Introduction:

Every child dreams of going to the zoo and seeing all the exotic animals for the first time and
experiencing the myriad of excitement that follows. A visit to the zoo is even the treasured field
trip that takes place during ones elementary years. Consequently, among all this excitement few
people stop to think how the animals feel about being caged, watched day in and day out, and left
to an unfulfilling life. Many argue that the purpose of zoos are to educate the public about
different animal species while conserving endangered species at the same time; however, over
time it has turned more into a business enterprise that makes its profits at the expense of the
animals. In recent years animal rights activist and animal lovers alike have come together to
protest the idea of zoos on the grounds that they are unethical and harmful to both the physical
and mental health of the animals. Recent scientific discoveries regarding the complexity of an
animals emotions have shown that they too are like us and have similar thought processes and
are capable of complex thought. Therefore, why does it seem logical to keep these intelligent
animals locked up inside of zoos? Does our own entertainment override an animals right to
freedom?
Zoological parks have dated back before the Bible was written but the first modern zoo was
built in 1973 by French aristocrats. The zoo was first created in an attempt to teach the public
more about exotic animals and how to conserve them and protect their habitats also there are a
variety of zoo types. These include petting zoos and urban zoos which permanently house
animals to show off to the public. There are also other zoo types such as game reserves and safari
parks which typically house and conserve animals; however, these are usually not open to the
general public due to the fact that many animals that live in these areas are endangered.
Consequently, the nature of many of todays zoos lack the necessary funding that they need to
care for all the animal species that they house; in short, the flashier, better animals receive better
funding due to their popularity while the other animals live in inadequate habitats that go
unnoticed by the public. The habitats that many animals live in are meant to replicate their
natural habitats; however, protagonists claim that these cages cannot replicate the wilderness.
Such people believe that keeping animals encaged is both inhumane and unbeneficial due to the
fact that many animals are found to live shorter lives, become malnourished, and suffer from a
variety of mental health issues that follow being left alone for long periods of time. In contrast,
many zookeepers feel that the zoo is a necessary to saving the lives of endangered animals and
educating the public about different types of animals; however, many argue that keeping animals
in captivity is not beneficial to saving animal species nor does it bring any significant change to
the publics knowledge of these animals. Another controversial topic surrounding zoos is
whether or not the breeding of young animals, typically endangered, is an ethical practice due to
the fact that if an animal is born into captivity it cannot be later released into the wild therefore
having no effect on a species numbers. Zoological advocates view breeding of endangered or
threatened species as a necessary way to bring these animals back into our ecosystem. Recent
studies have also concluded that caging large and intelligent animals, such as elephants and
marine mammals, can have an effect on their mental health and result in illnesses like PTSD and
anxiety .Animals do, in fact, have complex emotions therefore we, as humans, need to respect
their right to freedom. In addition, animals can suffer from a variety of mental and physical

health issues due to time spent in captivity. So continuing into the future people need to learn to
respect the environment in order to prevent the need for zoo conservation efforts that have little
impact on a species numbers in the wild. Arguments used against zoos are that they dont do the
job that they were intended, which was to educate and conserve animals, but instead prove to be
harmful and unbeneficial to the physical and mental health of the animals. In contrast, others
argue that zoos protect various endangered species and prolong the lives of the animals, protect
them from prey, and provide the public information on exotic animals. In order for zoos to return
to their original intent they must put animals lives first rather than using the animals to create
revenue. In this research project I will be looking at the mental health of animals in zoos, their
issues between conservation and control, and their right to achieve freedom. In addition to
looking at new methods in which we can observe animals in such a way that doesnt promote
captivity.
Reasons behind why animal freedom is an important topic is due to the fact that animals are a
vital part of our ecosystem and we cannot rely on zoos conservation programs to save
endangered species. We, as humans, need to learn to respect the environment and the animals in
it by taking care of their habitats. Zoological parks have dated back before the Bible and were
made to teach the public about animals and their behavior patterns; consequently, in recent years
these institutions have strayed from their original intent and have operated more like a business
whose sole purpose is to create profit typically at the expense of the animals. Moving forward we
cannot allow zoos to operate as they have previously been doing; instead, there needs to be
fundamental change in the way we look at animals.
Throughout the extent of this project one can easily see that I carry a strong bias against the
nature of zoos and their roles in society. I; however, did attempt to give zoos some credit in my
research due to the fact that the zoo keepers themselves arent inherently setting out to bring
these animals harm in fact they have these jobs because they love animals. My issue lies with
zoos as institutions because they do not provide any benefits to the animals in them. In response
to the issues that I see with zoos Ive created a new layout for zoos going into the future that will
improve their overall wellbeing and still allow people to see these animals in a way that doesnt
harm them. Therefore, throughout this paper I attempted to find sources, like my interviews, that
looked at the positive aspects of the zoo and their role in saving animals.

