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Exergia Morosuk PDF
Exergia Morosuk PDF
Institute of Marine Propulsion Plants Operation, Maritime Academy of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70500 Szczecin, Poland
b
Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universitat Berlin, Marchstr. 18, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Received 24 April 2007
Abstract
Splitting the exergy destruction into endogenous/exogenous and unavoidable/avoidable parts represents a new development in the
exergy analysis of energy conversion systems. This splitting improves the accuracy of exergy analysis, improves our understanding of the
thermodynamic inefciencies and facilitates the improvement of a system.
An absorption refrigeration machine is used here as an application example. This refrigeration machine represents
the most complex type of a refrigeration machine, in which the sum of physical and chemical exergy is used for each material
stream.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Exergy analysis; Exergy destruction; Avoidable exergy destruction; Endogenous exergy destruction; Absorption refrigeration machine
1. Introduction
exergetic efciency
k
E_ P;k
E_ D;k
1
E_ F ;k
E_ F ;k
(2)
E_ D;k
,
E_ F ;tot
(3)
and
yk
E_ D;k
.
E_ D;tot
(4)
Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 30 314 24765; fax: +49 30 314 21683.
E_ F ;k E_ P;k E_ D;k ,
(5)
(6)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
Nomenclature
E_
e
f
h
_
m
p
Q_
q
S
s
p
T
_
W
w
x
y
D
D
destruction
concentration of the working uid in the basic
process
gen
generation
F
fuel
hybrid hybrid cycle
hot
high temperature
ideal
ideal cycle
j
jth ow
k
kth component
L
losses
P
product
R
strong solution
tot
overall system
0
thermodynamic environment
Abbreviations
Superscripts
A
ARM
G
CD
CM
EV
EX
H
HU
AV
CH
EN
EX
M
PH
T
UN
I
T
T
TVM
TVR
P
R
RU
Greek symbols
D
Z
difference
exergetic efciency
isentropic efciency
avoidable
chemical
endogenous
exogenous
mechanical
physical
thermal
unavoidable
891
absorber
absorption refrigeration machine
generator
condenser
compressor
evaporator
expander
hybrid condition or cycle
hybrid condition or cycle with unavoidable
exergy destruction
ideal condition or cycle
theoretical condition or cycle
turbine
throttling valve for the mixture
throttling valve for the refrigerant
pump
real condition or cycle
real condition or cycle with unavoidable exergy
destruction
Subscripts
A
cold
weak solution
low temperature
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
892
D;k
D;k
C
B
becomes
EX
E_ D;B E_ P;tot
The equation for the exergy destruction within component A can be determined similarly by E_ D;A
E_ P;tot
1
1
. The endogenous part of exergy destruction
C B
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
EN
but eB=1 and eC=1: E_ D;A E_ P;tot
1
A
1 . The exogen-
B C
D;C
1
UN
B
1 ,
cold
inverse
_ direct W
_ inverse correto E_ P;tot const; the condition W
direct
const if irreversibilities are introduced
sponds to E_
P;tot
and
EN;UN
E_ D;A E_ P;tot
893
1
1 .
UN
A
EX ;AV
EX
EX ;UN
E_ D;k
E_ D;k E_ D;k .
It is apparent that the sum of all four parts equals the total
exergy destruction within the component:
E_ D;CD E_ 5 E_ 6 E_ 16 E_ 15 ,
(8)
EN;UN
EX ;UN
EN;AV
EX ;AV
E_ D;k
E_ D;k
E_ D;k E_ D;k
E_ D;k .
_ EX ,
E_ D;EX E_ 6 E_ 7 W
(9)
EN;AV
EN
EN;UN
E_ D;k
E_ D;k E_ D;k ;
EX ;UN
UN
EN;UN
E_ D;k
E_ D;k E_ D;k ,
and
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
894
Fig. 2. Simple, one-effect absorption refrigeration machine (ARM): (a) schematic; (b) schematic-equivalent; (c) cycle of ARM on a Ts -diagram as two
separate Carnot cycles.
Fig. 3. Analysis of an ideal cycle, a real cycle and the required hybrid cycles: (a) inverse; (b) direct.
