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beamerHIT112LectureSlides1 PDF
beamerHIT112LectureSlides1 PDF
Table of Contents
1
Properties of Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Table of Contents
1
Properties of Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
perform matrix multiplication by a scalar
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
perform matrix multiplication by a scalar
perform matrix multiplication for conforming matrices
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
perform matrix multiplication by a scalar
perform matrix multiplication for conforming matrices
state and prove properties of matrix addition
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
perform matrix multiplication by a scalar
perform matrix multiplication for conforming matrices
state and prove properties of matrix addition
state and prove properties of matrix multiplication
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
perform matrix multiplication by a scalar
perform matrix multiplication for conforming matrices
state and prove properties of matrix addition
state and prove properties of matrix multiplication
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
The matrix A
A=
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Order of a matrix
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Special matrices
A matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all entries except those on
the diagonal are zero. An entry is a diagonal entry if the row
position is the same as column position. This can be written
as aij = aii if i = j and aij = 0 if i 6= j. In short, a diagonal
matrix D = [dii ]n .
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Special matrices
A matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all entries except those on
the diagonal are zero. An entry is a diagonal entry if the row
position is the same as column position. This can be written
as aij = aii if i = j and aij = 0 if i 6= j. In short, a diagonal
matrix D = [dii ]n .
A triangular matrix is one where either all the entries above or
below the main diagonal are zero. The upper triangular
matrix U is given by uij where uij = 0 if i < j. The lower
triangular matrix L is given by lij where lij = 0 if i > j.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Special matrices
A matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all entries except those on
the diagonal are zero. An entry is a diagonal entry if the row
position is the same as column position. This can be written
as aij = aii if i = j and aij = 0 if i 6= j. In short, a diagonal
matrix D = [dii ]n .
A triangular matrix is one where either all the entries above or
below the main diagonal are zero. The upper triangular
matrix U is given by uij where uij = 0 if i < j. The lower
triangular matrix L is given by lij where lij = 0 if i > j.
The zero matrix O has all entries equal to zero.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Special matrices
A matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all entries except those on
the diagonal are zero. An entry is a diagonal entry if the row
position is the same as column position. This can be written
as aij = aii if i = j and aij = 0 if i 6= j. In short, a diagonal
matrix D = [dii ]n .
A triangular matrix is one where either all the entries above or
below the main diagonal are zero. The upper triangular
matrix U is given by uij where uij = 0 if i < j. The lower
triangular matrix L is given by lij where lij = 0 if i > j.
The zero matrix O has all entries equal to zero.
The sparse matrix is a matrix with very few nonzero entries.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Special matrices
A matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all entries except those on
the diagonal are zero. An entry is a diagonal entry if the row
position is the same as column position. This can be written
as aij = aii if i = j and aij = 0 if i 6= j. In short, a diagonal
matrix D = [dii ]n .
A triangular matrix is one where either all the entries above or
below the main diagonal are zero. The upper triangular
matrix U is given by uij where uij = 0 if i < j. The lower
triangular matrix L is given by lij where lij = 0 if i > j.
The zero matrix O has all entries equal to zero.
The sparse matrix is a matrix with very few nonzero entries.
A matrix is a tridiagonal matrix if only the diagonal, and the
immediate entries above and below it are nonzero. The
tridiagonal matrix T has elements such that tij = 0 for all
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Examples
Consider the matrices,
A=
B=
C=
D=
1 2
1 3
1 1
0.25
0
0
1 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
1
1
2
1
3
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
1.7
0
0
0
4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
1.7
0
0
0
4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0 Matrix A is a 3 4 matrix
0
0
0
1.7
0
0
0
4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0 Matrix A is a 3 4 matrix
0
0
0 Matrix B is a diagonal matrix
1.7
0
0
0
4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0 Matrix A is a 3 4 matrix
0
0
0 Matrix B is a diagonal matrix
1.7
0
0
Matrix C is an upper triangular matrix
0
4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0 Matrix A is a 3 4 matrix
0
0
0 Matrix B is a diagonal matrix
1.7
0
0
Matrix C is an upper triangular matrix
0
4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Equality of Matrices
Definition
Two matrices are equal if corresponding elements are equal. For
the matrices to be equal there must be of the same order.
A = B aij = bij , i, j.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Transpose AT
The transpose of a matrix AT is obtained when rows and columns
are interchanged.
AT = [aji ]nm .
Transpose of a transpose reverts to the original matrix,
(AT )T = A.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Transpose AT
The transpose of a matrix AT is obtained when rows and columns
are interchanged.
AT = [aji ]nm .
Transpose of a transpose reverts to the original matrix,
(AT )T = A.
Symmetric Matrix
A symmetric matrix is one for which the transpose is the same as
the matrix, that is AT = A.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Transpose AT
The transpose of a matrix AT is obtained when rows and columns
are interchanged.
AT = [aji ]nm .
Transpose of a transpose reverts to the original matrix,
(AT )T = A.
Symmetric Matrix
A symmetric matrix is one for which the transpose is the same as
the matrix, that is AT = A.
Skew-symmetric Matrix
A matrix is skew-symmetric if the transpose of the matrix is equal
to the negative of the matrix, that is AT = A.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Example
Find
the sum of the matrices
10 5
5 8
2 1
8 4
15 16
8
8 6 8 and B = 10
A = 12
15 17
11 11
11
9 10 15
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Solution
We add corresponding entries of the matrices,
2 + 10 1 + (5)
8 + 5 4 + (8)
8 + 15 6 + (16)
8+8
A + B = 12 + 10
11 + 15 9 + (17)
10 + 11 15 + 11
12 6
13 4
= 22 13 22 16
26 8
21 31
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix product AB
Identity Matrix I
The identity matrix has the property that
AI = IA = A
for any matrix A.
(1)
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
1A = A, 0A = 0, 1A = A
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
1A = A, 0A = 0, 1A = A
(A + B)T = AT + BT
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
1A = A, 0A = 0, 1A = A
(A + B)T = AT + BT
10
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
The proofs for properties 2, 5 and 10.
