Why? Bronsted-Lowry acids (H' ion) are proton donors. A stronge! structure of an acid molecule, and the atoms remaining behin Strength of Acids How does the molecular structure of an acid influence its strength? 7 acid is more likely to give up 2 proton. The H,O* + Clr Refer to Model 1. a. Which reactant acts as the acid? The HCl is the acid. 6. Which reactant acts as the base? Water is acting as the base. What is the conjugate base to the reactant acid? The conjugate base is a chloride ion (Cl). Add a curved arrow in Model 1 to show the transfer of the proton qa base in the reaction. See Model 1. Describe the bonds that are broken and formed during the reaction in Model 1. The bond between the hydrogen and chlorine atoms must break. The bond between the acidic hydro- gen ion and the oxygen of the water molecule must form. If the bond that was broken was a relatively strong bond, would you expect the acid to be a stronger or weaker acid? Justify your reasoning. Ifthe bond was relatively strong, the acid would be weaker because i would be les likely thatthe liydrogen ion would get donated. Too much energy would be needed to break the bond. During the reaction in Model 1, one atom loses an electron and another gains an electron, ion) from the acid to the * hich atom lost the electron, and which atom gained the electron? The bydrogen asom lost its electron. The chlorine arom gained the electron, becoming a chloride ion. the electron (the conjugate base) was more electronegative (and thus could If the atom receiving nger or weaker acid? hold the extra electron more tightly) would you expect the acid to be a stro! Justify your reasoning. If the conjugate base was more electronegative, it would be more stable with an additional electron and thus promote proton donation, making the acid stronger. 223 Strength of AcidsHydrofluorie acid has the most polar bonds. That is, the electronegativity difference between H and Fis largest. 4. How is the extent of bond polarity illustrated in Model 2? The negative end of polar bond is black while the postive end is white. R10. According to the data in Model 2, how does the polarity ofthe bond berween the hydrogen atom and the center atom of a binary acid affect the strength of the acid? When the bond between the hydrogen atom and the center atom is more polar, the acid is stronger. 11. How might the polarity of the bond and the electronegativity of the center atom make it more : Consider what is left behind when the likely for the hydrogen ion to leave the molecule? Hi hydrogen ion leaves. Ifthe center atom is more electronegative, it can hold more tightly to the electron that the hydrogen ion leaves behind. The electronegative atom pulls electron density towards iself to such a degree that it becomes easy for the hydrogen ion to break away. This makes it easier for the hydrogen to leave and makes the acid stronger. 12. Predict which substance would be the stronger acid: hydrosulfuric acid (HS) or hydrochloric Model 2 ~ Comparing Binary Acid Strength Hu HoacmsH HoemOmesH | HOmmFS J | : H H K, = 1.0 10-# K, = 1.0 10" 1.0 x 107% = 6.3.x 10~ 7. Which acid in Model 2 is most likely to donate a proton (H"* ion)? Justify your reasoning. Hydrofluoric acid is most likely to donate a proton because it has the largest K,, value. Larger K, values correspond to stronger acids. 8. Consider the center atoms in the molecules in Model 2. Locate those atoms on the periodic table. Based on their location on the periodic table, which center atom is the most electronegative? Fluorine is the most electronegative because it is farthest ro the right on the periodic table, 9. Consider Model 2. 4, Which molecule contains bonds that are the most polar? 4 s @ «e «4 « 4 «4 4 « « 7 ( ( acid (HCI). Explain your reasoning. ; Chlorine is more electronegative than sulfier, so hydrochloric acid would be the stronger acid. SModel 3 — More Binary Acids Hom re K, = 6.3% 10 ioc 1.0 107 — K, = 1.0% 10° K, = 1.0 10 13. Which acid in Model 3 is least likely to donate a proton (H1" ion)? Justify your reasoning. Hydrofluoric acid has the smallest acid dissociation constant (K, ), so it would be least. likely to a proton. donate 14. Consider the atoms in the molecules in Model 3 that are bonded to hydrogen. Locate those at- coms on the periodic table. Based on their location on the periodic table, which atom is the most electronegative? The most electronegative center atom is fluorine. 15. Can bond polarity and electronegativity of the nonhydrogen atom explain the trend in acid surength shown in Model 32 Use complete sentences to explain why of why not No, in this case the most polar bond isin hydrofluoric acid —the weakest aid. This isnot consistent with what was discovered in Model 2. 16, Notice the bond lengths in Model 3 are not shown as equal or similar. Explain why the hy- Groiodic acid molecule would have a longer bond length than the hydrofluoric acid molecule. Iodine is a much larger atom than fluorine. Therefore the bond length berween iodine and hydrogen ‘nord be much longer than the bond length between fuorine and: hydrogen. 17. Are bonds stronger or weaker when they are longer? Justify your reasoning using the principles of Coulombic attraction. Bonds are weaker when they are longer because the: distance increases. BR 18. According tothe data in Model 3, how does the length of the bond between the hydrogen atom and the center arom of a binary acid affect the strength of the acid? “As the bond length berween the hydrgen and the center atom increases the acid sirength increases 19, Which factor has more impact on the strength of an acid, the polarity of the bond or the length of the bond, when both are varied? Bond lenge basa greater influence on acid srength than bond polarity attraction between opposite charges decreases as Strength of Acids20. Predict which substance is more acidic: hydrosulfuric acid (H,S) or hydrosclenic acid (H,S¢). Explain your reasoning, Hydroselenic acid would be a stronger acid than hydrosulfuric because the bond length between hydro- gen and selenium would be longer due to the greater sizeof the selenium atom, Notes at 25 °C, the Ke @ for HS = 1.0% 10°? and the K, for HxSe = 1.3% 10, Model 4 — Comparing Oxo Acids 226 H,SO, HClO, Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid Perchlorie acid HPO, 21. Refer to Model 4. a. Write the names and chemical formulas for each acid below the structures shown. See Model 4. 