E_ D;EV E_ 7 E_ 8 E_ 18 E_ 17 .
(10)
Q_ cold
8I h7I
In the following, we successively introduce irreversibilities in each component while keeping the operation of the
remaining components ideal. In this way the hybrid cycles
are created:
Introducing a temperature difference in the evaporator
equal to the temperature difference in the real process
DT EV T cold T EV , the hybrid cycle becomes 5I6I
7Ha8R and the _ corresponding mass ow rate is
Qcold
_ 5I6I7H a 8R h h
m
:
8R
7H a
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
ideal
e8R E_ Qcold .
ideal
11
ideal
Q_ cold
.
h8I h7H b
ideal
with
_ 5H a 6R7I8I h5H a h6R
m
_ 1516 h
m
hybrid
16
ideal
h
15
ideal
CM
hybrid
w CM
ideal
ZCM
EN;UN
EN;UN
EN;UN
E_ D;CD , E_ D;EX , E_ D;EV ) according to Eqs. (11)(14) using
UN UN
UN
the values DT UN
CD ; DT EV ; ZCM and ZEX together with the
corresponding values of the mass ow rates of the main
working uid and the secondary working uids.
.
ideal
(13)
14
hybrid
where
_ 5H b 6I7I8I m
_ 5I6I7I8I .
m
_ P E_ 1 E_ 4 ,
E_ D;P W
(16)
E_ D;A E_ 3 E_ 4 E_ 14 E_ 13 ,
(17)
_ T,
E_ D;T E_ 2 E_ 3 W
(18)
E_ D;G E_ 11 E_ 12 E_ 2 E_ 1 .
(19)
_ 1I2I3I4I
m
7R
895
T
ideal
w
.
P
ideal
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T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
896
_ direct
W
w T w
P
hybrid
hybrid
_ direct
W
.
h2R h3I h4I h1H a
ideal
with
_ 1H a 2R3I4I h2R h1H a
m
_ 1112 h
m
hybrid
h
11
ideal
12
ideal
.
ideal
ideal
(21)
with
_ 1I2I3H a 4R h3H1
m
P
hybrid
P
ideal
ZP
_ direct
W
T
ideal
w P .
ideal
ZP
ideal
(20)
pump is
_ 1413 h
h4R m
hybrid
14
ideal
h
13
ideal
.
ideal
_ 1I2I3H b 4I
where m
w
(22)
_ direct
W
T
ideal
ideal
D;A
UN
UN
E_ D;T , E_ D;P ) can be determined by calculating a cycle similar
to 1R2R3R4R where all irreversibilities correspond to
UN
their unavoidable values, associated with DT UN
G , DT A ,
UN
UN
ZT and ZP .
The endogenous unavoidable part of the exergy destrucEN;UN
,
tion can be calculated for each component (E_
D;G
.
ZT w
P
ideal
EN;UN
EN;UN
EN;UN
E_ D;A , E_ D;T , E_ D;P ) according to Eqs. (20)(23) using
UN
UN
and ZUN
together will the
the values DT UN
P
G , DT A , ZT
corresponding values of the mass ow rates of the main
working uid and the secondary working uids.
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T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
Basic process (condenser, throttling valve and evaporator). The basic process is described by three processes of
the inverse thermodynamic cycle (condensation, expansion and evaporation). The cycle of a basic process is
5678. The working uid of the basic process is a
mixture with concentration xD, the mass ow rate of
which can be determined by
_
m
basic
process
Q_ cold
Q_ cold
,
qcold
h8 h7
_5 m
_6 m
_7 m
_8 m
_
where m
(25)
basic :
process
Thermo-chemical compressor (generator, absorber, throttling valve and pump). The working uid of the thermochemical compressor is a mixture with concentrations xR
for the strong solution and xA for the weak solution. The
thermo-chemical compressor is described by all processes of
the direct thermodynamic cycle and the compression
process from the inverse thermodynamic cycle. The cycle
of a thermo-chemical compressor is 30 411*23. The
mass ow rate of the mixture with the concentration xR is
_1 f m
_ basic .
