Filter Design and Tuning
using CST Studio Suite
Abstract: Bandpass filters with small fractional bandwidths are quite challenging to design and
tune. After reviewing various tuning techniques using CST Studio Suite a further approach to
compute coupling factor bandwiths simultaneously is demonstrated. A combination of 3D and circuit
models team up with new built in optimizers to efficiently tune bandpass filters. The new System
and Assembly Modelling (SAM) in CST Studio Suite enables the interdisciplinary usage of coupled EMThermal- Structural and Sensitivity analyses within parameter-sweeps and optimization loops and is
demonstrated on a simple test vehicle. Some accuracy considerations with respect to various
meshing techniques conclude this presentation.
Franz Hirtenfelder
Applications Engineer
CST Branch Office Munich
Elsenheimer Strasse 55
D-80687 Mnchen (Munich)
Germany
Tel: +49 89 2420 828 101, Mob: +49 170 9160 110, Fax: +49 89 2420 828 198
Email: franz.hirtenfelder@cst.com, Web: www.cst.com
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Introduction: Flow Chart
Typical Flow Chart of the Filter design and Tuning process
Dimensioning
Specifications
3D EM Simulation
Circuit Design
Analytical models
Empirical adjustments
on the structure
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Measurements
Introduction: from equations to a 3D model
3D
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Introduction: General Optimizer Setup
Parameterization
Definition of Goal function Optimizer Choice
1. Define structure parameters
2. Define parameter ranges
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Introduction:
Optimizers
Classic Powell
Interpolated Quasi Newton
Trust Region Framework
Nelder-Mead Simplex Algorithm
CMA Evolutionary Strategy
Particle Swarm Optimization
Genetic Algorithm
global
local
Initial parameters already
give a good estimate of the
optimum, parameter ranges
are small
Example:
Waveguide Corner Goal:
Minimize S11
Initial parameters give a
poor estimate of the
optimum, parameter
ranges are large
x
y
x
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Introduction:
Classic Powell:
Particle Swarm
Quasi Newton:
Genetic Algorithm
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Optimizers
Nelder Mead
Trust Region Framework
(TRF)
Introduction:
Convergence Speed
Nelder Mead: 70 Iterations
TRF: 15 Iterations
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Introduction: Summary
To summarize
In general many parameters to consider
Wide parameter ranges necessary in order not to
miss an optimum
-> global optimizer strategies required
A possible solution to speed up the tuning effort
is pretuning:
Advantage:
local optimizers can be used in addition
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Introduction
Classification of Filters
LP-Prototype
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Coupling Bandwidth,
Group delay
Group Delay
Coupling-Coefficients and Td-Values
computations are available via Macro
GroupDelay-Macros and
ResultsTemplates available for CSTMWS and CST-DS
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Group Delay
Tchebychev Filter
===================
Order
= 4
Bandwidth
= 25 MHz (rel. BW=2.3%)
Center Frequency = 1100 MHz
Passband ripple = 0,01 dB (1,100747 VSWR)
Return loss
= -26,3828 dB
Normed g values:
------------------------------------------g1 = 0,7129
g2 = 1,2004
g3 = 1,3213
g4 = 0,6476
g5 = 1,1008
Corresponding coupling coefficients in MHz / (rel):
------------------------------------------k_E = 35,07
(0,0318809)
k1_2 = 27,03
(0,0245688)
k2_3 = 19,85
(0,0180464)
k3_4 = 27,03
(0,0245688)
k_out = 35,07
(0,0318809)
Group Delay Time
---------------t_d1 = 18,153 ns
t_d2 = 30,566 ns
t_d3 = 51,798 ns
t_d4 = 47,057 ns
t_d5 = 71,78 ns
Only two variables at a time!!
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
ke=
Qe =
2
td1
t d 1. . f o
2
Tuning Methods:
Group Delay Examples
Iris Coupled Cavity
Filter
Tuning of a Dual Mode Filter
Short
Hairpin
Filter
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Tuning Methods:
Field Strengths
Port 1 is excited
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Field Strengths
The E-max is recorded vs. frequency. What can be observed is that the
peaks of E-max coinside with the peaks of the transmission-groupdelay,
as expected. The groupdelay may act here as a probability function of
energy: High fields when there is a high chance of energy concentration
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Pin-Probes and Eigenmodes
Even-Mode F1
CBW
_ corrected
1 S1
S
=
+ 2
2 S2
S1
Odd-Mode F2
F 2 F 2
2
1
2
F 1 + F 22
S 2 S 22
12
2
S1 + S 2
S1, S2 single cavity modes
Pin Probes:
Add two small discrete ports or
Face ports to excite the modes
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CBW
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
3D results
Discrete Ports or FacePorts are assigned at
the Resonators
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Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
Use Tuner for C3 and C4 to
manually adjust a good filter
response (resonance-tuning)
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
Coupling between resonators are designed as negative Cs (act as TLs 90 deg)
1. Use Tuner for C34
and C45 to manually
adjust a good filter
response
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:
Port-Tuning
Correlation to the real Geometry (Space Mapping):
Once the optimum for a certain capacitor has been found, we need to find out their relation to the real 3D geometry.