(2) Assume that all matrices are of order m n, then
(A + B) + C = [aij + bij ]mn + [cij ]mn
= [(aij + bij ) + cij ]mn
= [aij + bij + cij ]mn
= [aij + (bij + cij )]mn
= [aij ]mn + [bij + cij ]mn
= A + (B + C)
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
(5)
k(A + B) = k[aij + bij ]mn
= [k(aij + bij )]mn
= [kaij + kbij ]mn
= [kaij ]mn + [kbij ]mn
= k[aij ]mn + k[bij ]mn
= kA + kB
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
(10)
(kA)T
= ([kaij ]mn )T
= k[aji ]nm
= kAT
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix product AB
Definition
Let A = [aij ]mr and B = [cij ]r n , then the product
C = AB = [cij ]mn where
cij = ai1 bkj + ai2 b2j + + air brj =
r
X
aik bkj
k=1
(2)
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Example
Find the product of the matrices A =
1 3
2
B = 0 1 1
4 3
2
2 1 3
0 1 4
and
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
A(BC) = (AB)C
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
A(BC) = (AB)C
(A + B)C = AC + BC
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
A(BC) = (AB)C
(A + B)C = AC + BC
C(A + B) = CA + CB
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
A(BC) = (AB)C
(A + B)C = AC + BC
C(A + B) = CA + CB
(AB)T = BT AT
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Example
1 0 2
Let A and B be as in Example 5.1 and C = 2 1 1 .
1 0 3
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Solution
We need to prove that AB 6= BA in general, with
matrix C.
1 3
2
1 0
BC = 0 1 1 2 1
4 3
2
1 0
3 3
7
= 3 1 2
8 3 17
matrix B and
2
1
3
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Solution
and
1 0 2
1 3
2
CB = 2 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 3
4 3
2
7 9 6
= 2 10 5
13 6 4
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Example
Show by an example that AB = 0 does not imply that A = 0, or
B = 0, or BA = 0.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Solution
0 1 0
1 4 5
0 0 . These are
Choose A = 0 2 0 and B = 0
0 3 0
5
1 3
clearly nonzero.
Now multiplying the matrices we obtain
0 1 0
1 4 5
0 0
AB = 0 2 0 0
0 3 0
5
1 3
0 0 0
0 0 0
=
0 0 0
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Solution
And,
1 4 5
0 1 0
0 0 0 2 0
BA = 0
5
1 3
0 3 0
0 8 0
= 0 0 0
0 16 0
This shows what is required.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
(5) We need to define the three matrices so that they are
compatible for multiplication. Let A = [aij ]mr ,B = [bij ]r p and
C = [cij ]pn , where indices may be used as dummies.
Now from the definition of matrix multiplication
BC =
p
X
bjl clk ,
l=1
and
(3)
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
A(BC) =
r
X
p
X
ajl
!
bjl clk
j=1
l=1
p
r
XX
j=1 l=1
p
X
r
X
l=1
j=1
= (AB)C
Interchange of summations is possible for finite sums.
The final product is an m n matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
(7) To prove the second property we proceed in exactly the same
way, making use of the properties of real numbers and properties
of summation.
Let A = [aij ]r n ,B = [bij ]r n and C = [cij ]mr , where once more
indices may be used as dummies.
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Proof
C(A + B) =
p
X
j=1
p
X
j=1
p
X
cij ajk +
j=1
p
X
cjk bjk
j=1
= CA + CB
Other results in the theorem can be proved by mimicking the two
proofs above. You are encouraged to try all of them.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Exercise
Use the matrices in Example 5.2 to show that
1
A(BC) = (AB)C
A(B + C) = AB + BC
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Table of Contents
1
Properties of Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define the determine of a matrix
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define the determine of a matrix
calculate the determinant of a 2 2, 3 3 matrix
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define the determine of a matrix
calculate the determinant of a 2 2, 3 3 matrix
calculate the determinant of a general matrix using row and
column expansion
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define the determine of a matrix
calculate the determinant of a 2 2, 3 3 matrix
calculate the determinant of a general matrix using row and
column expansion
state use the properties of determinants
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define the determine of a matrix
calculate the determinant of a 2 2, 3 3 matrix
calculate the determinant of a general matrix using row and
column expansion
state use the properties of determinants
prove the properties of determinants
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define the determine of a matrix
calculate the determinant of a 2 2, 3 3 matrix
calculate the determinant of a general matrix using row and
column expansion
state use the properties of determinants
prove the properties of determinants
use properties of determinants to evaluate determinants
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Determinants
Definition
Determinants are functions defined for square matrices.
Let A = [aij ]nn .
Then for n = 2,
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
and
det(A) = a11 a22 a12 a21
The other notation for det(A) is |A|
(4)
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Determinants
Definition
For n = 3,
(5)
(6)
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Find the determinants of A =
a ab
1 a
3
0 1
1 1 .
and B = 2
2 1 2
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We use the definition in direct computation.
For the first matrix,
|A| = a(a) 1(ab) = a2 ab = a(a b).
And for the second matrix,
3
0
1
1 1
|B| = 2
2 1 2
1 1
2 1
1
0
+ 1 2
= 3
2 1
1 2
2 2
= 3(2 (1)) 0 + 1(2 2)
= 5
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
(7)
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Definition
The cofactor of aij , denoted by Cij , is defined by
Cij = (1)i+j Mij
(8)
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Determinant
Definition
The determinant of matrix A = [aij ]nn is defined by
det(A) = ai1 Ci1 + ai2 Ci2 + + ain Cin
(9)
(j = 1, 2, , or n) (12)
j=1
(13)
Equation 9 is termed expansion by the ith row.
Equation 10 is termed
the ofjth
column.
Andrewexpansion
Jack Urombo bySchool
Engineering
Sciences 2016
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Expand the 3 3 determinant using the second column, leaving
your answer in terms of cofactors.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Using the second column we have
det(A) = (1)1+2 a12 M12 + (1)2+2 a22 M22 + (1)3+2 a32 M32
= a12 M12 + a22 M22 M32 M32
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Theorem
If two rows or columns are interchanged the determinant changes
sign.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
Let A = [aij ]nn . Interchange Row 2 and Row 3, that is R2 R3 .
Then the matrix becomes
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
a32 a33
|A | = a11
a22 a23
a31 a32
a31 a33
+ a13
a12
a21 a22
a21 a23
= a11 a23 a32 a11 a22 a33 a12 a23 a31 + a12 a21 a33
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Interchange column 1 and column 2 for the matrix B in Example
1.1 and show that the sign of the determinant changes.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
0 3 1
The new matrix B = 1 2 1 .