Lit review:
In recent years the zoo has received a lot of backlash from animal rights activist because many
claim that the concept of keeping animals captive is both wrong and unethical; however, many
zoos are beginning to shed their negative stereotypes and are attempting to make the welfare of
the animals better. The conflict of whether or not zoos should be abolished is a controversial
topic due to the fact that some believe that various animal species should be conserved because
of their diminishing numbers on the wild; while others feel it is wrong to keep an animal captive
against its will. Arguments about the nature of zoos include the paradox of zoos, the wellbeing of
certain species, their ability to return to the wild, and whether or not animals have the ability to
want freedom.

Zoos are a place that were established to house and conserve animals while educating the public;
however, examining the paradox of zoos that draw in visitors with the beauty and wildness of
animals we need to understand the wildness to make those animals accessible (French, 2010).
There has been a fine line between protection and control of the animals within zoos and the
result is typically control. Consequently, the zoo keepers that take care of these animals want to
provide the best lives for them but often cant due to the human desire to protect and control
nature (Conan, 2010). Animal caretakers are often caught between this paradox and the
question of whether or not animals should be conserved at the cost of their own captivity
(French, 2010). For instance, many zoo keepers tend to treat the animals as if they were their
own children by giving them names and assigning them human-like personalities; however, they
fail to realize that these animals are not pets but rather wild animals that belong to nature.
These wild animals have an interest in freedom and the public needs to come to understand that
these animals often dont lead fulfilling lives in captivity .For instance, in recent studies
conducted by, Ros Clubb of the University of Oxford in Engl, has conducted studies of captive
animals which have shown that they tend to display nervous tics such as pacing and have high
infant mortality rates; these issues directly correlate with the land that an animal will cover in the
wild and their annual migration patterns (Milius, 2003).These issues are typically found in zoos
and roadside attractions outside of the United States these do not usually occur here because of
animal rights activist groups such as PETA enforcing laws that protect the rights of animals. In
addition, these studies have also shown that certain species can adapt well to captivity, such as
smaller monkeys, who rarely migrate in the wild and can thrive in the zoo environment;
however, other larger animals that have large ranges, such as polar bears and lions, are more
likely to develop these tics. For instance, various books and articles argue that most zoos have
proved wrong many of the stereotypes and are attempting to make the lives better for the animals
by creating wellness-oriented facilities where animals are activated and stimulated by speciesappropriate environmental and social conditions (Maple T.L,2013. Pg. 64). Also, one cannot
look at all zoos as being the same a blanket statement about all of them is completely
inaccurate because all zoos are not equal (James, 2016) thus the argument about whether or
not the nature of these institutions are ethical or not cannot be applied to every zoo. Therefore, as
we look at the negative effects of captive animals one cannot assume that this is how every zoo
operates. Many modern zoos do, in fact, enrich the lives of animals by creating a lifelike
environment
Throughout these institutions many are attempting to make the lives of the animals better by
offering them protection; however, it difficult for zoos to recreate the environments in which they
are naturally found .In addition, to the argument on whether or not animals should be free, zoo
supporters, such as, The American Association of Zookeepers claim that keeping them in
captivity is prolonging their lives because they arent exposed to predators like they are in the
wild. Organizations like the AAZ work to make zoos a better place for the animals by certifying
them and giving money grants to zoos that use ethical practices. Zoo abolitionist; however, claim
that animals experience unfulfilling lives by excessive sleeping, pacing, and other abnormal
behaviors. Zoo supporters also argue that animals lack the mental capacity to understand
freedom and therefore have no interest in pursuing it; however, even though animals cant

