australian study found daily ejaculation to be an important factor in sperm health and motility.[37]
Female masturbation alters conditions in the vagina,
cervix and uterus, in ways that can alter the chances of
conception from intercourse, depending on the timing
of the masturbation. A womans orgasm between one
minute before and 45 minutes after insemination favors
the chances of that sperm reaching her egg. If, for example, she has had intercourse with more than one male,
such an orgasm can increase the likelihood of a pregnancy
by one of them.[38][39] Female masturbation can also provide protection against cervical infections by increasing
the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris
out of the cervix.[39]
In males, masturbation ushes out old sperm with low
motility from the males genital tract. The next ejaculate then contains more fresh sperm, which have higher
chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If
7.2
General benets
more than one male has intercourse with a female, such risk in this same study.[57]
the sperm with the highest motility will compete more A study published in 1997 found an inverse association
eectively.[40][41][42]
between death from coronary heart disease and frequency
of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia
and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual ac7 Health and psychological eects tivity.
That is, a dierence in mortality appeared between any
two subjects when one subject ejaculated at around two
7.1 Scientic consensus
times per week more than the other. Assuming a broad
The medical consensus is that masturbation is range average of between 3 to 5 ejaculations per week
a medically healthy and psychologically normal for healthy males, this would mean 5 to 7 ejaculations
per week. This is consistent with a 2003 Australia article
habit.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
on the benets against prostate cancer. The strength of
Masturbation does not produce premature ejaculation.[51]
these correlations increased with increasing frequency of
ejaculation.[58]
7.2
General benets
Sex therapists will sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm, for example to
help improve sexual health and relationships, to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them, and because
mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual
relationships and added intimacy.[52][53]
A 2008 study at Tabriz Medical University found ejaculation reduces swollen nasal blood vessels, freeing the
airway for normal breathing. The mechanism is through
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and is long
lasting. The study author suggests It can be done [from]
time-to-time to alleviate the congestion and the patient
can adjust the number of intercourses or masturbations
depending on the severity of the symptoms.[59]
7.4 Pregnancy
Solo masturbation, or masturbation involving individuals
of the same gender, cannot produce pregnancy. Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see mutual
masturbation) can result in pregnancy only if semen contacts the vulva.
Male masturbation may be used as a method to obtain
semen for third party reproductive procedures such as
articial insemination and In vitro fertilisation which may
involve the use of either partner or donor sperm.[72][73]
At a sperm bank or fertility clinic, a special room or cabin
may be set aside so that semen may be produced by male
masturbation for use in fertility treatments such as articial insemination. Most semen used for sperm donation,
and all semen donated through a sperm bank by sperm
donors, is produced in this way. The facility at a sperm
bank used for this purpose is known as a masturbatorium
(US) or mens production room (UK). A bed or couch is
usually provided for the man, and pornographic lms or
other material may be made available.[74]
7.3
Risks
Those who insert objects as aid to masturbation risk them consuming, it may be necessary to look for an underlying
7
cause of this, such as the child being tense and in need
of comfort, or that others may be overreacting and thus
reinforcing the habit. It could be caused by a low-grade
urinary tract or yeast infection, or the child may be overstimulated and in need of soothing, or indeed understimulated and bored. In each case, dealing with the cause will
bring the behavior back to a level of enthusiasm that does
not take away from other interests. Such a habit can also
be addressed by distraction and providing other activities
for the child to engage with.[83] Alongside many other factors, such as medical evidence, age-inappropriate sexual
knowledge, sexualized play or aggression, and precocious
or seductive behavior, excessive masturbation may alternatively be an indicator of sexual abuse.[84][85]
Compulsive masturbation and other compulsive behaviors can be signs of an emotional problem, which may
need to be addressed by a mental health specialist.[86] As
with any nervous habit, it is more helpful to consider the
causes of compulsive behavior, rather than try to repress
masturbation.[87][88]
There is discussion between professionals and other interested parties as to whether such a thing as sexual addiction really exists. Compulsive masturbation is regarded as
one of the symptoms of sexual addiction by proponents
of that concept.[89][90]
As late as the seventeenth century in Europe the practice was commonly employed by nannies to put their
young male charges to sleep.[95] That tolerance was soon
to change. The rst use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specically refer to masturbation appears
to be Onania, an anonymous pamphlet rst distributed
in London in 1716. It drew on familiar themes of sin
and vice, this time in particular against the heinous sin
of self-pollution. After dire warnings that those who
so indulged would suer impotence, gonorrhea, epilepsy
and a wasting of the faculties (included were letters and
testimonials supposedly from young men ill and dying
from the eects of compulsive masturbation), the pamphlet then goes on to recommend as an eective remedy
a Strengthening Tincture at 10 shillings a bottle and a
Prolic Powder at 12 shillings a bag, available from a
local shop.
