Skeletal System

Hannah Ackles, Chris Dabbert, Cinthia Chavez, and

Alex McDonald

Essential Question - 5 minutes

How do we maintain healthy bones?

What is the Skeletal

System?

What is the Skeleton?

Definition:

Skeletal frame of the body

Consists of bones and other tissues that protect internal
organs
Bones give shape and supports our system
Endoskeleton forms support structure inside body,
develops within skin or body tissue, allows us to grow
larger and freedom of movement

Purpose of Skeleton

Consists of 206 bones

Performs vital functions, movement, blood cell
protection, calcium storage
Get a new skeletal system every 7 years
Keeps muscles, fat, and skin upright

Two Skeletons

Axial skeleton
80 bones - consists of the skull, spine, ribs, and
breastbone
Transmits the weight from the head and trunk down
to hip joints, helps humans maintain upright posture
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones - consists of legs, arms, hands, feet, pelvis,
clavicles, and shoulder blades
Making walking, running and other movement
possible and protects the major organs

Functions of Skeletal System

-

Protection (Surrounds organs such as the brain and spinal cord)

Support (hard framework that supports the soft organs of the
body)
Storage (Lipids and minerals are stored within bone materials)
Movement (Allows for muscle attachment; therefore the bones
are used as leavers)
Blood Cell Formation (Bone marrow is responsible for blood cell
production)

Types of Bones in the Body

Bones categorized by shape and size

Four main bone classifications: long, short, flat and irregular bones
3 tiny bones in each ear
1 hydroid bone in throat
27 hand bones
26 bones in each foot
About 32 teeth
Made up of different material (Dentin and enamel, hardest
material in body)
8 plates cover brain
14 face bones

Structure of
Bones

Two layers
Compact/Cortical
bone - dense, makes
up 80% of bone
mass
Spongy/Trabecular
bone - softer,
contains marrow
and fatty tissues
Periosteum: houses
nerves and blood vessels

Facts About Skeletal System

Fun fact: Cats have
more bones than a
human with 244
bones! Humans have
206 bones.

How bones are made

Skeleton first forms and is made up of flexible cartilage
Cartilage made up of cells called chondrocytes
Divide, create structure for bones to grow on
Process of ossification begins
Cartilage replaced by hard deposits of calcium phosphate and stretchy
collagen (two main components of bone)
Babies are born with 270 bones
Some bones fuse together as the body develops
Composed of fibrous and mineralized connective tissues, give it firmness and
flexibility.
Consists of bone, cartilage, tendons, joints, and ligaments.

Major Bones in the Human

Body

Major Bones in Human Body

Make sure to take notes !!!

Cranium: The bone in the head that

protects the brain, also called the skull.
Mandible: The jaw bone.
Clavicle: The bone linking the scapula
and sternum, also called the collar bone.
Sternum: The flat bone that connects to
the clavicles and the first seven pairs of
ribs.
Humerus: The bone extending from the
shoulder to the elbow.
Rib: Any of the 12 pairs of curved arches
of bone extending from the spine to, or
toward, the sternum.
Pelvis: The hip bones.

Tibia: The inner and thicker of the two

bones of the human leg between the
knee and ankle.

Major Bones in Human Body

Vertebra: One of the bony segments of the

spinal column.
Radius: The bone of the lower arm (thumb
side).
Carpals: The wrist bones.
Phalanges: The finger and toe bones.
Femur: The longest and thickest bone; upper
leg bone.
Patella: The small flat triangular bone in
front of the knee that protects the knee
joint.
Fibula: The outer and thinner of the two
bones of the human leg between the knee
and ankle.
Ulna: The inner and longer of the two bones
of the human forearm.

Tarsals: The ankle bones.

When Bones Are Pushed to

the Limit

The Effect of Exercise on the

Bones

When you exercise, the condition of your bones can

improve depending on the response to strain (otherwise
known as mechanical stresses)
Density and bone size increase, and changes in bone
structure increase by the amount of loads being placed
on the skeleton
Weight lifters are shown to have a greater bone mass
than lighter endurance athletes

How to Maintain Healthy

Bones

Make Healthy Food Choices

It is very important for your bones to get nutrients,

including calcium and vitamin C,D and K.
Vegetables are the best way to get these important
vitamins and minerals
Research has also linked heavy cola consumption with
lower bone density.
Drink milk! Milk has calcium which is good for your
bones.

Exercise and Maintain Healthy Body

Weight

Arguably the most important thing to do

Along with healthy eating, exercise is a key part of
osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
Like muscles, bones become stronger when they are
active
Weight-bearing exercise strengthens bones by making
them produce more cells The best exercises for building
stronger bones include brisk walking, dancing or
aerobics, and muscle strengthening exercises

Positive and Negatives When Exercising Bones

Positive

Bone is living tissue that responds to exercise by increasing in

density. The force of muscle tugging on bones stimulates bone cells
to reproduce.
When we walk, the force we exude tugs on our muscles which, in
turn, stimulates the formation of bone cells allowing our bones to
maintain a strong and healthy status.
Makes us healthy and will be fit.

Positive and Negatives When Exercising Bones

Negatives

People with osteoporosis can get fractures in the bone.

Excessive exercise can cause trauma to the skeletal muscles, leading
to back pain.
Injury To bones
By age 30, our bones mass peaks and our bones begin to weaken. If
we choose to not exercise or stay active, our bones will continue to
thin, leading to conditions like osteoporosis.
It could only take about 25 pounds to break a bone.

Spend More Time in the Sun

Your skin makes vitamin D in response to sun exposure

and your body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium and
build healthy bones.
Depending on where you live and your skin pigmentation,
you may get enough by spending as little as 5 to 30
minutes in the sunlight a couple of times a week.

Bone Diseases and Skeletal

Disorders

Osteoporosis
Thins and weakens bones
Paget's disease

Causes overgrowth of bones

Osteomalacia
Softening of bones due to Vitamin D deficiency
Scoliosis
Curvature of spine
Skeletal dysplasia
Abnormal bone development passed down genetically

What is Skeletal Dysplasia?

What is Skeletal Dysplasia?

Skeletal dysplasia: the medical term that includes about 450

types of conditions that can affect bone and cartilage growth
It can result in short stature, unusual limb proportions, and other
symptoms
The RUNX2 gene causes this disorder
RUNX2 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant
pattern, meaning if one parent has the disorder and one doesnt,
50% of their offspring will inherit the disorder and 50% wont
Most common lethal conditions due to fibroblast growth factor
receptor 3 gene

Activity

Activity - 10 minutes

You will be making a skeleton out of Q tips and you will

have to name all of the parts.

You have 23 Bone Names on the paper.

You will have 8 minutes to finish this activity

Make sure it is in great detail and all of the names are

correct

Resources
-

https://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu/menu.ht
ml
http://www.lpaonline.org/regional-skeletal-dysplasia-clinics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDGqkMHPDqE
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cleidocranial-dysplasia#genes
http://www.livescience.com/22537-skeletal-system.html
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/chst3-related-skeletal-dysplasia#
https://www.brianmac.co.uk/physiol.htm