understand the concept of freedom it is our moral right to let them pursue a free life (Schmidt,
2015). For instance, an animal, like a monkey, that is kept in captivity does not have to ability to
understand why they are there or what will happen to them thus the monkey is experiencing the
raw terror of not knowing while humans have the ability to reason animals do not (Linzey,
2009). Therefore, we, as humans, need to reconsider the concept of zoos due to the stress it
invokes on the captive animals. Various animals that are common in captivity require stimulation
in order to correctly adapt to life in the zoo; however, because of space issues many animals,
such as apes, elephants, and dolphins, cannot thrive in the zoo environment. Moving forward we
must challenge outdated and cruel zoo practices due to our responsibility to treat all wild
animals and the environment with respect (Laidlaw, 2008).
Within the institutions of zoos there needs to be a fundamental change in the practice of
conserving and saving animals. Many larger mammals have been shown to develop mental
health issues and also we should look for new solutions to the treatment of these animals .In
order for zoos to continue surviving into the future, they must change their methods in
conservation and search for new ways that consider the animals wellbeing over entertainment.
Conserving an animal and keeping one captive are two very different concepts the argument is
not with these individuals but with zoos as institutions as they tend to blur the lines between
control and conservation (King, 2016). In contrast, some zoos are changing their dynamics and
are beginning to shut down exhibits with large animals and bringing small changes to their
landscapes in order to bring patrons into the animals' environments otherwise known as
"Landscape immersion which is portraying how zoos are starting to evolve into modern ideals
(Simmons, 2003). The layouts of many modern U.S. zoos are beginning to incorporate new
methods in enriching an animals experience in captivity; for example, they will often get many
different scents hidden within an exhibit in order to create a natural environment for different
animals (James, 2016). Consequently, some zoos in the U. S are still not adhering to ethical
practices in caring for their animals. For example, one can see that the habitats of predatory
animals, such as tigers and bears are much cleaner and typically have their own areas that are
main attractions unlike the less popular animals, such as small birds, fish, and land mammals,
who live in smaller areas off to the side of the zoo. To be specific, predatory cats like lions can be
found in open habitats with large areas to roam while exotic birds have small and crowded cages
with no privacy or way to get away from the strange people, noises, and smells. In addition, the
exhibits that house animals like the insect and snake exhibits are smaller than an average
shoebox and are seldom cleaned. (Zimmerman, 2007)
Conservation efforts inside the zoo are proven to be risky and dangerous to the animals due to
the inability of certain species who cannot be reintroduced into the wild. Thus it has come to
light that one of the issues behind zoos lie between failed conservation efforts. In addition,
humans do not appreciate the environment and thus we are the reason behind the unnecessary
and massive loss of wildlife habitats around the world, which is unsustainable and must be
stopped in order to be able to bring conserved animals in zoos back into the wild (Hancock,
2003). For instance, the Borneo Orangutan has disappeared from forests all around the globe
due to the uncertified palm oil trade in the food industry which has resulted in this species going
into near extinction. Therefore, as a result of deforestation of the orangutans habitat they cannot

be released back into the wild thus making zoo's conservation efforts futile. Also, antagonist
argue that instead of wasting millions of dollars on inter zoo breeding programs we should be
utilizing that money to save the environment of these animals (Masci, 2000). In contrast, many
zoos claim that their conservation efforts are the last hope for the survival of some species;
however, this should not trump animals right to freedom. On another note, exhibits are becoming
less educational than intended due to the fact that people rush from one flashy exhibit to the next
without learning anything that wasnt previously known. Solutions about the issue of breeding
animals simply to restock zoo exhibits will alleviate the ethical and moral issues behind zoo
conservation efforts and allow them to come to a place where animals' lives come first, over and
above human entertainment (King, 2016).