4. Why are these acids considered “oxo-acids"? All of these acids contain at east one oxygen atoms, and the acidic hydrogen is attached to the oxy- gen atom in the molecule. 22. Of the three center atoms in Model 4, which is most electronegative? Justify your reasoning. The chlorine atom is the most electronegative. It is farthest to the right on the periodic table of the three and the bonds around the chlorine atom are the most polar, relative to the bonds around the other center atoms. 23, Even though the acidic hydrogen atoms are not bonded directly to the center atom in an oxo- acid, does the center atom affect the polarity of the O—H bond in oxo-acid molecules? Support your answer with evidence from Model 4. Yes, the diagram in Model 4 shows that the polarity of the O—H bond does change when the center atom changes. The O—H bond is the most polar when it is in a molecule with a center atom that is more electronegative. 24, Based on what you have learned in Models 2 and 3, which acid in Model 4 is likely to be the strongest acid? Justify your reasoning, Perchloric acid (HCIO,) is likely to be the strongest acid because the bond holding the acidic hydrogen is the most polar. POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry a ee oh heRead T! Normally, when a bond is analyzed for polarity, itis only the electronegativity of the atoms on either end, of the bond that are considered. In reality, however, a highly electronegative arom cat affect a bond's po- larity two or three bonds away. This effect is called the inductive effect. 25. Predict which substance would be more acidic, bromic acid (HBrO3) or iodic acid (HIO.). Explain your reasoning. Bromine is more electronegative than iodine. The bromine will have a sronger inductive effect on the ‘polarity ofthe O—H bond. Therefore, bromic acid is likely robe stronger han iodic acid. Note: the © K, for HBrO, = 1.0 10? and the K, for HIO, = 1.8 x 10" Model 5 — More Oxygen Atoms HOO amb: noe ae ESS HBrO HBrO; HBrO, Hypobromous acid Bromous acid Bromic acid 96, Write the names and chemical formulas for cach acid under che structures shown in Model 5. See Model 5. 27. According to Model 5, how does the addition of oxygen atoms on the central atom of an oxo- acid affect the polarity of the O—H bond to the acidic hydrogen? When more oxygen atoms are attached to the center atom in an oxo-acdh the polarity. That is, its dipole moment increases. 28, Use the idea of the inductive effect to explain the changes in the polarity of the O—H bonds in Model 5. Orsygem is a highly electronegative atom. When more oxygen atoms are added to the molecule, the elec- tearm the entire molecule are attracted to the center ator by the inductive effec. O—H bond increases in 49, Which acd in Model 5 would you predict o be the strongest acid? Explain your reasoning, Bromic acid (HBrO,) would be the strongest aid because it has the mas oxygen atoms and the bond denween the hydrogen and oxygen azoms i more polar than the O—H bonds in the other oxo-acids. Chlorine makes four stable coxo-acids; hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid and perchlo- aoe id, Match each acid with its acid dissociation constant (K,) below. 3.0 x 10% 1.1x 107 1.0x 107 1.0 x 108 Hypocblorous acid Chlorows acid Clore acid Perchloric acid HCO HO, HClO, HClO, 227Extension Questions 31. Sometimes the chemical formula of an acid can be misleading. Phosphoric acid (H,PO.) is @ triprotic acid, but phosphorous acid (HsPO,) isa diprotic acid, and hypophosphorous acid (H,PO,) is a monoprotic acid. a. Draw Lewis dot-diagrams for each of these three acids. All ofthe structures include a double bonded oxygen. Consider carefully where the hydrogen atoms are positioned so that only the proper number would be acidic. Phosphoric acid Phosphorous acid Hypophosphorous acid Not all H atoms are acidic, or can be ionized. HPO, has three acidic protons, H,POs has two, and HPO; has 1. The acidic protons are bound 10 O atoms. Explain, using the concepts of molecular structure, why phosphorous acid and hypophospho- rous acid are not triprotic acids. Only the hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the highly electronegative oxygen atoms in the acid molecules will be donated in an acid-base reaction. The hydrogen atoms that are bonded directly 10 the phosphorous atoms will not be donated. The bonds between P and H are not polar and are stronger than the O—H bonds. The P—H bonds are strong enough to prevent ionization of the = bonded H atoms. 32. Consider the two substances below. One is an acid, and the other is classified as an alcohol. CH;COOH CH,CH,OH Acetic acid Ethanol 4. Draw Lewis dot-diagrams for each substance. HOH Lo H—c—c— 1 | HoH 4. Use the Internet to find the acid dissociation constant (K,) for these two substances. Acetic acid K, = 1.7% 10% Ethanol K, = 1.3% 10-6 c. Explain why one is much more acidic than the other in terms of molecular structure. In the acetic acid molecule, the second oxygen will make the O—H bond mo In the , cond re polar through the inductive effect. That will make is easier forthe hydrogen to be donated in un anid bate eacrion. The ethanol molecule do hat it ‘ll is 5 Oma eT papel ee the molecule that will increase the polarity of the 228 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry