Introduction to ADSL Modems

Original Lecture Notes developed by

Prof . Brian L. Evans
Dept . of Elect rical and Comp. Eng.
The Universit y of Texas at Aust in
ht t p:/ / signal.ece.ut exas.edu

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Outline
Broadband Access
Applicat ions
Digit al Subscriber Line (DSL) St andards

ADSL Modulat ion Met hods

ADSL Transceiver Block Diagram
Quadrat ure Amplit ude Modulat ion
Mult icarrier Modulat ion

ADSL Transceiver Design

Int er-symbol Int erference
Time-Domain Equalizat ion
Frequency-Domain Equalizat ion

Conclusion

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Applications of Broadband Access

Residential Application

Downstream Upstream Willing to pay

rate (kb/s)
rate (kb/s)
384
9
High
Database Access
384
9
Low
On-line directory; yellow pages
1,500
1,500
High
Video Phone
1,500
64
Low
Home Shopping
1,500
1,500
Medium
Video Games
3,000
384
High
I nternet
6,000
0
Low
Broadcast Video
24,000
0
High
High definition TV
Business Application

Downstream Upstream Willing to pay

rate (kb/s)
rate (kb/s)
384
9
Medium
On-line directory; yellow pages
1,500
9
Medium
Financial news
1,500
1,500
High
Video phone
3,000
384
High
I nternet
3,000
3,000
High
Video conference
6,000
1,500
High
Remote office
10,000
10,000
Medium
LAN interconnection
45,000
45,000
High
Supercomputing, CAD

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Demand
Potential
Medium
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Medium

Demand
Potential
High
Low
Low
High
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

DSL Broadband Access

Internet

DSLAM
downstream

Centr al
Office

ADSL
modem

ADSL
modem
upstr eam

Voice
Switch

LPF

LPF

Customer Premises
PSTN

DSLAM - Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

LPF Lowpass Filter (passes voiceband frequencies)
Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Spectral Compatibility of xDSL

1.1 MHz

POTS
ISDN

ADSL - USA
ADSL - Europe
HDSL/SHDSL
HomePNA
VDSL - FDD

optional

10k

100k

1M

10M

Frequency (Hz)
Upstream

Downstream

100M
12 MHz
Mixed

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

ADSL Modem
N/2 subchannels N real samples
Bits

00110

S/P

quadrature
amplitude
modulation
(QAM)
encoder

mirror
data
and
N-IFFT

add
cyclic
prefix

D/A +
transmit
filter

P/S

TRANSMITTER
channel

RECEIVER
N/2 subchannels

P/S

QAM
demod
decoder

invert
channel
=
frequency
domain
equalizer

N real samples
N-FFT
and
remove
mirrored
data

remove
S/P cyclic
prefix

time
domain
equalizer
(FI R
filter )

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

receive
filter
+
A/D

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Bit Manipulations
Serial-t o-parallel
convert er
110
00110

Bits

Parallel-t o-serial
convert er
110

S/P

S/P

00

00

Wor ds

Wor ds

Example of one input

bit st ream and t wo
out put words

00110

Bits

Example of t wo input
words and one
out put bit st ream

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

(QAM)
Xi

M odulator
I

Bits

00110

Constellation
encoder

I
Q

cos(2f ct)

L owpass
filter
L owpass
filter

TX
-

Bandpass

sin(2f ct)

magnitude

channel

fc

One carrier
Single signal, occupying t he

whole available bandwidt h

The symbol rat e is t he
bandwidt h of t he signal being
cent ered on carrier frequency
frequency
Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Multicarrier Modulation
Divide broadband channel int o narrowband subchannels
Discret e Mult it one (DMT) modulat ion
Based on fast Fourier t ransform (relat ed t o Fourier series)
St andardized for ADSL
Proposed for VDSL

every subchannel
behaves like QAM

magnitude

Subchannels are 4.3 kHz wide in ADSL

channel

carrier
subchannel

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

frequency
Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Multicarrier Modulation by Inverse

FFT
e
Q
X
j 2 f1t

X1

g(t)

X1

X2

g(t)

Discrete
time

X2

e j 2 f N / 2t
XN/2

g(t)