1 2 2
The determinant is
0 3 1
|B | = 1 2 1
1 2 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
= 0
3
+ 1
2 2
1 2
1 2
= 0 3(3) + 1(4)
= 5
Which confirms the theorem.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Theorem
If a row or column is multiplied by a constant, the determinant is
multiplied by the same constant.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
The proof is just similar to the last one. We use direct
computation of the determinant. Suppose column 3 is multiplied a
constant k, then the new matrix is
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
a22 ka23
|A | = a11
a32 ka33
a21 a22
a21 ka23
+ ka13
a12
a31 a32
a31 ka33
= ka11 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) ka12 (a21 a33 a23 a31 ) +
+ ka13 a21 a22
a31 a32
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Take the matrix B in Example 1.1 and multiply the third row by 3.
Show that the determinant of the new matrix is 3 times that of the
original matrix.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
3
0 1
1 1 .
The new matrix B = 2
6 3 6
The determinant is
3
0
1
1 1
|B | = 2
6 3 6
1 1
2 1
2
1
= 3
0
+ 1
3 6
6 6
6 3
= 3(9) 0 + 1(12)
= 15
= 3|B|
Which is what is required.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Theorem
If a constant multiple of one row(column) is added to another
row(column), the determinant does not change.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
To prove this property let us add k times row 2 to row 3, that is
R3 R3 + kR2 . The matrix becomes
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23 .
A =
a31 + ka21 a32 + ka22 a33 + ka23
We use the now familiar formula for evaluating the determinant.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
|A | =
a11
a22
a23
a32 + ka22 a33 + ka23
a21
a23
a12
a31 + ka21 a33 + ka23
a21
a22
+ka13
a31 + ka21 a32 + ka22
a11 [a22 (a33 + ka23 ) a23 (a32 + ka22 )] a12 [a21 (a33 + ka23 )
a23 (a31 + ka21 )] + a13 [a21 (a32 + ka22 ) a22 (a31 + ka21 )]
a11 a22 a33 + ka11 a22 a23 a11 a23 a32 ka11 a22 a23 a12 a21 a33
ka12 a21 a23 + a12 a23 a31 + ka12 a21 a23 + a13 a21 a32 + ka13 a21 a22
a13 a22 a31 ka13 a21 a22
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
Terms with the same color cancel and we get precisely
= a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
a11 a23 a32 a12 a21 a33 a13 a22 a31
= |A|
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Using the same matrix B from Example 1.1, choose a row
operation that demonstrates that adding a multiple of one
row(column) to another does not change the value of the
determinant.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
For our choice, let us subtract 4 times the second row from the
first row. The row
1 R1 4R2 . The resulting
operation is R
5
4 7
1
1 .
matrix is B = 2
2 1
2
We evaluate the determinant as follows
5
4 7
1
1
|B | = 2
2 1
2
1 1
2 1
2
1
= (5)
4
+ (7)
1 2
2 2
2 1
= 5(3) 4(2) 7(4)
= 5
= |B|
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Activity
Prove the following properties of determinants
1
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Evaluate
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
2
0
5 0
3
2
4 1
1
1
2
1
2 2
4 3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
There is a zero in the fourth column, and let us introduce two more
zeros in that column by making use of the following row operations
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
There is a zero in the fourth column, and let us introduce two more
zeros in that column by making use of the following row operations
2
0
5 0
R3 R3 R2
2
4 1
3
4 1 6 0
R4 R4 3R2
7 8 8 0
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factorise -1 in row 3 and row 4. The factor -1 will multiply the
determinant and we have
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factorise -1 in row 3 and row 4. The
determinant and we have
2 0
3 2
(1)(1)
4 1
7 8
0
1
0
0
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factorise -1 in row 3 and row 4. The
determinant and we have
2 0
3 2
(1)(1)
4 1
7 8
0
1
0
0
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factorise -1 in row 3 and row 4. The
determinant and we have
2 0
3 2
(1)(1)
4 1
7 8
0
1
0
0
4,
5
6
8
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Introduce another zero in column 2 by performing the following
row operation
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Introduce another zero in column 2 by performing the following
row operation
2 0
5
R3 R3 8R2
4 1
6 .
25 0 40
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
2 0 5
(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factor out -5 from row 3,
2 0 5
(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factor out -5 from row 3,
2 0 5
(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Factor out -5 from row 3,
2 0 5
(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Theorem
Let L be lower triangular matrix and U be upper triangular matrix.
Then det(L) and det(U) is the product of the diagonal entries.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Proof
We will prove this for the case of a 4 4 upper triangular matrix.
We expand the determinants using the first row right through.
a11 a12 a13 a14
0 a22 a23 a24
det(U) =
0 a33 a34
0
0
0
0 a44
a22 a23 a24
= a11 0 a33 a34
0
0 a44
a33 a34
= a11 a22
0 a44
= a11 a22 a33 a44
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Find the determinant in Example 2.4 by first reducing it to a
triangular matrix.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
First of all factor out 2 from the first row
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
First of all factor out 2 from the first row
5
1
0
2 0
3
2
4 1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2
4 3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Then we perform the following row operations to introduce zeros
in first position of the last three rows.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Then we perform the following row operations to
in first position of the last three rows.
5
1
0
R2 R2 3R1
2
0
2 27
=
1
R3 R3 + R1
1
0
2
R4 R4 2R1
0 2 1
introduce zeros
0
1
1
3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Now factor out 2 from the second row
Solution
Now factor out 2 from the
2(2)
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
second row
5
1
0
2
0
1 74
1
0
1
2
0 2 1
0
1
2 .
1
3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We perform another set of row operations. This time we want to
introduce zeros below the (2,2)th entry.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We perform another set of row operations. This time we want to
introduce zeros below the (2,2)th entry.
5
1 0
0
R2 R2 3R1
2
0 1 7 1
4
2 .
= 2(2)
9
1
R3 R3 + R1
0
0
4
2
9
R4 R4 2R1
0 0 2 4
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We now factor out
R4 R4 + 92 R3
9
from the third row, and do the row operation
4
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We now factor out
R4 R4 + 92 R3
9
from the third row, and do the row operation
4
4
2(2)
9
1
0
0
0
5
0
2
1 74
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
2
9
5
4
= 2(2)
(1)(1)(1)(5) = 45.