Entering the conversation:

As I have looked at the layout of the modern day zoo and the scholarly works of other likeminded people I can in fact see that we need to change our thoughts on how society looks at the
zoo as a whole. The research has been done and many scholars have argued, and proved, that
keeping animals captive is not a practice that should go into the future due to the stress that it
invokes on the animals. Our understanding of the intelligence of animals has greatly evolved in
the last 50 years here in the U.S and now that we know these animals, like us, have complex
feelings and we now understand that it is our duty too free them back into the wild. All animals
have a right to freedom and due to long period of being left alone in captivity is problematic to
the health of these animals. In addition, conservation efforts inside of zoos are inadequate and
have no real benefit to the captive and wild species and therefore must be abandoned
(Masci,2000). Consequently, the animals that are currently in zoos cannot return into the wild
because of domestication; however, going into the future we can go against the breeding of new
animals in captivity and with the young that are currently being raised inside the zoo they can be
moved to sanctuaries that allow them to be away from human exposure. Also, in this section I
believe that if we change our thinking about the layout of zoos we can come up with a new way
for zoos to operate in the future that is beneficial to the animals.
In this paragraph I will propose an idea on how we can abolish all zoos and zoo types.
This new layout for zoos is my take on landscape immersion in which we take the people to the
animals rather than the animals to the people. In short, what Im saying is that we create areas
inside the animals natural habitat for people to walk through and see these animals and these
will be placed across the U.S. To give you a better picture I will explain my trip to the island of
Roatan, off the Coast of Honduras, and my experience with this new sort of zoo. On this trip we
had the opportunity to pick something we wanted to do in which a few of us chose to go visit
birds, monkeys, and other native wildlife and what I saw amazed me. None of the animals that I
saw were owned by the park, in fact, all the animals there were completely wild. The layout of
this zoo was that the park had built houses for animals in their natural areas with a path for us to
walk through also the zoo keepers would sometimes feed them but the animals had the freedom
to leave whenever they wanted. As we walked through the park they had the opportunity to hide
from us until they felt ready to come out. This made me wonder why other zoos hadnt thought
of this idea of bringing the people into the animals natural environment and allowing us to see

them in all their wildness. This, in my opinion, is the future of zoos and how we can get rid of
them entirely.
In the U.S there are a wide range of environments that include deserts, humid climates,
and cold areas in which we could model areas, like the one in Roatan, and move the animals to
their habitats while creating areas that people could walk through and see all the animals. This
new idea of bringing the public into the animals habitat will greatly change their overall
wellbeing because they wont be forced to come in contact with humans. These immersion areas
could also be brought to states that dont produce much income. For example, states like West
Virginia that have a lot of mountain areas that stay relatively cold all year in which they could
create an immersion area where people could visit and see animals like certain hoofed animals,
birds, and carnivorous mammals that naturally live in those types of environments. Yearly
thousands of people already travel to these areas therefore going to the park should not be an
issue. Even though one may not be able to see all sorts of animal species at once you get to
experience them without bringing harm to their wellbeing. These parks can be used to create
revenue for states all across the U.S in addition to getting more people active due to the fact that
they will be hiking through the park areas.
The layout of this park that Im proposing will be spread out over large areas across the
U. S and they will be privately owned. In addition, my hope for this payment of this park will be
through park admissions and animal interest groups, like PETA, that already fund zoos but
moving forward they will give their donations towards the park and also my hope is that the
general public promote this idea of the immersion park. One might have questions about various
aspects of the landscape immersion park. Its layout will be stretched over vast areas in which
people will go to a central location where they will pay a $35 fee to see the animals then, in
groups, will be bussed to the path where the tour will start. The tour should roughly take an hour
to an hour and a half and there will be 35 people per tour and the tours will alternate. Depending
on the types of animals that the people are hoping to encounter will determine if they are going
to walk by foot through the park or be transported in open caged cars that will drive through the
path. This differs from current sanctuaries because the animals will not be owned by the park and
they are not enclosed in a large area but rather these animals will be surviving on their own
without influence from humans. Another aspect of the landscape immersion park is that it will
allow the public to learn about various animals in their wildest state. A series of emersion parks
will roughly cost anywhere from $200,000-$500,000 depending on the size and area the park is
located. Below you can see a breakdown of the general cost of the park and all its components.
In these tours people will be allowed to come into contact with some of the animals, depending
on their type, also they will be accompanied by an experienced tour guide just as they would be
in a park and have a chance to purchase food for the animals to come in contact with.
Land for central meeting location
Transportation to trail (not including gas)
Central location building*
Park workers pay
Animal rehabilitation*
Food for the animals*

