IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

SQLServerDatabasesTutorial
Introduction:
Thistutorialwillhelpthestudentsapplythetheorytheylearninthelecturesusingoneof
themostspreadRDBMSwhichisMicroso 'sSQLServer.I'musingthe2012RC0versionof
SQLServer.
Prerequisites:
YouneedtoinstallSQLServer2012Expressedi onwhichisthedatabaseengine(Themost
importantpart)andalsoSQLservermanagementstudiowhichisthegraphicalinterfacethat
facilitatesthedatabasecreationandquerydevelopmentandexecution.Theyareavailable
undertheselinks:
Underthislinkyouhavetoselect"expresswithtools"fromthe"selectaproduct"drop
downlistanddownloadit.Thengotosamelinkandthistimechoose"SQLServer
managementstudio"anddownloadit.
http://www.microso .com/betaexperience/pd/SQLEXPCTAV2/enus/default.aspx
Installbothpackages.Noticethatyouneedtogiveanametoyourserver,chooseanyone
wordnameandchoosewindowsauthentificationsothatyouwillnotneedtochoosea
password,whenyouareconnectedtowindows,sqlserverconsidersyouaretherightuser.
Thismakesthingsmuchsimplerforthebeginner.
HumanResourcesDatabase:
CreatingthedatabaseisquitestraightforwardusingtheSQLServermanagementstudio.In
theleftpanerightclickondatabasesthenclickon"newdatabase".Thenclickonthenew
databaseyoujustcreatedthenrightclickon"tables"anclickon"newtable".Thendefine
theEmployeetableaccordingtothediagrambelow.Thendothesamethingforeachtable.
Todefineaprimarykey,youneedtoselectthefieldandclickontheyellowkeybuttonthat
isontheupperleftofthetoolbox.Ifakeyiscomposedofmorethanonefieldselectallthe
fieldstogether(byholdingthecntlkeypushed)thenclickontheyellowkey.
Nowyouneedtocreaterelationshipsbetweeneachprimarykeywithitscorresponding
foreignkey.Todothat,thesimplestwayistocreateadiagram.Sorightclickondatabase
diagramsthen"newdatabasediagram".Whenitopensrightclickonthemiddleofthe
emptydiagramandclickon"addtable".Selectallthetablesyoucreated,theywillbeadded
insidethediagram.NowdraganddroptheidDepartmentfieldfromtheDepartmenttable
ontheidDepfieldintheEmployeetable,thiswillcreatethelink.Dothesamethingwiththe
otherrelationships.

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

Employee

2december2011

Department

idEmployee

idDepartment

name

department

firstname
address
phone
idDep

Assignment

Project

idEmployee

idProject

idProject

projectName
description

PARTI:SimpleQueries
QueryExamples:
1Firstqueries:PopulatetheDepartmenttablewithsomedata:
>InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(1,'HumanResources');
InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(2,'Accounting');
InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(3,'Marketing');
Select*fromDepartment;

Result:
idDepartment department
1

HumanResources

Accounting

Marketing

2Secondqueries:PopulatetheEmployeetablewithsomedata:
InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep)
Values(1,'RTY','Salah','AlAqiq','12345678',NULL);

InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep)
Values(2,'UIO','Mounir','AlHawiyya','2548789',NULL);

InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep)
Values(3,'FDG','Qassim','AlTaif','4523698',NULL);

InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep)
Values(4,'SDQ','Hafidh','AlAziziyya','9874632',NULL);

Select*fromEmployee;

Result:
idEmployee

name firstname

RTYSalah AlAqiq 12345678NULL

Page

addressphone

idDep

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

UIOMounirAlHawiyya2548789 NULL

FDGQassim AlTaif 4523698 NULL

SDQHafidh AlAziziyya9874632 NULL

2december2011

3Updateemployeeswiththedepartmentnumber:
UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=3whereidEmployee=1;
UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=1whereidEmployee=2;
UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=2whereidEmployee=3;
UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=3whereidEmployee=4;
Select*fromemployee;

Result:
idEmployee
1

name
firstname address phone idDep
RTYSalahAlAqiq 123456783
UIOMounirAlHawiyya25487891
FDGQassimAlTaif
45236982
SDQHafidhAlAziziyya98746323