XN/2

g(t) : pulse shaping filter

j 2

2
n
N

1
n
N

e j 2 f 2 t

j 2

j 2

N/2
n
N

Xi : i th symbol from encoder

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Multicarrier Modulation in ADSL

Q

00101

Xi

QAM

I
X0
N/2
subchannels
(carriers)

X1
X2
XN/2
XN/2-1*

N-point
Inverse
Fast
Fourier
Transform
(IFFT)

X2*

x0
x1
x2

N time
samples

xN-1

X1*
Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Multicarrier Modulation in ADSL

Inverse FFT

v samples

ADSL

N samples

s y m b o l (i)
copy

CP
N

downstream upstream
4
32
64
512

s y m b o l ( i+1)
copy

D/A + transmit filter

CP: Cyclic Prefix

Or iginal Lect ur e Not es by Prof . B. Evans

Pr of . Mur at Tor lak

Multicarrier Demodulation in ADSL

S/P

~
X0
N/2
subchannels
(carriers)

~
X N 21
~
XN 2
~
X N* 21
~
X 1*

N-point
Fast
Fourier
Transform
(FFT)

~
x0
~
x1
~
x

N time
samples

~
xN 1

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Inter--symbol
Inter
Interference (ISI)
2.1
Ideal channel

1.7
111 1

1
.7
.4

impulse
Frequency response is flat

.7
.1

*
-1

Impulse response is an

Channel
impulse
response

Received
signal

Non-ideal channel
causes ISI
Channel memory
Magnit ude and phase

variat ion

Threshold
at zero
11 1 1 1

Received symbol is
weight ed sum of
neighboring symbols
Weight s are det ermined by

channel impulse response

Detected
signal
Original Lect ure Not es by

Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Channel Impulse Response

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Cyclic Prefix Helps in Fighting ISI

Provide guard t ime bet ween successive symbols
No ISI if channel lengt h is short er t han +1 samples

Choose guard t ime samples t o be a copy of t he beginning of

t he symbol cyclic prefix
Cyclic prefix convert s linear convolut ion int o circular

convolut ion
Need circular convolut ion so t hat
symbol channel FFT(symbol) x FFT(channel)
Then division by t he FFT(channel) can undo channel dist ort ion
v samples

N samples

s y m b o l (i)
copy
Or iginal

s y m b o l ( i+1)

Lect ur e Not es by Prof . B.copy

Evans

Pr of . Mur at Tor lak

Combat ISI with TimeTime-Domain

Equalizer

Channel lengt h is usually longer t han cyclic prefix

Use finit e impulse response (FIR) filt er called a t imedomain equalizer t o short en channel impulse response t o
be no longer t han cyclic prefix lengt h

channel

Shortened
channel
Original
Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Convolution Review
Discret e-t ime
convolut ion

Cont inuous-t ime

convolut ion

y[ k ] =

h[ m] x[ k m]

m=

For every k, we
comput e a new
summat ion
x[k]

h[k]
Represented
by its impulse
response

y[k]

y(t ) =

h( ) x(t ) d

For every value of t ,

we comput e a new
int egral
x(t)

h(t)

y(t)

Represented
by its impulse
response

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

Assuming t hat h[k] is causal and has finit e
durat ion from k = 0, , N-1
N 1

y[ k] = h[ m] x[ k m]
m=0
Block diagram of an implement
at ion (called a finit e impulse
response filt er)

x[k]
h[0]

z-1

z-1

z-1

h[1]

h[2]

h[N-1]

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

y[ k]
Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Frequency Domain Equalizer in ADSL

Problem: FFT coefficient s (const ellat ion point s) have been
dist ort ed by t he channel.
Solut ion: Use Frequency-domain Equalizer (FEQ) t o invert
t he channel.
Implement at ion: N/ 2 single-t ap filt ers wit h complex
coefficient s.

Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak

Frequency Domain Equalizer in ADSL

Y0
Y1

FEQ

~
Yi = ci X i
YN/2-1

~
X0
~
X1
~
X N 21

N/2
subchannels
(carriers)

~
Xi
Q

FEQ
Yi

0101

QAM Yi
decoder
Original Lect ure Not es by Pr of . B. Evans

Pr of. Mur at Tor lak