Name of

Element
Actinium

Isotopes
(Occur
Naturally)
227Ac

Aluminum

27

26

241

242m

Americium

Antimony

Argon

Al

Al
Am

243

Am

Am

Uses of Isotopes

Small traces in nature. It is use for cancer medicine. It is

also use for neutron source.
It is naturally occur but it has natural abundance of 99.9
%.
It has
been
used
to
study
the
role
of
sediment transport, deposition, and storage, as well as
burial times. It was also responsible for the melting and
differentiation of some asteroids after their formation.
241Am is used (in the form of americium dioxide) in very
small amounts in ionization chamber smoke detectors.
One gram of americium dioxide provides enough active
material for more than three million household smoke
detectors.
242m

Am is fissile (because it has an odd number

of neutrons) and has a low critical mass, comparable to
that of 239Pu. It has a very high cross section for fission,
and if in a nuclear reactor is destroyed relatively quickly.
Another report claims that 242mAm has a much lower
critical mass, can sustain a chain reaction even as a thin
film, and could be used for a novel type of nuclear rocket.
243Am is a hazardous substance, because it can cause
cancer. 239Np, which is formed from 243Am, emits
dangerous gamma rays, making 243Am the most
dangerous isotope of Americium.

121

Sb

It is used for the production of medical radioisotopes. It

also used for the production of I-124.

123

Sb

It can be used for the production of I-123.

124

Sb

It is used commercially as tracers. A tracer is an isotope

injected into a living or non-living system.

125

Sb

It is used as commercially tracer. Where it can be act as

radiation of an instrument.

36

Ar

Argon is used in welding. Welding is the process by

which two metals are joined to each other. In most
cases, the two metals are heated to very high
temperatures. As they get hot, they melt together.

38

Ar

40

Ar

Ar-38 are used in the production of radioactive K-38

which can be used as a blood flow tracer.
Ar-40 is used in the production of radioactive.

Arsenic

Astatine

41

Ar

Ar-41 which is used to trace gas flows.

75

As

As-75 is used in alloys. For example, certain parts of

lead storage batteries used in cars and trucks contain
alloys of lead and arsenic.
Arsenic-75 has also been used to make lead shot in the
past. The amount of arsenic used in these applications is
likely to continue to decrease. It is too easy for arsenic to
get into the environment from such applications.
It is also used in electronics industry.
It is also used in making light-emitting diodes (LED).

73

As

As-73 is used as salting material for nuclear weapons.

76

As

211

As-76 is used for increasing the radioactivity of a

thermonuclear weapon.
Astatine-211 is the subject of ongoing research
in nuclear medicine. It must be used quickly as it decays
with a half-life of 7.2 hours; this is long enough to permit
multistep labeling strategies. Astatine-211 has potential
for targeted alpha particle radio therapy, since it decays
either via emission of an alpha particle (to bismuth-207),
or via electron capture (to an extremely short-lived
nuclide, polonium-211, which undergoes further alpha
decay).

At

The table shows the following uses of At-211:

AGENT
USES
211

At (Astatine-tellurium colloids)

6-211At (astato-2-methyl-1,4naphtaquinol diphosphate)

211
At (methylene blue)
Meta-211 (Atastatobenzyl guanidine)
5-211At (astato-2'-deoxyuridine)
211
At (biotin conjugates)
211
At (octreotide)
211
At (monoclonal antibodies and
fragments)
211
At (labeled bisphosphonates)

Barium

Compartmental
Tumors
Adenocarcinomas
Melanomas
Neuroendocrine
tumors
Various
Various pre-targeting
Somatostatin receptor
Various
Bone metastases

130

Ba

Ba-130 is used for the production of Ba-131/Cs 131.

131

Ba

Ba-131 which is used for the brachytherapy (seeds).

132

Ba

Ba-132 can be used for the production of Ba-133.

Berkelium

Ba
134
Ba

Ba-133 which is used as a gamma reference source.

133

135

Ba

136

Ba

137

Ba

138

Ba

Ba-134 has been used to perform experiments in the

field of nuclear physics.
Ba-135 has been used to validate the use of spinor
symmetry.
Ba-136 has been used to study photon scattering
phenomena. Both Ba-136 and Ba-138 have been used
in activation cross section experiments.
Ba-137 has been used in experiments regarding the
theory of relativistic coupled clusters.
Ba-138 has been used in studying so-called r- and sprocesses in stars.
It has many Because it was so rare there is no commercial and
technological use nowadays.
isotopes but

no stable
one.