4Selectqueries:
a Whoaretheemployeeswhichfirstnamescontainan'a'?
Select*fromEmployeewherefirstnameLIKE'%a%';
Result:

idEmployee
1

name firstname
addressphoneidDep
RTY Salah AlAqiq 12345678 3
FDG Qassim AlTaif 4523698 2
SDQ Hafidh AlAziziyya9874632 3

b Whichemployeeshaveanamethatstartswitha'Q'andcontainsan's'inthethird
position?
Select*fromEmployeewherefirstnameLIKE'Q_s%';
Result:
idEmployee
name firstname
addressphone
idDep
3

FDGQassimAlTaif4523698 2

c Whichemployeeslivein'AlHawiyya'?
Select*fromEmployeewhereaddressLIKE'%AlHawiyya%';
Or
Select*fromEmployeewhereaddressLIKE'%AlHAwiYYA%';
Result:
idEmployee
name firstname
address
phone idDep
2
UIOMounirAlHawiyya
25487892

NoticethatinSQLServerusingupperorlowercasecharactersdoesn't
makeadifference.

4Usingmorethanatableinqueries:JOINqueries
a Weneedtoknowforeachemployee,thenameofthedepatmentheworksin:

Westartbyusingasimplecartesianjoinwithoutanyfiltering(nowhereclause):
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1,DepartmentAST2;

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

Notethatthisresultisasimpleproductoftwotables.Eachlinedoesn'tnecessarilymean
something.Tofilteronlythelinesthathaveameaningweaddtoourquerythewhere
clausethatwillonlytakeintoaccounttherecordswhereidDep=idDepartment:
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1,DepartmentAST2
WhereT1.idDep=T2.idDepartment;

Result:

NowweusetheINNERJoin:
>Select*fromEmployeeAsT1InnerjoinDepartmentAST2

onT1.idDep=T2.idDepartment;

Result:

UsingtheOuterJoin:
Let'saddtwoemployeeswithoutassigningthemtoanydepartment:

InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep)
Values(10,'TJIG','Mondhir','Makka','456786',NULL);
InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep)
Values(11,'FHTJ','Sabir','Riyadh','1354968',NULL);

Nowlet'saddadepartmentthatwillnothaveanyemployeeassignedtoit:

InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(4,'Researchand
Development');

Let'sseethedifferencebetweentheINNERandtheOUTERjoins:

Select*fromEmployeeAsT1InnerjoinDepartmentAST2
onT1.idDep=T2.idDepartment;

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

Ifweusealeftouterjoin:

Select*fromEmployeeAsT1LeftOuterjoinDepartmentAST2
onT1.idDep=T2.idDepartment;

Nowarightouterjoin:

Select*fromEmployeeAsT1RightOuterjoinDepartmentAST2
onT1.idDep=T2.idDepartment;

AndnowaFullOuterJoin:

Select*fromEmployeeAsT1FullouterjoinDepartmentAST2
onT1.idDep=T2.idDepartment;

PARTII:Transactions
Nowwewillseehowwecanexecuteagroupofqueriesinanatomicway:Whichmeansallthegroupofquerieswilleitherbe
completelyexecutedorcompletelycanceled.Allthequeriesinsidethegroupwillbeexecutedwithoutbeinginterruptedbyany
otherqueryexternaltothatgroup.Inotherwords,thestateofthedatabasebetweentheexecutionoftwosuccessivequeries
ofthatgroupwillnotbeaccessibletoanyone.Thisgroupofqueriesiscalledatransaction.Thesyntaxofthetransactionisas
follows:
Begintransac onT1
Query_1
Query_n

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

Committransac onT1;
Thecommitkeywordwilllauchtheexecutionofthesequenceofqueries.WecanusetheRollbackkeywordtocancelallthe
sequenceofqueries.
NowbeforetestingthesefeaturesofSQL,weneedtoknowabouttheTRY/CATCHcontrolconstruct.Let'slookattheexample:

BeginTRY
BeginTransactionT1
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(1,'DTRG','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(2,'JGHT','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(3,'ERTY','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(4,'VBNH','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(5,'OPQS','thisprojwill...')
CommitTransactionT1;

EndTRY

BeginCATCH
RollbackTransactionT1;

EndCATCH;

Howthiscodewillbeexecuted?Firstnotethatyouhavetwomajorblocs:

theBEGINTRYEndTRY:thisistheTRYbloc
theBEGINCATCHEndCATCH:ThisistheCATCHbloc

ThismeansthatallthatisinsidetheTRYblocwillbeexecutedbutifanyerroroccursallthatisinside
theCATCHblocwillbeexecuted.Solet'slookatourexamplehere:Wewillmakefiveconsecutive
inser onsinonetransac onT1.Thatmeansthesefivequerieswillonlybeexecutedwhenthe
committransactionisencountered.Butifanyerroroccurs,thentheCATCHblocwillbeexecutedand
arollbackwilloccurcancellingallthetransaction.
Let'stryittoseetheresultsofthepreviouscode.Let'sseethecontentoftheProjecttableby
executingasimpleselect*:
select*fromproject

Nowwewillforcethepreviouscodetomakeanerrorbytryingtoinserttwoprojectswiththesame
idProject,thisshouldraiseanerrorbecausetheidProjectisaprimarykey.Hereisthemodifiedcode:
BeginTRY
BeginTransactionT1
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'FTHK','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'MLPO','thisprojwill...')
CommitTransactionT1;

EndTRY

BeginCATCH
RollbackTransactionT1;

EndCATCH;

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

Wegetthesemessages:
(1row(s)affected)

(0row(s)affected)

ThefirstmessagewastoinformusthatthefirstInsertwasexecutedcorrectly.Butwhentryingto
executethesecondInsertanerrorwasraisedbecausewetryedtoinsertanotherprojectwithan
idProjectequalto6.ThisexecutedtheCATCHBlocwhichrolledbacktheTransac onwhichgaveus
thesecondmessageof0rowsaected.Notethatinthiscasethecommittransactionwasnot
executed.
Afterexecutingthiscode,wedon'thaveanyerrormessagebecauseitwascaughtbyourCATCHbloc.
Butlet'sseethecontentoftheprojecttable:
select*fromproject

Nowlet'scomparethesamecodewithouttheBegintransactionCommitRollbacklinesofcode:
Firstlet'sdeleteallthedatafromtheprojecttable:
deletefromproject

Thisemptiesthetable,youcanverifythatbythesimpleselect*
Nowlet'sexecutethiscode:
BeginTRY
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(1,'DTRG','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(2,'JGHT','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(3,'ERTY','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(4,'VBNH','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(5,'OPQS','thisprojwill...')

EndTRY
BeginCATCH

EndCATCH;

NotethatIremovedallthelinesthatwererelatedtothetransaction.Nowlet'sseethedatawehave:
select*fromproject

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

OK,nowwewilltrythesamethingaspreviously;Inser ngtwoprojectwithidProject=6:
BeginTRY
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'MLOP','thisprojwill...')
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'ZSAQ','thisprojwill...')

EndTRY
BeginCATCH

EndCATCH;

Wegetthesemessages:
(1row(s)affected)

(0row(s)affected)

Butlet'slookatthedatawenowhaveinourtable:
select*fromproject

WecanseethatthefirstprojectwithidProjectwasinserted.Thatwasthefirstmessage"1row
added".Thesecondmessage"0rowadded"wastheanswertooursecondinsertthatdidn'twork.
Conclusion:
Sonow,whatisthedifferencebetweenthefirstapproach(usingtransactions)andthesecond?
Whenwehadanerrorinthefirstexample,theCatchblocrolledbackalltheinsertions.That'swhywe
didn'thaveanyinsertionexecuted.Butinthesecondexample(withouttransactions),eachinsertion
isexecutedoneaftertheotheranddataisinsertedinthedatabasedirectly.That'swhythefirstquery
executednormallyandthesecondquerydidn'thaveanyeffectontheexecutionofthefirstoneeven
ifitraisedanerror.
Theuseoftransactionsisusedonlywhenwewanttomakesurethateitheralltheoperationsare
doneortheymustallbecancelledifanyundesirablesituationoccurs.

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 IntroductiontoDatabases

PreparedbySkanderTurki

2december2011

PARTIII:DatabasecreationandmodificationthroughSQLDDL
Nowlet'strysomeDDLcommands.Wewillcreateanewtablewithaprimarykeyandaforeignkey
relatedtoEmployee.idEmployee:
UsehumanRessources
createtabletrial(idintegerprimarykeynotnull,empbigintforeignkey
referencesEmployee(idEmployee)notnull)

Let'sconsultthenewtable:select*fromtrial

Ok,thetableistherebutithasnodatawhichisnormal;wejustcreatedit.
Nowi'llsimplydestroyit:droptabletrial

Command(s)completedsuccessfully.

Nowlet'sreexecutetheselect:select*fromtrial
Msg208,Level16,State1,Line1
Invalidobjectname'trial'.

Wegotanerrormessagetellingusthereisnosuchtablecalled'trial',ithas
beenremovedcompletelyfromourdatabase.Notethatthisactionisverydangerous
asitcandestroyanytablewithallthedataitcontainsinjustthreewords.

ToBeContinuedInchallah..

Page

TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY