The India and Pakistan Border, known locally as the

International Border (IB), is an international border running

between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states
and the four provinces of Pakistan. The border runs from the Line of Control (LoC), which
separates the Indian controlled Kashmir from Pakistan controlled Kashmir, in the north,
to Wagah, which partitioned the Indian Punjab state and Punjab Province of Pakistan, in the
east. The Zero Point separates the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to Sindh province
of Pakistan, in the south.[1]
Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947, the border, which separates
Pakistan and India from each other, traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major
urban areas to inhospitable deserts.[2] From the Arabian sea, the naval border follows the
course of Manora Island of Pakistan to the course of the Mumbai Harbour, in the South
east. Since independence of India and Pakistan ( see British India ), the border has been a
site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country, and is one of the most complex
borders in the world.[2] The border's total length is 1,800 mi (2,900 km),[2] according to the
figures given by the PBS; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world, based
on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011.[3] It can be seen from space at night due
to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles.[4][5][6]
Basically the borders between the two countries is called as International Border. The
border between the two Nations is an internationally recognised frontier from
Gujarat/Sindh only with exemption to the Line of Control that is not internationally
accepted. The Kashmir disputed region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line,
established after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, into two main parts and the de facto
demarcation dividing Pakistan-administered Kashmir from Indian-administered Kashmir
has been called the Line of Control since 1972.
However, the situation between Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India is some how
unique and different. Between Pakistan and India lies the Indian state of Jammu and
Kashmir. On the other side where the internal borders of the Pakistan's Punjab provincial

border, is officially called the Working Boundary by Pakistan (which is a recent term) and
international border by the Government of India.

1. LOC: Line of control is the boundary between the Pakistani Azad Kashmir and
Indian Jammu and Kashmir. It was demarcated after the Simla pact in 1972.

2. International boundary: The demarcated line between the Republic of India and
Pakistan recognised internationally. Sir Cyril Radcliffe Demarcated the land in
1947.

3. The BangladeshIndia border (Bengali: - ), known locally as the

International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh
and India that demarcates the six divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states.

4. Bangladesh and India share a 4,096-kilometer (2,545-mile)-long international

border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including 262 km in Assam,
856 km in Tripura, 180 km in Mizoram, 443 km in Meghalaya, and 2,217 km in

West Bengal.[1] The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur,

Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the
border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced
on both sides. The Land Boundary Agreement to simplify the border was ratified by
both India and Bangladesh on 7 May 2015.[2]
The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line
between India and Pakistan upon the partition of India. It was named after its architect,

Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as chairman of the Border Commissions, was charged with
equitably dividing 175,000 square miles (450,000 km2) of territory with 88 million people.[3]
In July 2009, Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Bangladeshis were killed by the
BSF along the Indo-Bangladeshi Barrier. The BSF claims that the barrier's main purpose
is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism.[8] In 2010, Human
Rights Watch (HRW) issued an 81-page report which brought up uncountable abuses of
the BSF. The report was compiled from the interviews taken from the victims of BSF
torments, witnesses, members of the BSF and its Bangladeshi counterpart. The report
stated that over 1000 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st

century. According to HRW, BSF did not only shoot illegal migrants or smugglers but even
innocents who were seen near, sometimes even people working in fields (farmland) near
the border.[9]

Bangladesh Last House, in the BangladeshIndia border at Jointa Hill Resort, Tamabil,
Sylhet.
BSF has often been accused by Bangladesh government of incursions into Bangladesh
territory, and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India-Bangladesh borders. This
was in retaliation to massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India, for which the
Indo-Bangladeshi Barrier is underway. [10] In a news conference in August 2008, Indian BSF
officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals (34 Bangladeshis, 21 Indians, rest
unidentified) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months. [11]
Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children, aged between 8
and 15, from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh, in 2010. The
children were setting fishing nets near the border. [12] In 2010, Human Rights Watch has
accused the Border Security Force for the indiscriminate killings. BSF forces killed and
hanged the dead body over the fence Ms. Felani (a 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl) on 7
January 2011.[13]
India Bangladesh Border
The enclaves or chitmahals (Bengali: ) between India and Bangladesh border in the
Indian state of West Bengal were a long-standing issue between the countries.
The enclaves were reputedly part of a high-stakes card game or chess games centuries ago
between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur, and
the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the
Mughal Empire. After the partition of India in 1947, Cooch Behar district merged with
India and Rangpur went to then-East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971. The
prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to
exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved
the proposed Land Boundary Agreement, but India did not ratify it. In 2011 the two

countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of
the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India
passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015. [14][15] Inside
the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while
inside the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). In
respect of adverse possessions, India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred
2,267.682 acres to Bangladesh. Under the agreement, the enclave residents could
continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice. [16][17]
The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh.[18] The undemarcated borders
between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata-Dumabari,
Muhurichar (an island in the Muhuri River),[19] and Pyrdiwah.[20][21][22]
Maritime boundary[edit]
India and Bangladesh had engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations starting 1974,
but it remained inconclusive until 2009. In October 2009, Bangladesh served India with
notice of arbitration proceedings under the UNCLOS.
The Arbitration Tribunal delivered the ruling on 7 July 2014 and settled the dispute. [23]
Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transport between India and Bangladesh
Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance
for both countries, which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years, starting with
the partition of Bengal and India in 1947. The KolkataDhaka Bus (1999) and the Dhaka
Agartala Bus (2001) are the primary road links between the two countries; a direct
Kolkata-Agartala running through Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is being developed by
both countries. The Maitree Express (Friendship Express) was launched to revive a railway
link between Kolkata and Dhaka that had been shut for 43 years. [24]
After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, bilateral
relations improved considerably, but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a
1980 agreement on improving transport links.[25] In the 1990s, the Indian and Bangladeshi
governments collaborated to open bus services between Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal

and one of the largest cities in India, and Dhaka, the capital and largest city of
Bangladesh. In 2001, another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala,
the capital of the Indian state of Tripura, the second largest city of Northeast India that
borders Bangladesh in the east.
In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via, Petrapole, Dhaka, Akhoura
began. The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation.
India-Bangladesh barrier[edit]

The border fence close to the Hili Border station (West-Bangladesh)

The project has run into several delays and there is no clear completion date for the project
yet.[26][27][28] The barrier when complete will be patrolled by the Border Security Force.
The fence will also be electrified at some stretches.
The BSF claims that the barrier's main purpose is to prevent smuggling of narcotics. [8]
Barbed wire fencing[edit]
India is constructing the Indo-Bangladeshi barrier, a 3,406-kilometre (2,116 mi) fence of
barbed wire and concrete just under 3 metres high, to prevent smuggling of narcotics. Out
of this, 2529 kilometres of fencing was completed at the cost of 28.81 billion
(US$430 million) by November 2007. The deadline for project completion was set to 2008
09[26] By October 2009, about 2649 kilometres of fencing along with about 3326 kilometres
of border roads were completed. The deadline for project completion was revised to March
2010.[27] By March 2011, 2735 kilometres of fencing was completed and the deadline was
revised to March 2012.[28]

Assam shares 263 km of border with Bangladesh out of which 143.9 km is land and
119.1 km is riverine. As of November 2011, 221.56 km of fencing was completed.[29]
Flood lights[edit]
India has completed the installation of flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal
sector.[26]

Area - Square metre

Volume - Cubic metre
Velocity - Metre / second
Density - Kilogram / Metre Cube
Energy -Joule
Force - Newton
Pressure - Pascal or Newton / Square Metre
Frequency - Hertz
Power - Watt
Weight - Newton or Kilogram
Heat - Joule
Temperature - Kelvin
Resistance - Ohm
Electric current - Ampere
Electromotive force - Volt
Intensity of Sound - Decibel
Power of lens - Dioptre
Depth of Sea - Fathom
Magnetic Intensity - Orsted
Electric Power - Kilo Watt or Watt
Acceleration - Metre / Second Square
Momentum -Kilogram Metre / Second
Work -Joule
Impulse - Newton - Second
Angular velocity - Radian / Second
Viscosity - Poise

Surface tension - Newton / Square Metre

Absolute temperature - Kelvin
Electrical conductivity - Ohm / Metre
Electric Energy - Kilo Watt hour
Charge - Coulomb
Magnetic induction - Gauss
Luminous flux - Candela