1

Problem 1 (15 pts) Does the following sequence converge or diverge as n ? Give reasons
for your answer. If it converges, find the limit.
(a) (7 pts)
sin n
.
n
Answer: It converges. Notice that for every n N, sin n is bounded as 1 sin n 1.
Hence we have:
1 sin n 1

for every n N.
n
n
n
Now, both n1 and n1 tend to 0 as n . Therefore, by the Sandwich Theorem, we
can conclude that
sin n
= 0.
lim
n n
(b) (8 pts)
1
a n = n tan .
n
Answer:
an =

lim n tan

1
n

=
=

lim

tan n1
1
n

lim

sin n1
1
n

lim

sin n1

1
n

1
cos n1
!
lim

n cos 1
n

= 1 1 = 1.
since both terms converge and we know
lim

sin n1
1
n

sin x
x0 x
cos x
= lim
x0 1
= 1.
= lim

by lHpitals rule.

Alternatively, if you know how to take a derivative of tan x, then you can proceed as
tan x
follows. Let us define the function f (x) =
for all x 0. Clearly lim f (x) exists,
x0
x
then lim f (1/n) = lim f (x). Now,
n

x0

tan x
x0 x
lim

sec2 x
x0
1
= 1.
= lim

by lHpitals rule.

Note that (tan x)0 = (sin x/ cos x)0 = 1/ cos2 x = sec2 x.

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Problem 2 (20 pts) Does the following series absolutely converge, conditionally converge, or
diverge? Give reasons for your answer.
n!
X
.
n
n=1 n

[ Hint: You can use the fact: e1 0.36788. ]

Answer: First of all, nn!n > 0 for all n N. Hence, there is no need to check the absolute convergence nor the conditional convergence. Simply checking the usual convergence suffice.
Now, we will use the Ratio Test.
a n+1
an

Hence, the series

(n + 1)! n n n n
1
1
=
=
e 0.36788 as n .
n+1
1 n
(n + 1)
n!
n +1
1+
n

a n (absolutely) converges via the Ratio Test since = e1 < 1.

n=1

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Problem 3 (20 pts) Does the following series absolutely converge, conditionally converge, or
diverge? Give reasons for your answer.
(1)n+1
X
.
p
n
n=1

Answer: This series converge conditionally. The reason is that it satisfies the Alternating Series
Test as follows. Let u n = p1n . Then,
(i) u n > 0 for all n N ;
1
1
(ii) u n > u n+1 for all n N since clearly p > p
;
n
n +1
(iii) lim u n = 0.
n

Moreover, this series does not converge absolutely since

p-series with p = 21 < 1.

1
X
p diverges because this is a
n=1 n

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Problem 4 (20 pts) Determine the radius and the interval of convergence of the power series:
f (x) =

(1)n

n=1

(3x 1)n
.
n2n

Justify your answers.

n

Answer: Let a n = (1)n (3x1)

n2n .

n+1
n+1
a n+1

n2n

= (1) (3x 1)

n+1
n
n
(n
+
1)2
(1)
(3x

1)
n
n
1
=
|3x 1| |3x 1| as n regardless of the value of x.
2(n + 1)
2
Therefore, if 12 |3x 1| < 1, then this power series converges absolutely (and hence converges) by the Ratio Test. Since

1
1 2
2
1 2
1

|3x 1| < 1 x < < x < < x < 1,

2
3
3
3
3 3
3
2
this means that the radius of convergence is R = .
3
As for the interval of convergence, we need to check the end points of the interval 13 <
x < 1. If x = 31 , then

1
=
f
3
=
=
=

X
n=1

X
n=1

(1)n

(2)n
n2n

(1)n

(1)n 2n
n2n

(1)2n

n=1

1
n

1
n=1 n

This is the harmonic series. Hence, it diverges to +. Hence, x = 13 cannot be included

in the interval of convergence. On the other hand, if x = 1, then
f (1) =
=

X
n=1

(1)n

2n
n2n

(1)n

1
n

n=1

1
(1)n+1 ,
n
n=1
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which is a negative of the alternating harmonic series. Hence it converges (to ln 2).
Hence, x = 1 must be included in the interval of convergence.

1
1
Therefore, the interval of convergence is < x 1, or x , 1 .
3
3

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Problem 5 (25 pts) Let f (x) = sin x.

(a) (10 pts) Find the Maclaurin series generated by f (x).
Answer: Let f (x) = sin x. Then, we have the following derivatives: f (2k) (x) = (1)k sin x,
f (2k+1) (x) = (1)k cos x, k = 0, 1, . . . Hence, f (2k) (0) = 0 while f (2k+1) (0) = cos =
(1)k . Therefore, we have the following Taylor series of sin x at x = 0:
sin x =

(1)k
X
x3 x5
x 2k+1 = x
+
+ .
3! 5!
k=0 (2k + 1)!

(b) (10 pts) Suppose we want to approximate sin x for 2 < x < 2 using the Taylor polynomial of order 3 centered at x = 0. Estimate the approximation error up to 3 decimal
points using the residual R 3 (x) in Taylors formula.
4
[ Hint: You can use the fact: 2 6.088. ]
Answer: First of all, the Taylor polynomial of order 3 is clearly
P 3 (x) = x

x3
.
3!

Using Taylors formula, we have

sin x = P 3 (x) + R 3 (x) = x

x 3 f (4) (c) 4
+
x
3!
4!

for some c with

<c < .
2
2

Since | f (4) (c)| = | sin c| < 1 for 2 < c < 2 , we have

|sin x P 3 (x)| = |R 3 (x)| <

1 4
1 4
x
6.088/24 0.254 .
4!
24 2

(c) (5 pts) State Eulers identity and derive

ei + 1 = 0.
Answer: Insert = to the following Eulers identity:
ei = cos + i sin = ei = cos + i sin = 1 ei + 1 = 0.

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