9
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We now factor out
R4 R4 + 92 R3
9
from the third row, and do the row operation
4
4
2(2)
9
1
0
0
0
5
0
2
1 74
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
2
9
5
4
= 2(2)
(1)(1)(1)(5) = 45.
9
This result agrees with the previously obtained one.
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
Find the determinant of the matrix
4 3
5 8
8
7
8 5
1
5 2
8
1
5
4
0
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We start by factoring out 4 from the first row, and the perform the
indicated row operations to obtain
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We start by factoring out 4 from the first row, and the perform the
indicated row operations to obtain
5
1 3
2
R2 R2 + 8R1
4
4
0
1 18 21
= 4
.
17
R3 R3 + R1
34
6
0
4
21
0 17
R4 R4 + R1
2
4
4
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Next we factor out
17
4
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Next we factor out
17
4
17
17
4
4
4
5
1 43
2
4
0
1
18 21
24 .
3
0
1 17
17
21
8
0
1
17 17
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We do another set of row operations
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We do another set of row operations
R3 R3 R2
=4
R4 R4 R2
17
4
17
4
5
1 43
2
4
0
1
18 21
381 .
309
0
0 17
17
349
0
0 285
17
17
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
309
Factor out
and do the row operation R4 R4 +
17
get the triangular form
285
17 R3
we
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
309
Factor out
and do the row operation R4 R4 + 285
17 R3 we
17
get the triangular form
3
5
2
4
1 4
17
17
309 0
1 18
21
4
127
0
0 1
4
4
17
103
248
0
0 0 1751
=4
17
4
17
4
309
17
248
= 186
1751
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Example
1 a bc
Factorise the determinant 1 b ca
1 c ab
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We use row operations indicated
1
a
bc
R2 R2 R1
= 0 b a c(a b)
0 c a b(a c)
R3 R3 R1
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We use row operations indicated
1
a
bc
R2 R2 R1
= 0 b a c(a b)
0 c a b(a c)
R3 R3 R1
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We use row operations indicated
1
a
bc
R2 R2 R1
= 0 b a c(a b)
0 c a b(a c)
R3 R3 R1
Example
1 1 1
x
1 1
Find 1
x2 x1 1
x3 x2 x1
1
1
1
1
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We begin by performing the following row operations
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
We begin by performing the following row operations
R2 R2 x1 R1 1
1
1
1
0 1 x1 1 x1 1 x1
R3 R3 x2 R1 0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
R4 R4 x3 R1 0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Now 1 x1 is a common factor in row two, and factoring it gives us
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Now 1 x1 is a common factor in row two, and factoring it gives us
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
(1 x1 )
.
0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Now 1 x1 is a common factor in row two, and factoring it gives us
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
(1 x1 )
.
0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Expand the determinant using the first row
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Now 1 x1 is a common factor in row two, and factoring it gives us
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
(1 x1 )
.
0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Expand the determinant using the first row
1
1
1
(1 x1 ) x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Subtract the second column from the third column
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Subtract the second column from the third column
1
1
0
0 .
(1 x1 ) x1 x2 1 x2
x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x1
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Expand the determinant using the third column, we now get
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Expand the determinant using the third column, we now get
1
1
2
(1 x1 )
x1 x2 1 x2
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Solution
Expand the determinant using the third column, we now get
1
1
2
(1 x1 )
x1 x2 1 x2
= (1 x1 )2 [1 x2 x1 + x2 ] = (1 x1 )3
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Activity
Find, in factorised form
x1
x2
x2
x2
x2
x1
x4
x4
x3
x3
x1
x3
x4
x4
x3
x4
Activity
Factorise
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
a2
a2 + ab
2 ab
b + bc
bc
b2
2
2
c
ac + c
ac
Activity
Show that
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
1 + u1
u1
u1
u1
u2
1
+
u
u
u
2
2
2
u3
u
1
+
u
u
3
3
3
u4
u4
u4
1 + u4
= 1 + u1 + u2 + u3 + u4 .
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Activity
Show that
a+b+c
a+b
a
a
a+b
a+b+c
a
a
a
a
a
+
bc
+
c
a
+
b
a
a
a+b
a+b+c
= c 2 (2b + c)(4a + 2b + c)
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Table of Contents
1
Properties of Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Learning Objectives
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Learning Objectives
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Learning Objectives
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Learning Objectives
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Learning Objectives
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Learning Objectives
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
1 0 0
1 0
I2 =
and I3 = 0 1 0 .
0 1
0 0 1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Inverse
Definition
The matrix B is the inverse of the matrix A if
AB = BA = I.
If a matrix has an inverse, it is said to be invertible or nonsingular.
The inverse of a matrix, if it exists, is unique.
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
If B1 and B2 are inverses of A, then B1 = B2 .
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Proof
Since B1 and B2 are inverses of A, then
AB1 = B1 A = I,
(14)
AB2 = B2 A = I.
(15)
and
Using the two results above we have
AB1 = I = AB2 .
Post-multiplying 14 by B2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Proof
(B1 A)B2 = IB2 = B2 .
(16)
Pre-multiplying 15 by B1
B1 (AB2 ) = B1 I = B1 .
But from the associativity property of matrix multiplication,
equations 16 and 17 give us
(B1 A)B2 = B1 (AB)2
IB2 = B1 I
B2 = B1 .
(17)
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Gauss-Jordan Method
Method for finding A1 for the n-square matrix A.
Step 1. Form the augmented matrix
[A|In ]
Step 2. Row reduce the augmented matrix to the form
[In |B]
Step 3. The inverse is given by B, that is
B = A1
Andrew Jack Urombo
Example
Find the inverse of
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
4 0 4
2 3 2 .
1 5 3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
1. We form the augmented matrix with A and I3
Solution
1. We form the augmented matrix
4 0 4
2 3 2
1 5 3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
with A and I3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Solution
1. We form the augmented matrix
4 0 4
2 3 2
1 5 3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
with A and I3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Step 2. We row reduce the augmented matrix so that the left hand
side is the identity matrix I3 , using a series of row operations.
Solution
1. We form the augmented matrix
4 0 4
2 3 2
1 5 3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
with A and I3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Step 2. We row reduce the augmented matrix so that the left hand
side is the identity matrix I3 , using a series of row operations.