_4 m
m
process
(26)
basic ,
process
(27)
Generator
_
Q_ G m
basic h5
process
Condenser
_
Q_ CD m
897
basic h5
process
(31)
(32)
Evaporator
_
Q_ EV m
basic h8
process
(33)
E_ D;A E_ 3 E_ 8 E_ 4 E_ 14 E_ 13 ,
(34)
E_ D;CD E_ 5 E_ 6 E_ 16 E_ 15 ,
(35)
M
M
T
T
E_ D;TVR E_ 6 E_ 7 E_ 7 E_ 6 ,
(36)
E_ D;EV E_ 7 E_ 8 E_ 18 E_ 17 .
(37)
M
M
chanical exergy E_ F ;TVR E_ 6 E_ 7 [6].
For the exergetic analysis of an ARM, we split the total
exergy associated with a material ow into its physical and
chemical parts for ows E_ 1 through E_ 8
PH
CH
E_ j E_ j E_ j
(38a)
or
Absorber
_
Q_ A m
basic h8
process
_ k ePH
_ k eCH
E_ j m
m
j
j .
_ 1314 h14 h13 .
h3 f h3 h4 m
(30)
(38b)
hj hj;0 T 0 sj sj;0 .
(39)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
898
40
eM
(41)
with
wrev
X j hj;0 xj hrefrigerant;0 1 xj habsorbent;0
T 0 sj;0 xj srefrigerant;0 1 xj sabsorbent;0 ,
42
where wrev
X j is the specic work associated with the mixing of
pure refrigerant (xD 1) and pure absorbent (xD 0).
Let us illustrate the location of the points mentioned
above on a hx diagram (Fig. 4). The points 0 for the pure
absorbent and the pure refrigerant are xed. The position
of point 0 for calculating the physical exergy will depend on
the concentration of the mixture (x). Many points are
located on the isotherm of T0 (for example, T0
293.15 1C) at pressure p0 (for example, p0 0.1 MPa)
Fig. 4.
Thus, for the exergetic analysis of ARM three values of
the specic chemical exergy should be determined for
concentrations xA, xR and xD as well as three points 0 for
calculating the physical exergy at the respective concentrations of the mixture.
4.3. Exergy analysis of the real cycle
All calculations reported here were conducted with the
aid of the EES software [13].
For the analysis of an ARM, the following operational
conditions were used here: The temperatures T11, T13, T15,
T17 and T18 are known and cannot be changed but the
values of T12, T14 and T16 are variable (Fig. 2a). The
working uid is a mixture NH3H2O, the cold heat rate is
Q_ cold 100 kW; Thot T11 413.2 K; T0 T13 T15
293.2 K; Tcold T18 263.2 K; T17 268.2 K. Note
that all heat transfer processes can be assumed as isobaric.
Fig. 5 represents the real thermodynamic cycle of an
ARM with all irreversibilities included: DTCD; DTEV; DTG
and DpG; DTA and DpA. For the real ARM we assumed
DTCD 5 K; DTEV 5 K; DTG 10 K and DpG
0.02 MPa; DTA 3 K and DpA 0.015 MPa as shown in
Table 1.