Beryllium

Bismuth

Bohrium

Boron

Bromine

Be-9 is used in alloys with copper or nickel to make

gyroscopes, springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding
electrodes and non-sparking tools. Mixing beryllium with
these metals increases their electrical and thermal
conductivity.
Be-10 is used to track the sun spot cycle and solar
10
Be
activity.
7
Be-7 is also used to tack the sun spot cycle and solar
Be
activity.
It is often used in sediments to establish that they are
fresh, less than about 34 months in age.
Bismuth metal is brittle and so it is usually mixed with
It has no
other metals to make it useful. Its alloys with tin or
stable
cadmium have low melting points and are used in fire
isotopes.
detectors and extinguishers, electric fuses and solders.

At present, bohrium is of research interest only.

It has many

Be

isotopes.
But it is not
occur
Naturally.
B-10 is used in the form of boric acid as a chemical shim
10Bo

11

77

Br

in pressurized water reactors while in the form of sodium

pentaborate it is used for standby liquid control systems
in boiling water reactors.
B-10 is also used in so-called boron neutron capture
therapy (BNCT).
B-11 can be used as a neutron reflector. Outside the
nuclear industry both isotopes are used as food label to
study boron metabolism.
Br-77 has been suggested for radiotherapy because of it
electron capture decay and ease of labeling.

Cadmium

Cesium

Calcium

79

Br

81

Br

108

109

110

Cd

112

Cd

114

Cd

116

Cd

137

Cs

133

134

Cs
Cs

135

42

Californiu
m

Cd
Cd

Cs

Br-79 can be used for the cyclotron production of Kr-77

which decays to the radioisotope Br-77.
Br-81 is used for the production of the radioisotope Kr81m which is used for diagnostics.
Cd-108 is used in the production of Cd-109.
Cd-109 which is a calibration source for 88 keV gamma
radiation.
Cd-110 is used for the production of the radioisotope In110.
Cd-112 is used in the production of the widely used
diagnostic radioisotope In-111.
It is used to improve the power output and coherence
length of HeCd lasers.
It is also used together with the Cd-110,112,114 to
improve the power output and coherence length of HeCd
lasers.
Cs-137 is used in small amounts for calibration of
radiation-detection equipment, such as Geiger-Mueller
counters. In larger amounts, Cs-137 is used in medical
radiation therapy devices for treating cancer; in industrial
gauges that detect the flow of liquid through pipes; and in
other industrial devices to measure the thickness of
materials, such as paper, photographic film, or sheets of
metal.
It is also responsible for radioactivity of spent nuclear
fuel after several years of cooling up to several hundred
years after use.
Cs- 133 atom is used to define the second, a unit of time.

Ca, 44Ca
46
Ca, 48Ca

252

Cf

134

Cs also captures neutrons with a cross section of 140

barns, becoming long-lived radioactive 135Cs.
It is used as a drilling fluid. They are also used to make
special optical glass, as a catalyst promoter, in vacuum
tubes and in radiation monitoring equipment.
Calcium isotopes (mainly Ca-42, Ca-44, Ca-46 and Ca48) are used extensively in clinical research and mainly in
nutritional studies. They are used to measure calcium
absorption mainly in women and children. In adults,
calcium deficiency is strongly related to increasing
severity of osteoporosis. In children, calcium deficiency is
primarily related to the development of rickets. Ca-48 has
been used to bombard Pb and Bi targets in order to
create super heavy elements.
Californium-252 (Cf-252) undergoes spontaneous fission
and is used in small sized neutron sources. Fission
neutrons have an energy range of 0 to 13 MeV with a
mean value of 2.3 MeV and a most probable value of
1 MeV.
The neutron sources produced from Cf-252 are most
notably used in the start-up of nuclear reactors.

Carbon

Cerium

12

11

13

14

140

Ce

141

Ce

Californium 252 has also been used in the treatment of

serious forms of cancer. In patients suffering from certain
types of brain and cervical cancer, Cf-252 can be used as
a more cost-effective substitute for radium.
The C-12 atom has been given the atomic weight of
exactly 12.000000000 and is used as the basis upon
which the atomic weight of other isotopes is determined.
Carbon-11 is commonly used as a radioisotope for the
radioactive labeling of molecules in positron emission
tomography.
C-13 is used extensively in many different applications.
C-13 is used for instance in organic chemistry research,
studies into molecular structures, metabolism, food
labeling, air pollution and climate change.
C-13 is also used in breath tests to determine the
presence of the helicobacter pylori bacteria which causes
stomach ulcer.
C-13 can also be used for the production of the
radioisotope N-13 which is a PET isotope.
Carbon-14 is helpful for its radioactive properties in dating
artifacts. It does this by utilizing the half-life of the isotope,
which is a precise 5730 years. The isotope is helpful for
identifying the age of artifacts near that amount of time.
Ce-140 is used for the production of the radioisotope Ce141.
Ce-141 which is used for medical research purposes.