R1 41 R1
1
1 0 1
4
0 3 4 1
2
R2 R2 2R1
0 5 2 41
R3 R3 R1
Andrew Jack Urombo
0 0
1 0
0 1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
and,
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
and,
1 0 1
R2 13 R2
0 1 43
R3 R3 5R2
0 0 26
3
1
4
16
7
12
0
1
3
53
0
0
1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
and,
1 0 1
R2 13 R2
0 1 43
R3 R3 5R2
0 0 26
3
1
4
16
7
12
0
1
3
53
0
0
1
and finally
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
and,
1 0 1
R2 13 R2
0 1 43
R3 R3 5R2
0 0 26
3
1
4
16
7
12
1
3
53
0
0
1
and finally
3
R2
R2 26
19
1 0 0 104
R1 R1 R3
1
0 1 0 13
7
0 0 1 104
R2 R2 + 34 R2
5
26
1
13
5
26
3
26
2
13
3
26
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Step 3. Therefore
A1 =
19
104
1
13
7
104
5
26
1
13
5
26
3
26
2
13
3
26
Example
Find the inverse of
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
1
3
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
4
1
3
1
2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Step 1. Augment the matrix with the identity matrix I4 .
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Step 1. Augment the matrix with the identity matrix I4 .
1 12 13 14 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
12 31 41 31
.
0
0
1
0
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
4
3
2 1 0 0 0 1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Step 1. Augment the matrix with the identity matrix I4 .
1 12 13 14 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
12 31 41 31
.
0
0
1
0
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
4
3
2 1 0 0 0 1
Step 2. We do a chain of row operations, until the left hand side
has been reduced to the identity matrix.
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
1
R2 R2 21 R1
0
R3 R3 31 R1 0
R4 R4 41 R1
0
1
2
1
12
1
12
5
24
1
3
1
12
2
9
5
12
1
4
5
24
5
12
15
16
1 0
21 1
31 0
41 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
1
R2 R2 21 R1
0
R3 R3 31 R1 0
R4 R4 41 R1
0
R2 12R2
1
R3 R3 12
R2
5
R4 R4 24 R2
R1 R1 21 R2
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
12
1
12
5
24
1
3
1
12
2
9
5
12
0 61
1 1
5
0 36
5
0 24
1
4
5
24
5
12
15
16
1
5
2
5
24
5
12
1 0
21 1
31 0
41 0
6
12
1
1
6
1 52
4
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
R3 36
5 R3
R1 R1 + 16 R3
R2 R2 R3
5
R4 R4 24
R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 34
0 1
1 23
5
0 48
21
5
36
5
6
5
3
4
36
5
96
5
36
5
6
5
36
5
36
5
32
0
0
0
1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
R4 48
5 R4
R1 R1 + 34 R4
R2 R2 R4
R3 R3 23 R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
48
0
5
0 72
5
0 48
5
36
1
5
72
5
144
5
36
5
48
5
48
5
36
5
144
5
72
5
36
5
48
5
72
5
48
5
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
R4 48
5 R4
R1 R1 + 34 R4
R2 R2 R4
R3 R3 23 R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
48
0
5
0 72
5
0 48
5
36
1
5
72
5
144
5
36
5
48
5
48
5
36
5
144
5
72
5
36
5
48
5
72
5
48
5
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
R4 48
5 R4
R1 R1 + 34 R4
R2 R2 R4
R3 R3 23 R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
12 6
5 4
3
by
48
0
5
0 72
5
0 48
5
36
1
5
72
5
144
5
36
5
48
5
48
5
36
5
144
5
72
5
6 4 3
12 3 4
.
3 12 6
4 6 4
36
5
48
5
72
5
48
5
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Cofactor Method
Theorem
If det(A) 6= 0, then
A1 =
1
adj(A)
det(A)
(18)
Example
Given the matrix
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
2 0 1
A= 0 3 0
1 0 2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The cofactors of A are
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The cofactors of A are
0
3 0
1+2
1+1
C12 = (1)
C11 = (1)
0 2 = 6,
1
0 3
= 3 C21 = (1)2+1 0
C13 = (1)1+3
0
1 0
2
2 1
2+2
2+3
C22 = (1)
=
5,
C
=
(1)
23
1
2
1
0 1
3+2 2
C31 = (1)3+1
= 3, C32 = (1)
0
3
0
2 0
=6
C33 = (1)3+3
0 3
0
= 0,
2
1
= 0,
2
0
=0
0
1
= 0,
0
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
So the matrix of cofactors is
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
So the matrix of cofactors is
6 0 3
C= 0 3 0
3 0 6
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
So the matrix of cofactors is
6 0 3
C= 0 3 0
3 0 6
6 0 3
adj(A) = CT = 0 3 0 .
3 0 6
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Now
2 0 1
6 0 3
15 0 0
Aadj(A) = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0 15 0
1 0 2
3 0 6
0 0 15
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Now
2 0 1
6 0 3
15 0 0
Aadj(A) = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0 15 0
1 0 2
3 0 6
0 0 15
6 0 3
2 0 1
15 0 0
adj(A)A = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0 15 0 .
3 0 6
1 0 2
0 0 15
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
This shows that
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = 15I.
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
This shows that
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = 15I.
The determinant of A is obtained by expanding using row 2 or
column 2,
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
This shows that
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = 15I.
The determinant of A is obtained by expanding using row 2 or
column 2,
2 1
= 3(5) = 15.
det(A) = 3
1 2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
This shows that
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = 15I.
The determinant of A is obtained by expanding using row 2 or
column 2,
2 1
= 3(5) = 15.
det(A) = 3
1 2
This gives the relationship
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
This shows that
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = 15I.
The determinant of A is obtained by expanding using row 2 or
column 2,
2 1
= 3(5) = 15.
det(A) = 3
1 2
This gives the relationship
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = det(A)I.
Example
Find the inverse of
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
2 3 3
A= 3 2 4
2 11 2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The cofactors of A are
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The cofactors of A are
3 4
2 4
1+2
C12 = (1)
C11 =
2 2 = 2,
2 11 = 40,
3 3
3 2
2+1
1+3
C13 = (1)
C21 = (1)
2 11 = 29
11 2 = 39,
2 3
2 3
2+2
2+3
C22 = (1)
C23 = (1)
= 2,
2 11 = 28
2 2
3 3
2 3
3+1
3+2
C31 = (1)
C32 = (1)
2 4 = 18,
2 4 = 1,
2 3
= 13
C33 = (1)3+3
3
2
(1)1+1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
We need the determinant and we calculate it below.
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
We need the determinant and we calculate it below. column 2
and column 3
2 0 3
|A| = 3 6 4
2 13 2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
We need the determinant and we calculate it below. column 2
and column 3
2 0 3
|A| = 3 6 4
2 13 2
Factor 6 from the second row
2 0 3
1
|A| = 6 2 1 32 .
2 13 2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
40 2
29
C = 39 2 28
18 1
13
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Subtracting 13 times row 2 from row 3, i.e R3 R3 13R2
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Subtracting 13 times row 2 from row
2 0
|A| = 6 12 1
9 0
2
2+2
= 6(1)
3, i.e R3 R3 13R2
3
2
3
20
3
2
3
9 20
2
1
= 6( ) = 1.
6
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
Subtracting 13 times row 2 from row
2 0
|A| = 6 12 1
9 0
2
2+2
= 6(1)
3, i.e R3 R3 13R2
3
2
3
20
3
2
3
9 20
2
1
= 6( ) = 1.
6
The adjoint of the matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix,
i.e CT
40 2
29
adj(A) = 39 2 28 .
18 1
13
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The inverse is given by
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The inverse is given by
A1
40 39 18
1
2
1 .
=
adj(A) = 2
det(A)
29 28 13
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Solution
The inverse is given by
A1
40 39 18
1
2
1 .
=
adj(A) = 2
det(A)
29 28 13
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
Let C be the inverse of AB, then
(AB)C = C(AB) = I.
Post-multiplying the second equation by B1 , we have
C(AB)B1 = IB1
(CA)BB1 = B1
CAI = B1
CA = B1
Post-multiplying by A1
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
CAA1 = B1 A1
CI = B1 A1
C = B1 A1
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
Here we make use of the property of the product of determinants.
From the definition of the inverse
AA1 = I.
Take the determinant of both sides
det(AA1 ) = det(I)
det(A) det(A1 ) = 1
det(A1 ) =
1
det(A)
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
This result is proved by the method of mathematical induction.
For n = 1,
(A1 )1 = (A1 )1 = A1 = A1 .
so the result holds for n = 1.
To proceed, now assume that the result is true for n = k, that is
(Ak )1 = (A1 )k .
Now for n = k + 1
(Ak A)1 = A1 (Ak )1 = A1 (A1 )k ,
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
by the inductive hypothesis
= (A1 )(A1 )k = (A1 )k+1 .
This holds true.
Therefore by the principle of mathematical induction
(An )1 = (A1 )n .
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
Let B be the inverse of kA, then
B(kA) = (kA)B = I.
Divide by k,
AB =
1
I
k
Pre-multiply by A1 , we obtain
1
A1 AB = A1 I
k
1 1
A I
IB =
k
1
B = SchoolAof1
.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Engineering
Sciences 2016
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
We proceed like in the other proofs above. Let B be the inverse of
AT , then from the definition of inverse,
BAT = AT B = I.
Take the transpose of both sides
(BAT )T
= IT
(AT )T B = I
ABT
= I.
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Proof
Pre-multiplying by A1
A1 ABT
= A1 I
IBT
= A1
BT
= A1 .
= (A1 )T
B = (A1 )T .
So (AT )1 = (A1 )T .
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Table of Contents
1
Properties of Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
perform the three elementary row operations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
perform the three elementary row operations
solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
perform the three elementary row operations
solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination
distinguish between the Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan
elimination
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
perform the three elementary row operations
solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination
distinguish between the Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan
elimination
reduce a matrix to row echelon form and reduced row echelon
form
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
perform the three elementary row operations
solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination
distinguish between the Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan
elimination
reduce a matrix to row echelon form and reduced row echelon
form
identify when a system of equations has a unique, infinite or
no solution
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a system of linear equations
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
perform the three elementary row operations
solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination
distinguish between the Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan
elimination
reduce a matrix to row echelon form and reduced row echelon
form
identify when a system of equations has a unique, infinite or
no solution
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the following equations
4x + 3y + 3z
= 7
(19)
x 2y + z
= 8
(20)
2x + y + 3z
= 9.
(21)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The equations can be solved by elimination of one of the unknowns
to reduce the equations to two equations in two unknowns. Let us
eliminate the first unknown x. We achieve this by doing what is
outlined below.
First, subtract 4 times the second equation (20) from the first
equation (19). We obtain
11y z = 25.
(22)
Next, subtract 2 times the second equation (20) from the third
equation (21) to get
5y + z = 7.
(23)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
So now we have the equations,
11y z
= 25
(24)
5y + z
= 7.
(25)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
From (24), making z the subject and substituting for y ,
z = 11y + 25 = 11(2) + 25 = 3.
Finally from (20)
x = 8 + 2y z = 8 + 2(2) 3 = 1.
So the solution of the equation is
x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3.
The reader can check that the solution satisfies all the three
equations.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
(26)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
x1
x2
..
.
xn
b1
b2
..
.
bm
(27)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
(28)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
(29)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Use row operations to solve the following system of equations.
3x1 x2 + 4x3 2x4 = 16
x1 + 4x2 x3 + 6x4 = 16
2x1 2x2 + x3 4x4 = 8
4x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 9
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The first step is to construct the augmented matrix. In this case
this matrix is
3 1
4 2 16
1
4 1 6
16
.
(30)
2 2
1 4 8
4
4
1 2
9
The row operations are performed on this matrix.
We will indicate the group of row operations on the left and give
the resulting matrix on the right.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R1 R2
R2 R2 3R1
R3 R3 2R1
R4 R2 4R1
16
1
4 1
6
0 13
7 20 64
0 10
3 16 40
0 12
5 22 55
1
1 4 1
6
R2 13
R2
7
20
13
0 1 13
31
8
R3 R3 + 10R2 0 0 13
13
46
19
R4 R4 + 12R2
0 0 13 13
16
64
13
120
13
53
13
(31)
(32)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
1 4 1
6
16
13
R3 31
R3
20
7
64
0
1
13
13
13
8
120
0 0
1 31 31
19
R4 R4 + 13 R3
49
0 0
0 98
31
13
1 4 1 6
16
20
7
64
31
R4 98
R4
13
0 1 13 13
8
120
0 0
1 31 31
1
0 0
0 1
2
(33)
(34)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
To obtain the solution of the equation we use the technique of
back-substitution. The last row is equivalent to the equation
1
x4 = .