For the exergetic analysis of an ARM the values
CH
CH
and eCH
eabsorbent eCH
H 2 O 45 kJ/kmol
refrigerant eNH 3
336 684 kJ/kmol were used [1,14]. For the real system we
Fig. 4. The reference points 0 for calculating the exergy values for
mixtures with various concentrations (xA, xR, xD, etc.).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
899
Table 1
Thermodynamic data for the real ARM
_ (kg/s) T (K) p (MPa) x (kg/kg) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) eCH (kJ/kg) ePH (kJ/kg) eM (kJ/kg) eT (kJ/kg) e (kJ/kg)
Stream Material ow m
1R
1*R
2R
3R
4R
5R
6R
7R
8R
11R
12R
13R
14R
15R
16R
17R
18R
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Air
Water
Water
Water
Water
Air
Air
0.6727
0.6727
0.4308
0.4308
0.6727
0.1969
0.1969
0.1969
0.1969
14.23
14.23
4.477
4.477
3.625
3.625
19.88
19.88
296.2
355.7
403.1
353.7
296.1
379.4
301.0
260.5
263.1
413.2
373.2
293.2
313.2
293.2
313.2
268.2
263.2
1.204
1.204
1.204
0.201
0.201
1.003
1.003
0.236
0.236
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4374
0.4374
0.2227
0.2227
0.4374
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
131.5
0.2012
8599
6.023
8605
414.7
414.7
132.7
1603.0
63.55
63.55
571.3
414.6
374.0
83.93
167.6
83.93
167.6
414.6
307.6
1.652
1.706
0.2012
5.218
0.444
0.496
2.429
7.077
6.974
0.296
0.572
0.296
0.572
7.077
6.778
4337
4337
8599
17 959
17 954
17 959
17 959
73.91
57.91
4.843
353.1
212.9
197.6
138.7
53.76
43.47
0
2.73
0
2.73
1.138
1.658
4411
4395
8604
18 312
18 167
18 157
18 098
53.76
43.47
0
2.73
0
2.73
1.138
1.658
212.4
102.2
0.5
95.4
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T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
900
Table 2
Thermodynamic properties used for the exergetic calculations of the mixture NH3-H2O for the points of the real cycle
Reference points
Point M
Point M
For a point
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
h (kJ/kg)
s (kJ/kg K)
4, 1
2, 3
5, 6, 7, 8
11,12,17,18
13,14,15,16
6
7
293.2
293.2
293.2
293.2
293.2
293.2
293.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.003
0.2362
0.4374
0.2227
0.9074
77.75
63.18
1167
293.4
83.93
26.11
1075
0.9356
0.2737
4.933
6.847
0.2962
0.3181
4.271
0.9074
0.9074
5.2.1. Generator
Initially we assume that only the generator of the ARM
operates with irreversibilities while all other components
are theoretical (Fig. 8a). The operating conditions of the
generator are given by DTG and DpG, with DTG 5 K and
EN
DpG 0.02 MPa for calculating the value of E_ D;G and
DT G 0.2 K and DpG 0.005 MPa for calculating the
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
901
Fig. 8. Hybrid cycles of an absorption refrigeration machine for calculating the endogenous exergy destruction in the (a) generator; (b) absorber;
(c) condenser; and (d) evaporator.
EN;UN
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902
Table 3
Thermodynamic data for the theoretical ARM
Stream
Material ow
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
1T
2T
3T
4T
5T 5R
6T
7T
8T
12T
14T
16T
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
0.2914
0.1628
0.1628
0.2914
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
413.1
370.0
293.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.1
352.7
305.2
306.5
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.1507
0.1507
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3009
2996
9552
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 075
39.49
1.0
1.237
Table 4
Thermodynamic data for the ARM having only unavoidable irreversibilities
Stream
Material ow
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
1RU
2RU
3RU
4RU
5RU
6RU
7RU
8RU
12RU
14RU
16RU
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3-H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
0.3119
0.1808
0.1808
0.3119
0.1311
0.1311
0.1311
0.1311
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.4
413.0
367.9
293.4
379.4
293.4
260.4
268.0
389.3
305.9
306.8
1.054
1.054
0.2244
0.2244
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4742
0.16
0.16
0.4742
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9342
3192
3180
9341
18 312
18 172
18 161
18 076
47.23
1.128
1.284
Table 5
Thermodynamic data for the hybrid ARM with irreversibilities only in the generator
Material ow
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
Stream
1H
2R
3H
4T
5R
6T
7T
8T
12H
14H
16H
Endogenous
Stream
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.3360
0.2074
0.2074
0.3360
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
403.1
356.7
293.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.1
389.5
305.7
306.5
1.204
1.204
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.2227
0.2227
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
4411
4394
9552
18312
18172
18163
18075
47.28
1.096
1.237
1HU
2RU
3HU
4T
5R
6T
7T
8T
12HU
14HU
16HU
Endogenous unavoidable
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.2960
0.1674
0.1674
0.2960
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
412.9
368.6
293.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.1
390.1
305.3
306.5
1.054
1.054
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.16