$1,000 per acre

$20,000(seats 35+ people)
$100 per sq. foot
Minimum wage (varies by state)
$70,000
$50,000

*varies per park size

In the layout above one can see that my overall hope for the park is for the animals to
have the freedom to come and go as they please. My reasoning behind this is due to the lack of
privacy these animals receive in zoos and this way the animals can leave when they feel
threatened or just want to be left alone. Ways in which the park can ensure each group sees an
animal is through the use of food where the guests will have a chance to purchase food for the
animals prior to the tour. This not only generates income for the park but also benefits the
animals and the likelihood youll see an animal. The way in which this park will be laid out is
that the immersion park will purchase an area of land for both the central meeting location and
for the trails leading into the wild habitats of the animals. There will be certain areas for walking,
which will be guided, that will lead into the specific areas in which the people are most likely to
encounter these animals. Furthermore, I feel that we should test this immersion park prior to
moving all the animals from zoos, which would be conducted by select zoos, with hoofed
mammal species such as sheep, rams, and deer varieties. Reasons as to why we should test these
animals first is due to the fact that they are herbivores and can find food easily in the wild also
these mammals are typically friendly towards humans which makes them good candidates to try
the immersion park out on.
Many people; however, might have questions about what will happen to the current zoo
locations and how theyll be able to see some of the smaller animals that cant be easily found in
the wild but some zoo locations can still; however, be used. These locations can still be used to
house some smaller insects and amphibians like spiders, insects, snakes, and lizards. One might
say that this is no different than the animals current state; however, they will be given larger
living spaces to live in which people can still see them. In addition, the current zoos can become
an area where scientist study, research, and teach the general public about animals in their natural
habitats and how we can save their environments. By creating these parks, the animals will not
only be out of captivity but the public can still become educated about the animals and their
environment. This immersion park will be similar but also different than current zoos in the
sense that they can still have gift shops and a lot of the similar setups that create revenue at the
central meeting location. Except the difference is that people will be taking an interactive hike or
drive through paths in the animals environment rather than seeing them in a small enclosure.
Current zoo locations can also still be utilized as an extension of the immersion parks in which
kids could still take field trips and make it a place of education for the animals and the
environment.
One issue; however, that lies with getting rid of zoos entirely is that people feel that the
its the only way to see these exotic animals and learn more about nature. However, the public
needs to understand that our modern zoo cannot continue into the future because animals have
the right to freedom in order to expand their numbers in the wild. In addition, zoo supporters see
conservation efforts inside zoos as necessary to the survival of all animals; however, here I am
going to state that these animals have survived for millions of years without our help therefore
they dont need our help. Also many feel that there is nothing wrong with our modern day zoo

layout but it has been proven that these captive animals suffer from a variety of mental health
issues. Furthermore, even though many zoos have attempted to make the habitats for the animals
more like their environment they will never be able to completely replicate it therefore the zoos
should just abandon this concept and work on saving wild animals.
Another question that might arise is about what will happen to the millions of animals
that are currently in captivity and cant be released. This question proves to be problematic but
what I propose is that we can take the animals that are currently in zoos and do either one of two
things which include either seeing what animals can be released into the wild and the ones that
cannot. Various animals can, in fact, adapt to the wild as well as younger generations that havent
been completely domesticated therefore zookeepers can test their animals ability to return to the
wild and slowly integrate them into being fully dependent. For instance, animals like monkeys,
hoofed mammals, and marine life can be taught to live on their own without the help of zoos
which could allow them to return to the wild where they can be studies in their natural habitat.
Consequently, the animals that have become too domesticated will be retired to sanctuaries
where they will live the remainder of their lives. This will repopulate the current animal
generations that are in the wild and force the zoos to take care of the environment that the
animals live in due to the fact that it will be their source of income.
This new way of looking at how to look at animals in their natural habitats will greatly
improve the numbers of many species in the wild. If the public uses the same amount of money
and resources that was used to keep animals in zoos to save their environment we can, in fact,
better the environment we live in. For instance, if the zoos used the money that was used to keep
the animals captive and feed them instead to save their environments in these park areas the
animals numbers would flourish in the wild; therefore, human conservation efforts would be
unnecessary. This would lead to the general public coming to appreciate life and the environment
while also having the ability to travel around the U.S and interact with a variety of animals.
Lastly, one can see that the proposal of taking all the zoo animals and moving them into
immersion parks for people to view them in a way that is beneficial to the animals wellbeing, the
peoples education, and ultimately the environment.

