CLONING

SARA GORENC, 4.G

SUMMARY:
1. •What is cloning?
2. •Types of cloning
3. •History
4. •Why clone?
What is cloning?
◦ a technique that is used to make exact genetic
copies of living things
◦ genes, tissues, organs and organisms
◦ Humans -> identical twins (closest to the definition
of a clone)
◦ Example: product of binary fission of bacteria
◦ The first research -> 1885., Hans Adolf Eduard
Driesch -> sea urchin
Types of cloning
◦ Gene cloning
◦ Copies of genes or segments of DNA
◦ Therapeutic cloning
◦ Embryonic stem cells -> creating tissue
◦ Reproductive cloning
◦ Copies of a whole animal
◦ Artificial Embryo Twinning -> identical twins
◦ Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer -> genetically
identical clone
History
◦ 1885. - First ever demonstration of artificial
embryo twinning
◦ Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
◦ Sea urchin
◦ 1902. - Artificial embryo twinning in a vertebrate
◦ Hans Spemann
◦ Salamander
◦ 1928. - The cell nucleus controls embryonic
development
◦ Hans Spemann
◦ Salamander
History
◦ 1952. - First successful nuclear transfer
◦ Robert Briggs and Thomas King
◦ Frog

◦ 1958. - Nuclear transfer from a differentiated cell

◦ John Gurdon
◦ Frog

◦ 1975 - First mammalian embryo created by

nuclear transfer
◦ J. Derek Bromhall
◦ Rabbit
 History
◦ 1984 - First mammal created by nuclear transfer
◦ Steen Willadsen
◦ Sheep
◦ 1987. - Nuclear transfer from embryonic cell
◦ Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard
Eyestone
◦ Cow
◦ 1996 - Nuclear transfer from laboratory cells
◦ Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell
◦ Sheep
◦ 1996 - Dolly: First mammal created by somatic
cell nuclear transfer
◦ Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell
◦ Sheep
History
◦ 1997 - First primate created by embryonic cell nuclear
transfer
◦ Li Meng, John Ely, Richard Stouffer, and Don Wolf
◦ Rhesus monkey

◦ 1997 - Nuclear transfer from genetically engineered

laboratory cells
◦ Angelika Schnieke, Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut
◦ Sheep

◦ 1998-1999 - More mammals cloned by somatic cell nuclear

transfer
◦ 2001 - Endangered animals cloned by somatic cell nuclear
transfer
History
◦ 2007 - Primate embryonic stem cells
created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
◦ 2013 - Human embryonic stem cells
created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
◦ Shoukhrat Mitalipov and colleagues
◦ Human
Why clone?
In medicine
◦ Cloning animal models of disease
◦ Human diseases are studied on animal
models
◦ Cloning stem cells
◦ Stem cells- used for building, maintaining
and repairing our bodies through our life
◦ Cloning stem cells of individuals
◦ Growing organs and studying diseases
Drug production
◦ Farm animals- producing drugs or
proteins that are useful in medicine
◦ Cow cells are grown in culture -> insert
a gene into the DNA (they code for a
drug or vaccine)-> they transfer the
nucleus to enucleated egg cell -> cow
that makes the drug in its milk
 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
Sources:
◦ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cloning/
◦ https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet
◦ https://medlineplus.gov/cloning.html
◦ https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/
◦ https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/
◦ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223960/
◦ https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-
cells/art-20048117
◦ https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/
◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz25m-H2scE
◦ https://www.dnatube.com/video/563/Somatic-Cell-Nuclear-Transfer-Animation
◦ https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/