0.16
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3192
3178
9552
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 075
47.45
1.017
1.237
5.2.4. Evaporator
Now the evaporator in the ARM operates under real
conditions while all other components are theoretical
(Fig. 8d). The real condition for the evaporator for
EN
calculating the value of E_ D;EV is T8 T18; the value of
the endogenous unavoidable exergy destruction can be
calculated if T8 T17+DT8 with DT8 0.2 K (Table 8).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
903
Table 6
Thermodynamic data for the hybrid ARM with irreversibilities only in the absorber
Material ow
NH3-H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
Stream
1H
2T
3H
4R
5R
6T
7T
8T
12H
14H
16H
Endogenous
Stream
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.3394
0.2108
0.2108
0.3394
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
14.23
4.477
3.625
296.2
413.1
365.9
296.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.1
388.5
306.4
306.5
1.003
1.003
0.2008
0.2008
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4374
0.1507
0.1507
0.4374
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
8605
3009
2994
8604
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 075
47.05
1.222
1.237
Endogenous unavoidable
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
1HU
2T
3HU
4RU
5R
6T
7T
8T
12HU
14HU
16HU
0.3008
0.1722
0.1722
0.3008
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
0.1286
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.4
413.1
368.7
293.3
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.1
389.9
305.4
306.5
1.003
1.003
0.2244
0.2244
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4742
0.1507
0.1507
0.4742
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9342
3009
2995
9341
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 075
47.39
1.049
1.237
Stream
Endogenous unavoidable
Table 7
Thermodynamic data for the hybrid ARM with irreversibilities only in the condenser
Material ow
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3-H2O
NH3H2O
NH3-H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
Stream
1T
2T
3T
4T
5R
6R
7H
8T
12H
14H
16H
Endogenous
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.3035
0.1695
0.1695
0.3035
0.134
0.134
0.134
0.134
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
413.1
370.0
293.1
379.4
301.0
260.5
268.1
389.3
305.7
306.7
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.1507
0.1507
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3009
2996
9552
18 312
18 167
18 155
18 075
47.25
1.085
1.279
1T
2T
3T
4T
5R
6RU
7HU
8T
12HU
14HU
16HU
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.2917
0.1629
0.1629
0.2917
0.1288
0.1288
0.1288
0.1288
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
413.1
370.0
293.1
379.4
293.4
260.4
268.1
390.2
305.2
306.5
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.1507
0.1507
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3009
2996
9552
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 075
47.48
1.003
1.238
Table 8
Thermodynamic data for the hybrid ARM with irreversibilities only in the evaporator
Material ow
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
Stream
1T
2T
3T
4T
5R
6T
7T
8R
12H
14H
16H
Endogenous
Stream
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.4088
0.2283
0.2283
0.4088
0.1805
0.1805
0.1805
0.1805
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
413.1
370.0
293.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
263.1
381
307.8
311.9
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.1507
0.1507
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3009
2996
9552
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 098
45.24
1.49
2.409
1T
2T
3T
4T
5R
6T
7T
8RU
12HU
14HU
16HU
Endogenous unavoidable
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
0.2933
0.1638
0.1638
0.2933
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
0.1295
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
413.1
370.0
293.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.0
390.1
305.2
306.6
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.1507
0.1507
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3009
2996
9552
18 312
18 172
18 163
18 076
47.45
1.008
1.253
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
904
Table 9
Thermodynamic data for the hybrid ARM with irreversibilities only in the throttling valve TVR
Stream
Material ow
_ (kg/s)
m
T (K)
p (MPa)
x (kg/kg)
e (kJ/kg)
1T
2T
3T
4T
5R
6T
7H
8T
12H
14H
16H
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
NH3H2O
Air
Water
Water
0.2947
0.1646
0.1646
0.2947
0.1301
0.1301
0.1301
0.1301
14.23
4.477
3.625
293.2
413.1
370.0
293.1
379.4
293.1
260.4
268.1
390.0
305.4
306.7
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
1.003
1.003
0.2362
0.2362
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.4847
0.1507
0.1507
0.4847
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
0.9074
9553
3009
2996
9552
18312
18 172a
18 161a
18075
47.42
1.023
1.265
T
M
Where eT6 0.1 kJ/kg and eM
6 212.5 kJ/kg; e7 99.9 kJ/kg and e7 102.2 kJ/kg.
D;tot
D;G
D;CD
D;EV
D;EV
EX ;UN
EX ;AV
E_ D;EV o0 and E_ D;EV o0. A detailed analysis of this
effect can be made with the aid of Fig. 9 where the
processes of condensation, throttling (or expansion) and
evaporation on a T-s diagram (created for the mixture with
concentration xD) are given.
The line 5R6R7R8R represents the cycle of the basic
process with real irreversibilities according to Fig. 5. For
this case the value of the mass ow rate is determined as
_
m
basic
process
Q_ cold
8R h7R
basic
process
Q_ cold
8R h7T
Table 10
Summary of the results from advanced exergy analysis of the ARMa
Component Real ARM
Basic process
E_ D;k
(kW)
ek
(%)
yk
(%)
yka
(%)
EN
E_ D;k
(kW)
EX
E_ D;k
(kW)
AV
E_ D;k (kW)
EN;UN
E_ D;k
(kW)
EX ;UN
E_ D;k
(kW)
EN;AV
E_ D;k
(kW)
EX ;AV
E_ D;k
(kW)
146.4
104.1
42.29
71.1 28.9
39.2
15.87
28.94
13.35
38.85
3.44
(68.4%) (31.6%) (91.9%) (8.1%)
28.69
(67.8%)
0.25
(0.6%)
10.16
(23.9%)
3.19
(7.7%)
55.76
12.22
43.53
21.9 29.7
40.4
24.31
26.08
17.45
29.92
13.61
25.44
(59.9%) (40.1%) (68.7%) (31.3%) (58.4%)
0.64
(1.5%)
4.48
(10.3%)
12.97
(29.8%)
Pb
CD
0.81
27.61
0.81
9.896
0
17.71
35.8 12.1
16.4
13.54
13.72
3.99
14.09
3.62
13.55
(77.5%) (22.5%) (79.6%) (20.4%) (76.5%)
0.17
(0.9%)
0.54
(3.1%)
3.45
(19.5%)
TVR
21.74
18.72
3.02
8.6
2.1
2.8
1.392
1.628
1.365
1.655
1.365
(46.1%) (53.9%) (45.2%) (54.8%) (45.2%)
0.027
(0.9%)
1.628
(53.9%)
EV
11.59
10.36
1.23
89.4 0.8
1.2
0.88
0.816
0.414
1.371
0.141 0.9
(66.7%) (33.6%) (111%) (11%) (73.2%)
0.084
(6.8%)
0.471
(38.3%)
0.057
(4.7%)
Overall
system
147.2
10.36
107.78
7.07 73.6
100
54.6
(50.1%)
70.95
36.83
85.6
22.18
69.945
(65.8%) (34.2%) (79.4%) (20.6%) (64.9%)
1.0
(0.9%)
15.651
(14.5%)
21.181
(19.7%)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Thermochemical
compressor
E_ P;k
(kW)
AV
E_ D;k
(kW)
E_ F ;k
(kW)
EN;UN
UN
E_ D;k
Theoretical ARM E_ D;k
(kW)
(kW)
905
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
906
Q_ cold
h8RU h7T
0.1295 kg/s.
D;EV
ARTICLE IN PRESS
T. Morosuk, G. Tsatsaronis / Energy 33 (2008) 890907
[4] Morosuk T, Tsatsaronis G. Splitting the exergy destruction into
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[5] Morosuk T, Tsatsaronis G. The Cycle Method used in the exergy
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simulation and environmental impact of energy systems, vol. 1. Aghia
Pelagia: Crete, Greece; 2006. p. 15763 July 1214.
[6] Tsatsaronis G, Kelly S, Morosuk T. Endogenous and exogenous
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International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,
November 510, 2006. Chicago, USA, CD-ROM, le 2006-13675.
[7] Tsatsaronis G, Park MH. On avoidable and unavoidable exergy
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