Conclusion:
Throughout this study I have extensively researched and proved that zoos are, in fact, not
beneficial to the lives of the animals in them and have been the cause of a decline in both their
physical and mental health. In this paper I have provided an alternative solution to the modern
day zoo that will be beneficial to the animals, people, and the environment. The concept of zoos
has been a topic of controversy due to the fact that many people feel that animals have no interest
in freedom therefore they have no reason to pursue it. Another argument in favor of zoos are that
since these institutions have been a part of history and our culture for such a long time some feel
it will be difficult to bring about radical change to the zoo. Consequently, zoos cant continue as
they have been and need to consider fundamental changes in the way that they care for the
animals. For many years many people have argued as to whether or not the zoo should be
abolished and which I have come to the conclusion, based on my research, that it is inherently
dangerous to the wellbeing of all the animals. These institutions have been proven to treat

animals in a cruel manner by keeping them confined in small areas where they have little privacy
in addition to underfeeding and under-stimulating them.
Reasons as to why I feel so strongly towards the wellbeing of animals is because if we, as
humans, cannot learn to respect and take care of the environment going into the future we will
have to suffer the repercussions of or actions. To be specific, nature runs in a ladder in which
every part depends on the next and if for instance one species goes extinct every animal under it
will follow suit. This will prove to be disastrous to not only the earth but humankind due to the
fact that we rely on animals for farming and food purposes. I understand that this sounds
extreme; however, if we as humans rely on zoos failed conservation efforts to save all animals it
wont end well. In addition, we should feel wrong in our actions of allowing these animals to be
used for our entertainment. Also, now that studies have shown the complexity of animals
feelings and the mental harm captivity has caused those animals we should feel compelled to
give them that freedom. In following the outline of the immersion park we will have the ability
to look at animals in their natural habitats: however, this cannot be a permanent solution due to
the fact that it could eventually turn back into a zoo like environment. Therefore, moving
forward we should reconsider how we look at the zoo and search for new ways in which humans
are able to see animals without holding them against their will.
Reasons behind why I feel my outline of a landscape immersion park is important to the future of
zoos is because our current day zoo is inherently causing harm to the animals in them. Inside of
the zoo animals experience dull, boring, and unfulfilling lives in which they develop mental
health issues (Maple T.L). In addition, people dont have a respect for nature in general therefore
we are the reason behind why animals numbers need to be conserved anyways. Moving into the
future we must also challenge the zoo to conserve their animals rather than just keeping them
captive for human entertainment(King,2016). Animals are proven to have complex feelings and
thoughts, just like humans, and therefore keeping them caged for public enjoyment is a cruel
practice due to the fact that they too want freedom. In addition, conservation efforts among zoos
have been proven to have little impact on their numbers in the wild therefore, there is no reason
why zoos need to keep taking animals from the wild to conserve them. These institutions also
dont carry out their intended purposes which is to educate the public. Thus the zoo should not be
able to exist into the future due to the fact that they dont do what they were designed for and
have no benefit to anyone except those that profit off the misery of these animals. We should
continue looking for new ways for the public to have the chance to learn about these animals
while not sacrificing the animals overall health.
Throughout this paper I have talked about the unethicalitys of zoos and have also given multiple
reasons as to why they shouldnt continue into the future. Looking forward we should look for
new ways in which humans can look at animals without sacrificing their freedom and wellbeing.
Also Im curious to see if we can improve upon my idea of an immersion park and find a way for
humans to observe animals in a way that doesnt hurt their mental health. Also looking into the
future of animal care I hope we can find better ways in which to help injured or orphaned
animals without bringing them into captivity which would get rid of zoos needs to bring in
animals from the wild. In addition, we need to learn to respect the environment and the animals

in it in order to prevent the need for zoos to go into the wild and save animals whose homes are
disappearing due to humans lack of respect for nature.

References:
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Gruen, L. (n.d.). The Ethics of Captivity. Chapter
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