One of the many horried by the descriptions of malady in Onania was the notable Swiss physician SamuelAuguste Tissot. In 1760, he published L'Onanisme, his
own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported illeects of masturbation. Citing case studies of young
male masturbators amongst his patients in Lausanne,
Switzerland as basis for his reasoning, Tissot argued that
semen was an essential oil and stimulus that, when
lost from the body in great amounts, would cause a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of
reason; blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, all types
of gout and rheumatism, weakening of the organs of gen-
8.1
Stigma
9
tried to relate the way people masturbated to their degree of inclination towards the opposite sex and to their
psycho-sexual pathologies. Masturbation by men was at
one time believed to cause homosexuality.[100]
The works of Sexologist Alfred Kinsey during the 1940s
and 1950s said that masturbation was an instinctive behavior for both males and females, citing the results of
Gallup Poll surveys indicating how common it was in the
United States. Some critics of this theory held that his
research was biased and that the Gallup Poll method was
redundant for dening natural behavior.
Thomas Szasz states the shift in scientic consensus[44][45][101] as Masturbation: the primary sexual activity of mankind. In the nineteenth century it was a disease;
in the twentieth, its a cure.[46]
Image of a chastity belt from a patent document. For entire document, see: Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
8.1 Stigma
10
11
14 to 17. The 14,000 campaign includes leaets, yers, a fanzine, and workshops for the young in which
they receive instruction on masturbation techniques along
with advice on contraception and self-respect. The initiative, whose slogan is, Pleasure is in your own hands has
angered local right-wing politicians and challenged traditional Roman Catholic views. Ocials from the neighbouring region of Andalucia have expressed an interest
in copying the programme.[117]
The text book Palliative care nursing: quality care to the
end of life states, Terminally ill people are likely no different from the general population regarding their masturbation habits. Palliative care practitioners should routinely ask their patients if anything interferes in their ability to masturbate and then work with the patient to correct
about masturbation and lift the taboos that still surround
the problem if it is identied.[118]
the subject. May is considered Masturbation Month
by sex-positive organizations and activists, including
Betty Dodson, Joani Blank, Susan Block, and Carol
9.2 Rites of passage
Queen.
The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rituals and rites of
passage surrounding manhood which lasts several years
and involves ejaculation through fellatio often several
times a day. Semen is valued and masturbation is seen 10
as a waste of semen and is therefore frowned upon even
though frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity
10.1
and need to ejaculate is developed or nurtured for years
from an early age but through fellatio so that it can be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength
and is considered in the same line as mothers milk.[119]
In popular culture
Paintings and drawings
9.3
Masturbate-a-thon
12
10 IN POPULAR CULTURE
10.2 Music
In popular music, there are several notable songs that deal
with masturbation. Some of the earliest examples are
"My Ding-a-Ling" by Chuck Berry and Mary Ann with
the Shaky Hand and "Pictures of Lily" by The Who.[123]
10.3 Literature
In October 1972, an important censorship case was held
in Australia, leading to the banning of Philip Roth's novel
Portnoys Complaint in that country due to its masturbation references. The censorship led to public outcry at the
time.[128]
Further portrayals and references to masturbation have
occurred throughout literature, and the practice itself has
even contributed to the production of literature among
certain writers, such as Wolfe, Balzac, Flaubert and John
Cheever.[129]
10.4 Television
Political Masturbation on Mass Media and Television, by Danny
Sillada, 2009
13
of a bear with a diaper covering its genitals. The Masturbating Bear would touch his diaper to simulate masturbation. Prior to leaving Late Night to become host
of The Tonight Show, Conan O'Brien originally retired
the character due to concerns about its appropriateness
in an earlier time slot.[131] The Masturbating Bear however made his Tonight Show debut during the nal days
of Conan O'Briens tenure as host of the Tonight Show. It
was clear by then that Conan O'Brien was being removed
from the show and he spent his last shows pushing the envelope with skits that typically would not be appropriate
for the Tonight Show, one of which was the Masturbating
Bear.[132] After much debate on whether or not he would
be able to be used on Conan O'Briens new TBS show,
Conan, the Masturbating Bear made an appearance on
the very rst episode.[133]
In March 2007 the UK broadcaster Channel 4 was to air
a season of television programmes about masturbation,
called Wank Week. (Wank is a Briticism for masturbate.)
The series came under public attack from senior television gures, and was pulled amid claims of declining editorial standards and controversy over the channels public
service broadcasting credentials. However, its constituent
lms may yet be shown by the channel at a later date.[134]
10.5
Pornography
11
13 References
[1] Masturbation - Is Masturbation Normal or Harmful?
Who Masturbates? Why Do People Masturbate?".
WebMD. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
[2] Based on masturbation in Merriam-Websters Collegiate
Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc.,
2003
[3] Hallikeri, Vinay R.; Gouda, Hareesh S.; Aramani, Sunil
C.; Vijaykumar, A.G.; Ajaykumar, T.S. (JulyDecember
2010). MASTURBATIONAN OVERVIEW. Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (New Delhi:
Medicolegal Society) 27 (2): 4649. ISSN 0971-1929.