2
Using this value for x4 in the third equation, we have
x3 =
8
8 1
120
120
x4 =
( ) = 4.
31
31
31
31 2
64
7
20
64
7
20 1
+ x3 x4 = + (4) ( ) = 2.
13 13
13
31 13
13 2
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
Finally, the first equation leads to
1
x1 = 16 4x2 + x3 6x4 = 16 4(2) + 9(4) 6( ) = 1.
2
So the solution of the equation is
1
x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 4, x4 = .
2
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the following systems of equations.
3x1 + 2x2 x3 = 2
x1 x2 + 2x3 = 3
5x1 + 3x3 = 5.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The solution is laid out as in the last example. The augmented
matrix is
3
2 1 2
1 1
2 3
(35)
5
0
3 5
R1 R2
1 1
2
3
0
5 7 7
R2 R2 3R1
0
5 7 10
R3 R3 5R1
(36)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
3
1 1
2
R2 15 R2
0
1 75 75
R3 R3 5R2
0
0
0 3
(37)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
3
1 1
2
R2 15 R2
0
1 75 75
R3 R3 5R2
0
0
0 3
Now, the last equation is equivalent to
0.x3 = 3,
(37)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
3
1 1
2
R2 15 R2
0
1 75 75
R3 R3 5R2
0
0
0 3
(37)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the following system of equations.
x1 2x2 +x3 x4 +x5 = 13
2x1
+x3
+x5
=7
x1 +x2
2x4
= 4
2x2 +2x3 x4
=4
(38)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The augmented matrix is
1 2 1 1
2
0 1
0
1
1 0 2
0
2 2 1
1 13
1
7
0 4
0
4
R2 R2 2R1
1 2
1 1
1
4 1
2 1
0
R3 R3 R1 0
3 1 1 1
R4 R4 4R1
0
7 2
1 4
Andrew Jack Urombo
(39)
resulting
13
19
17
17
(40)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
Now, using the (2, 2)th as the pivot element, we obtain
equivalent form,
1 2
1 1
1
13
R2 1/4R2
1
1
1
19
1 4
2 4 4
0
R3 R3 3R2 0
0 41 52 41 11
4
R4 R4 7R2
0
0 41 52 49 59
4
the
(41)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
Pivoting on the (3, 3)th entry,
1 2
1 1
1
13
R3 R3
1
1
1
19
0
4
2
4
4
0
0
1 10
1
11
R4 R4 5/2R3
0
0
0
0 2 12
(42)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
1
1
19 1
+ x5 x4 + x3
4
4
2
4
19 1
1
1
= + (6) x4 + (5 10x4 )
4
4
2
4
9
= 2x4 ,
2
x2 =
and
x1 = 13 x5 + x4 x3 + 2x2
9
= 13 6 + x4 (5 10x4 ) + 2( + 2x4 )
2
= 7 + 15x4 .
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
All the solutions are expressed in terms of x4 . So if x4 is fixed the
rest of the solutions can be obtained. Such a variable is called a
free variable. The system has an infinite number of solutions. The
vector of the solution can be written as,
7 + 15x4
7
15
9 + 2x4 9
2
2
x=
5 10x4 = 5 + t 10
1
x4
0
0
6
6
where t = x4 .
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
The following
are the respective
1 0 0 4
matrix 0 0 1 3 is in reduced row echelon form.
0 0 0 0
The process of reducing a system of equations described above is
called Gauss Elimination.
If the row operations are performed to reduce the system of linear
equation to reduced row echelon form, the process is called
Gauss-Jordan Elimination. We will use Gauss-Jordan elimination
later, when finding the inverse of a matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Consistency I
The consistency of a system of equations can be deducted from
the (reduced) row echelon form.
Let x1 , xi2 , xir denote the variables used in row elimination and
xir +1 , xir +2 , xin denote the remaining variables. The row reduced
form of the system is equivalent to
x1
xi2
0 = bm
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Consistency II
It is true that r m, and when we use m variable in the
elimination process, r = m and there are no equations of the form
0 = bj . If r < m, the bj s may or may not all be zero. The
following is the criterion for determining the nature of the solution
of a system of equations.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
For what values of k does the system
x 3z
= 3
2x + ky z
= 2
x + 2y + kz
= 1
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
This problem is best tackled using Gauss elimination. We form the
augmented matrix
1 0
1 3
2 k 1 2 ,
1 2
k
1
and perform the row operations indicated.
1 0
3 3
R2 R2 2R1
0 k
5
4
R3 R3 R1
4
0 2 k +3
(44)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R3 kR3 2R2
1 0
3
3
0 k
5
4
0 0 (k 2)(k + 5) 4(k 2)
(45)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R3 kR3 2R2
1 0
3
3
0 k
5
4
0 0 (k 2)(k + 5) 4(k 2)
(45)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R3 kR3 2R2
1 0
3
3
0 k
5
4
0 0 (k 2)(k + 5) 4(k 2)
(45)
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
When k = 5, the system becomes
1
0 3 3
0 5
5
4 .
0
0
0 28
The last equation is 0.z = 28, which makes it inconsistent. So
the equation has no solution when k = 5.
When k = 2, the system becomes
1 0 3 3
0 2
5
4 .
0 0
0
0
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The last equation is 0.z = 0, which makes it true for any z. There
are two nonzero equations in a system with three unknowns. The
system is consistent, and the solution is obtained by setting any
arbitrary value for z. So the equation has an infinite number of
solutions when k = 2.
For k 6= 5, and k 6= 2, the system has a unique solution.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Find the conditions on a, b and c such that the system
x1 2x2 + 4x3 + x4 = a
2x1 + 3x2 x3 ax4 = b
3x1 + x2 + 2x2 + ax4 = c
4x1 x2 + 3x3 cx4 = b
has no solution.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The augmented matrix is
1 2
4 1 a
2
3 1 a b
3
1
2 a c
4 1
3 c b
We reduce the system to row echelon form by performing the
indicated set of operations.