This is done by slightly changing the 3D model for the given resonator where the capacitor is attached to. Then we
need to retune the circuit again to account for this geometrical change. Now we have two positions in 3D and two
values for the capacitance C of the circuit. With a linear extrapolation we are able to find out the desired
mechanical change to set the capacitance to zero, meaning that the lumped capacitance has no impact anymore and
can be eliminated in the circuit.
Mech. Position p1 Ca= x1 F
Mech. Position p2 Ca= x2 F
Ca
Ca@p1 =x1F
p2 p1
p x = p1 + x1
x1 x2
Ca@p2=x2F
0
p1
p2
px
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Tuning Methods:Tuning via Slope Susceptance
To compute the coupling factors k12,k23,
etc, the Input and Output converters are
separated from the main part of the filter.
Ports of 50 Ohms are assigned and connected
to each resonator. S-Parameter and YParameter are computed via a DS task. The
imaginary parts of the Y-matrix are used to
compute the coupling factors simultaneously.
k12
3
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k34
k23
Tuning Methods:Tuning via Slope Susceptance
Templates:
k34
kij =
2.Bij
dBii dB jj
df df
k12
k23
= 2.im(Yij ) / sqr ((im(Yii _ deriv).(im(Y jj _ deriv))
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:Tuning via Slope Susceptance
Circuit setup for Coupling Coefficients
To get the coupling coefficients simultaneously the circuit is modified such that each resonator is
attached to a e.g. 50 Ohm port. The resulting Y-Matrix is used to compute all couplings:
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:Inverse Chirp Z
The chirp Z-Transformation can be used as a
more flexible means to calculate discrete Fourier
transforms. In particular, the unit circle version
(known as chirp-transform) can be used to create
a high-quality zoom function.
Golden (reference) Filter required
Inverse Chirp-Z response
S-Parameter
fo
1
ICZ-Bandwidth
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Tuning Methods:Inverse Chirp Z
Tuning of 1st resonator
Tuned to a min.dip
2
Tuning of 2nd resonator
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Example of a Diplexer:
Groupdelay
RX
TX
Rx part is considered,
but not shown here,
posts are short out
Green Curve: tuned Groupdelay
Red curve: Inital groupdelay for the
first two posts next to the common
port after the separate tuning of TX
and RX
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Example of a Diplexer:
InvChirpZ transformation is applied to the
open filter and it can clearly be seen that
some of the resonators are not tuned to
their center frequency f1 and/or f2. This
is indicated by the dips of the response.
The coupling seems to be rather ok,
repesented by the time-delay.
The advantage of this method is that the
individual mistuned resonators can be
identified!
2nd resonator mistuned
1D Results > invChiprZ_TX
1D Results > invChiprZ_RX
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
InvChirpZ
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Solver Selection
Time Domain (TD)
Frequency Domain (FD)
General Purpose
Eigenmode (E)
Resonant: Fast S-parameter (MOR)
Modal (Resonant Fields)
Lossy/Lossless
Resonant: S-Parameter, Fields (Modal Analysis)
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Accuracy vs. Meshdensity
10/10
20/20
30/30
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Accuracy vs. Meshdensity
Variable / Mesh
Coarse 10/10
Medium
20/20
Fine 30/30
40/40
60/60
Coupl_tuner_23
7.5 mm
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
Ke_offset
5.68
5.6
5.6
5.45
5.45
Re_tuner_L_1
6.107
5.8
5.85
5.722
5.731
Re_tuner_L_2
5.165
4.94
4.97
4.924
4.942
k23
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.22
18.22
CPU Time (HEX MOR)
26s
129s
485s
18m
60m
Coupl_tuner_23
k12
k23
Re_tuner_L_2
Re_tuner_L_1
Ke_offset
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
FD General Purpose Tet-Mesh
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
(6 steps/lambda)
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
SAM: Multiphysics Simulation
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
SAM: Multiphysics Simulation
Coupling between Simulation Projects
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
SAM: Multiphysics Simulation
Parameter Sweep / Optimization
S-Parameter (pure EM)
S-Parameter
(including Therm./mech.
Deformation)
apt_height
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Agenda
Introduction
Tuning Methods
Solver selections, accuracy
System Assembly and Modeling (SAM)
Guidelines and Summary
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Some Guidelines
Start out with a rather coarse mesh models
Dont use meshadaptation
Pretuning is helpful to apply local optimizer
strategies
Select the appropriate solver
Refine the mesh and retune again
(Parameter ranges are a lot smaller)
until parameter changes are smaller than a
given manufactoring tolerance
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
Summary
CAD Modeler easy to use with respect to
parameterization
CST Complete Technology: TD, FD, E, Th, Mech
Various optimizer strategies
Optimization and parameterization control via
complex post processing templates
Various meshing techniques available
Flexible link to circuit simulator CST- DESIGN
STUDIO including CST- MICROWAVE STUDIO
submodels
Various tuning procedures available for a successful
tuning
CST COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | www.cst.com | May-12
