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Circuit Theory
Circuit Theory
Circuit Theorems
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Linearity Property
Linearity is the property of an element
describing a linear relationship between
cause and effect.
A linear circuit is one whose output is
linearly ( or directly proportional) to its
input.
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if
if
Is 15 A, then Io 3 A;
Is 5 A, then Io 1A.
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Superposition(1)
The superposition principle states that
voltage across (or current through) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic
sum of the voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
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Superposition(2)
1.
2.
3.
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i
e
LN
R1
V
-
i1
LN
i2
+
R1
V1
-
LN
R1
V2
-
V V 1 V 2; i i1 i 2
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v v1 v 2
v1 2V ; v 2 8V
v 10V
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Source Transformation(1)
A source transformation is the process of replacing
a voltage source Vs in series with a resistor R by a
current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or
vice versa. Vs=isR or is=Vs/R
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Source Transformation(2)
It also applies to dependent sources:
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11
2A
I
2A
6V
I 0.5 A
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Substitution Theorem
I1
6
I2
20V
I1=2A,
I2=1A,
I3=1A,
V3=8V
+
8
V3
-
I3
I1
4
4V
I2
20V
+
8
V3
I1
I3
6
8V
I2
20V
I1=2A,
I2=1A,
I3=1A,
V3=8V
+
8
V3
I3
1A
I1=2A,
I2=1A,
I3=1A,
V3=8V
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Substitution Theorem
If the voltage across and current through
any branch of a dc bilateral network are
known, this branch can be replaced by any
combination of elements that will maintain
the same voltage across and current through
the chosen branch.
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Substitution Theorem
Is
+
Vs
N
N1
N2
N1
Vs
OR
N
N1
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Is
15
Thevenins Theorem
A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source Vth in series with a
resistor Rth, where Vth is the open-circuit
voltage at the terminals and Rth is the input
or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent source are turned off.
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LN
LOAD
I
+
V
LN
LN
+
Voc
LNo
RoI
Is
V=Voc-RoI
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Thevenins Theorem
Consider 2 cases in finding Rth:
1.
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Thevenins Theorem
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Thevenins Theorem
2.
+
Voc
-
Original
Circuit
Isc
Rth=Voc/Isc
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Examples
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Nortons Theorem
A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a current source IN in parallel with a
resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit
current through the terminals and RN is the
input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.
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(c)
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Examples
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p i 2 RL (
LN
Th
RTh RL
) 2 RL
I a
+
V
RL
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dp
RTh RL
2
TTh
0
3
dRL
RTh RL
so
yields
RL RTh
and
VTh2
p
4 RTh
dR
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28
Examples
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Tellegen Theorem
If there are b branches in a lumped circuit,
and the voltage uk, current ik of each branch
apply passive sign convention, then we
have b
u
k 1
i 0
k k
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u i
k 1
k k
u i
but also
k 1
u i
k 1
k k
k k
u i
k 1
k k
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31
Example
I2
V1
R2
+
V2
-
V I V I
k 3
k k
k 3
k k
k 3
k 3
and Vk I k RI k I k RI k I k VkI k
b
V1 I1 V2 I 2 V1I1 V2I 2
V2
2
6 (3) 2 10 (2) V2
4
2
V2 4V
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Reciprocity Theorem
R1
4V
Vs
R2
R3
1
I2 A
3
I2
I2
R1
R2
R3
Vs
4V
1
I2 A
3
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Reciprocity Theorem
(only applicable to reciprocity networks)
Case 1
Vs
I1'
I2
Vs'
Vs' Vs
if
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Reciprocity Theorem
(only applicable to reciprocity networks)
Case 2
Is
+
V1'
-
Is' Is
if
+
V2
-
Is'
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Reciprocity Theorem
(only applicable to reciprocity networks)
Case 3
Vs
if
+
V2
-
actually exists :
I1'
I1' V 2
Is' Vs
Is'
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example
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Source Transfer
R4
Vs
R2
R4
Vs
R5
R1
R5
R3
Vs
R3
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Source Transfer
R3
R2
R3
Is
Is
Is
B
R1
R4
B
R1
R4
Examples
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Summary
Linearity Property
Superposition
Source Transformation
Substitution Theorem
Thevenins Theorem
Nortons Theorem
Maximum Power
Transfer
Tellegen Theorem
Inference of Tellegen
Theorem
Reciprocity Theorem
Source Transfer
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