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Ae0301 027 038 PDF
Ae0301 027 038 PDF
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Regenerative Braking
A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces vehicle speed by converting some of
its kinetic energy into another useful form of energy - electric current, compressed air.
This captured energy is then stored for future use or fed back into a power system
for use by other vehicles. For example, electrical regenerative brakes in electric railway
vehicles feed the generated electricity back into the supply system.
In battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles, the energy is stored in a battery or
bank of twin layer capacitors for later use. Other forms of energy storage which may be
used include compressed air and flywheels.
Regenerative braking utilizes the fact that an electric motor can also act as a
generator.
The vehicle's electric traction motor is operated as a generator during braking and
its output is supplied to an electrical load [Fig. 1.].
It is the transfer of energy to the load which provides the braking effect.
Devices that directly use mechanical energy are being developed, but most FES
systems use electricity to accelerate and decelerate the flywheel.
In comparison with other conventional ways of storing electricity (batteries and
capacitors), electric FES systems combined with innovative concept offer essential
advantages. Especially considering full-cycle lifetime, operating temperature range and
steady voltage and power level, which is independent of load, temperature and state of
charge. Thus FES provides minimally much higher power output and energy
efficiency.
2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
[Fig. 6.] refers to KERS components, respectively: Electric Propulsion Motor /
Generator, Power Electronics Inverter, and the Quad Flywheel Storage.
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Design of bonding pad provides direct connection of control unit, which works
similar to ECU - Engine Control Unit.
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[Fig. 13.] refers to one of 4 subunits of Quad FES, which consists of water-cooled
housing and heat sink with contact surface for control electronics. Further we could see
an electrical configuration for direct connection of control unit.
Fig.16. Hybrid-Bearing
Flywheel energy storage subunit consists of stator, incl. stator windings and
channel for coolant backflow. Further we could see flywheel rotor equipped with
Hybrid-Bearing [Fig. 16.].
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3 BASIC PRINCIPLES
3.1 Stored Energy
Basic principle of kinetic energy storage is made by rotational energy. While using this
technical approach, inertial mass is accelerating to a very high rotational speed and
maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy.
Stored energy is proportional to inertia of rotor and is a quadratic function of
revolution speed:
ES = 2 I 2 R 2
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(1)
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The Flywheel rotor is decelerated during boost discharge mode and the energy is
converted back.
Flywheel acts as a generator and sending energy back to electric motor, which
works as propulsion motor.
5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Comparison with other storage technologies
In comparison with other battery storage technologies, KERS offers:
Cycle durability [Fig. 25.] - 90% efficiency of flywheel (including power electronics) in both directions during KERS reference duty cycle.
Extensive operating temperature range [Fig. 26.].
Steady voltage and power level [Fig. 27.], which is independent of load, temperature and state of charge.
High efficiency at whole working speed range.
No chemistry included, thus no environmental pollution and great recycling
capability.
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Fig. 26. Comparative chart - Operating temperature range (at appr. 80% Performance)
Fig. 28. Race vehicle from Le Mans - Chrysler Patriot equipped with FES
KERS by means of FES are currently under development both for F1 motor sport
and road hybrid vehicles.
F1 Teams have said they must respond in a responsible way to the world's
environmental challenges. The FIA allowed the use of 60 kW KERS in the regulations
for the 2009 Formula One season. Energy can either be stored as mechanical energy, as
in a flywheel [Fig. 29.], or can be stored as electrical energy, as in a battery or
supercapacitor).
Same technology can be applied to road hybrid cars to improve fuel efficiency,
especially in city traffic. [Fig. 30.].
Road vehicles with electric or hybrid drive utilizing regenerative braking.
Vision for stock car is in convenient hybrid system with high energetic efficiency
and dynamics.
Flywheel storage technology provides boost acceleration and braking force.
FES supports starting and guarantees light, silent and emissionfree starts of
combustion engine. KERS also supplies all electric appliances, stabilizes on-board
power supply and offers stable air-condition.
Kinetic recuperation based on braking energy stored in flywheel is without cycle
loading, unlike braking energy repeatedly stored in battery.
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