R2 R2 2R1
1 2
4
1
a
0
7 9 a 2 b 2a
R3 R3 3R1
0
7 10 a 3 c 3a
R4 R4 4R1
0
7 13 c 4 b 4a
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R2 1/7R2 2R1
1
0
0
R3 R3 R2
0
R4 R4 R2
1
R3 R3
0
0
R4 R4 4R3
0
2
4
1
1 9/7 1/7a 2/7
0
1
2a 1
0
4 c 2 + a
2
4
1
1 9/7 1/7a 2/7
0
1
2a + 1
0
0 c + 2 7a
a
1/7b 2/7a
c ab
2a
a
1/7b 2/7a
c + a + b
2a 4 c + 4 b
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
(46)
Variables that can take any value are called arbitrary variables. We
have that
Number of unknowns-Rank=Number of arbitrary variables.
The number of arbitrary variables is called the degree of freedom
of the system of equations.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Theorem
A system of linear equation Ax = b has a solution if and only if
rank A = rank [A|b].
The rank of the augmented matrix is greater or equal to the rank
coefficient matrix. If the rank of the coefficient matrix is equal to
the number of equations, the system has a solution. If the rank of
the coefficient matrix is not equal to the rank of the augmented
matrix the system has no solution.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the system of equations
x y z
= 0
8x 7y 5z
= 0
9x 7y 5z
= 0.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
We form the augmented matrix, without the right hand side, since
the column of zeros is unaltered by any row operations. So this is
equivalent to reducing the coefficient matrix to row echelon form.
Thus
1 1 1
8 7 5 ,
9 7 5
which we reduce to row echelon form as follows.
1 1 1
R2 R2 8R1
0 1
3
R3 R3 9R1
0
2
4
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R2 R2
1 1 1
0
1 3
R3 R3 2R1
0
0 10
And finally
1 1 1
R3 1/10R3
0
1 3
0
0
1
The last equation is 1.z = 0 which means z = 0. By
back-substitution y = 0 and x = 0. This is the trivial solution.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the system of equations
3x1 + x3 = 0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 0
4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 0
9x1 + 7x2 + 6x3 + x4 = 0.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The matrix form of the equation
3 0
1 1
4 3
9 7
is
1
2
2
6
0
1
.
0
1
R2 R2 3R1
R3 R3 4R1
R4 R4 9R1
1
1
2
1
0 3 5 3
0 1 6 4
0 2 12 8
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
1 1
2
1
R2 13 R2
5
0 1
1
13
R3 R3 + 3R2 0 0 3 3
R4 R4 + 2R2
0 0 26
6
3
1 1 2 1
3
R3 13 R3
5
0 1 3 91
0 0 1 13
R4 R4 + 26
R
3
3
0 0 0 0
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
There is a row of zeros, so there is one free variable. For
convenience, let x4 = 13t, then
x3 =
9
(13t) = 9t,
13
5
x2 = 1 (9t) = 1 + 15t,
3
and
x1 = 1 x2 2x3 x4 = 1 1 15t + 18t 13t = 10t.
This system has an infinite number of solution. The general
solution can be written as
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
10t
0
1 + 15t 1
x=
9t = 0
13t
0
10
+ t 15 .
9
13
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the system of equations
2x + 3y + 12z
= 0
2x + y + 4z
= 0
y + 4z
= 0
2x y 4z
= 0.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
There are more equations than unknowns in this system. We
proceed as usual.
2
3 12
2
1
4
0
1
4
2 1 4
3
1
R1 21 R1
6
2
0 2 8
R2 R2 2R1 0
1
4
R4 R4 2R1
0 4 16
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
R2 21 R1
1
0
R3 R3 R2 0
R4 R4 + 4R2
0
3
2
6
1 4
0 0
0 0
0
x = z 4 .
1
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Theorem
Let Ax = 0 be a homogeneous system of m equations in n
unknowns, then
1
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
If the coefficient matrix A is the same and only the right hand side
b, it is convenient to solve the systems of equation for the different
bs by combining them into an augmented matrix with the bs as
columns.
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Example
Solve the system Ax = b, where
2 2
1
1
2 2
A=
2
0
k
5 2
0
and b = [1, 0, 1, 2]T , b = [1, 0, 0, 1]T and
b = [k 2 , k 1, k, (k 2)(k 3)]T and k is a constant.
Discuss the solutions of the homogeneous equation Ax = 0.
Solution
The combined augmented matrix
1
2 2
0
2 2
1 1
2
0
k 1
5 2
0 2
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
is
0
k 1
1
k2
0
k
1 (k 2)(k 3)
R2 R2 2R1
1
2
2
0
5 1
0 6
R3 R3 2R1 0 4 k + 4 1
R4 R4 5R1
0 12
10 2
Andrew Jack Urombo
0
k 1
1
k 2 2k + 2
0
k + 2
1 k 2 10k + 11
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
For brevity and clarity we choose row operations that do not
introduce fractions in the next set of operations.
0
0
k 1
R2 R2
1 2
2
0 6
5
1
1
2
k
2
k2
R3 6R3 + 4R2 0 0 3k + 2 1 2
k 2k 2 + 2
0 0
0
0
1 (k 1)(k + 7)
R4 R4 2R2
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
The first system of equations will have no solution if 3k + 2 = 0 i.e
k = 32 . Otherwise the solution is unique.
The second system has no solution since the last equation is
0.x3 = 1, which is inconsistent.
The third system has a unique solution if (k 1)(k + 7) = 0, i.e
k = 7 or k = 1.
For the homogeneous equation the the row echelon form is
1 2
2
0 6
5 .
0 0 3k + 2
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Elementary Row Operations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Solution
If 3k + 2 6= 0 then the last equation gives x3 = 0, and by back
substitution x2 = 0, x1 = 0. So for k 6= 32 the system has only the
trivial solution.
Now, if 3k + 2 = 0, the rank of the system is 2, and hence there is
one free variable. The second equation gives x2 = 56 x3 and the first
equation gives x1 = 2x3 2x2 = 2x3 53 x3 = 13 . Setting x3 = t,
the general solution becomes x = t[ 13 , 65 , 1]T . This can written as
x = u[2, 5, 1]T , where u = 6t.