Today, masturbatory act is considered as a healthy practice when done in private and an oence if done in the
public in most of the countries.
[4] Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion. Petplace.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
[5] Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal
Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martins Press.
ISBN 0-312-19239-8.
[6] For further references, see also the main article Animal
sexuality#Autoeroticism (masturbation).
[7] Dally, Peter (1975). The Fantasy Factor. George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited. p. 135. ISBN 0-297-76945-6.
[8] OED, s.v. masturbation (login required)
12
See also
14
13
REFERENCES
15
16
13
Health-
REFERENCES
[55] Masturbation key to healthy, functional sexual relationships. The Badger Herald, Daily campus newspaper.
Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Badger Herald, Inc. April 19,
2007. Retrieved July 2007.
[67] Levin, Roy J. Physiology of Orgasm. In Cancer and Sexual Health, edited by John P. Mulhall, Luca Incrocci, Irwin Goldstein, and Ray Rosen, 3549. Current Clinical
Urology. Humana Press, 2011
[57] Dimitropoulou, Polyxeni; Artitaya Lophatananon, Douglas Easton, Richard Pocock, David P. Dearnaley,
Michelle Guy, Steven Edwards, Lynne O'Brien, Amanda
Hall, Rosemary Wilkinson, Rosalind Eeles, Kenneth R.
Muir (November 11, 2008). Sexual activity and prostate
cancer risk in men diagnosed at a younger age. BJU
International 103 (2): 178185. doi:10.1111/j.1464410X.2008.08030.x. PMID 19016689.
[58] Smith, George Davey; F; Y (December 20, 1997).
Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the
Caerphilly cohort study. BMJ 315 (7123): 16414.
doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7123.1641. PMC 2128033. PMID
9448525. Retrieved July 2007.
[59] Masturbation could bring hay fever relief for men. April
2008. Retrieved August 2009.
[60] Sutherland, Tammy. Six healthy reasons to masturbate. Best Health Magazine. Readers Digest Magazines
(Canada). Retrieved 4 July 2013. Just as people fall into a
deep sleep after sex with a partner, because blood pressure
is lowered and relaxation is increased through the release
of endorphins, masturbation is a good sleeping pill, says
Golden. It is relied on by many as a nightly occurrence.
17
[78] Fitkin J, Ho GT (August 1999). Peyronies disease: current management. Am Fam Physician 60 (2): 54952,
554. PMID 10465229.
18
13
REFERENCES
[106] Planned Parenthood, MasturbationFrom Stigma to [122] Leslie Vella. Maltas prehistoric statues and sexuality.
Sexual Health
Maltainsideout.com. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
[107] Catechism of the Catholic Church. Retrieved 2007-10- [123] Pete Townshend (1971). Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy.
08. Both the Magisterium of the Church, in the course
Printed article. Rolling Stone or one of the similar magof a constant tradition, and the moral sense of the faithazines (Melody Maker, NME, etc.)". Retrieved 2009-01ful have been in no doubt and have rmly maintained that
09. Merely a ditty about masturbation and the impormasturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered actance of it to a young man. I was really diggin' at my folks
tion."The deliberate use of the sexual faculty, for whatwho, when catching me at it, would talk in loud voices in
ever reason, outside of marriage is essentially contrary
the corridor outside my room. 'Why can't he go with girls
to its purpose. For here sexual pleasure is sought outlike other boys?'"
side of the sexual relationship which is demanded by the
moral order and in which the total meaning of mutual self[124] McLean, Craig (25 March 2006). Pink: The outspoken
giving and human procreation in the context of true love
pop star on fame and growing up. The Independent (Lonis achieved.
don). Retrieved 16 March 2010.
[108] Kant, Emmanuel. Mary J. Gregor, ed. The Metaphysics
of Morals. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN [125] Macdonald, Cameron (2006-01-23). Treating Dandru
by Decapitation Playing God. Stylus Magazine.
0521566738. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
[109] James, Lawrence (September 15, 1997). The Rise and [126] Cyndi Lauper Biography. Monsters and Critics. ReFall of the British Empire. St. Martins Grin. p. 41.
trieved 2013-11-08.
ISBN 978-0312169855. The context is a discussion of
the social habits of the early North American colonists. [127] Meaning of Song Lyrics: The Stranger. Songmeanings.net. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
[110] Masturbation laws around the world: the penal code.
The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
[128] Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founder. Crikey.
August 2006.
[111] 1568 MONTGOMERY HIGHWAY INC v. CITY OF
HOOVER. 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
[132] Stableford, Dylan (2010-01-21). "'Conan Finally Unleashes 'Masturbating Bear''". Thewrap.com. Retrieved
2011-05-29.
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14
Further reading
15
External links
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16
16
16.1
16.1
Text
21
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